BOOK
Advances in Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis, An Issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America focuses on Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Management, and is edited by Dr. Àlex Rovira Cañellas. Articles will include: Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects; Brain and Spinal Cord MR Imaging Features in Multiple Sclerosis and Variants; Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders; Radiologically Isolated Syndrome; MRI in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis; Cortical Grey Matter MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis; Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Technical Aspects and Clinical Relevance; Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis; Microstructural MR Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis; Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis; Insights from Ultra-high Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Distinguishing Clinical and MRI Features, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Advances in Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iv | ||
| TO ENROLL | iv | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | vii | ||
| EDITOR | vii | ||
| AUTHORS | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Foreword: Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Management | xi | ||
| Preface: Advances in the Diagnosis, Characterization, and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis | xi | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects | xi | ||
| Brain and Spinal Cord MR Imaging Features in Multiple Sclerosis and Variants | xi | ||
| Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Distinguishing Clinical and MR Imaging Features | xi | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders | xi | ||
| Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: MR Imaging Features Suggestive of Multiple Sclerosis Prior to First Symptom Onset | xii | ||
| MR Imaging in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis | xii | ||
| Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Relevance and Technical Aspects | xii | ||
| Cortical Gray Matter MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | xii | ||
| Microstructural MR Imaging Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
| Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
| Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
| Insights from Ultrahigh Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
| Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Management | xv | ||
| Advances in the Diagnosis, Characterization, and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis | xvii | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 195 | ||
| Key points | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 195 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND NATURAL COURSE | 195 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 197 | ||
| TREATMENT | 198 | ||
| Injectable Therapies | 198 | ||
| Interferon beta | 198 | ||
| Brain and Spinal Cord MR Imaging Features in Multiple Sclerosis and Variants | 205 | ||
| Key points | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| IMAGING OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, MR IMAGING PROTOCOLS OF BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND TREATMENT MONITORING | 206 | ||
| MR Imaging Protocol of the Brain | 206 | ||
| MR Imaging Protocol of the Spinal Cord | 207 | ||
| MR Imaging Protocol of the Optic Nerve | 208 | ||
| MR Imaging Protocol for Treatment Monitoring | 208 | ||
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATHOLOGY IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD | 209 | ||
| Imaging Brain Pathology | 209 | ||
| White matter pathology: focal lesions | 209 | ||
| White matter pathology: diffuse abnormalities | 211 | ||
| Gray matter pathology: cortical lesions | 211 | ||
| Gray matter pathology: brain atrophy | 212 | ||
| Imaging Spinal Cord Pathology | 212 | ||
| Focal lesions | 212 | ||
| Diffuse abnormalities | 212 | ||
| Atrophy | 212 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA | 214 | ||
| Radiologically Isolated Syndrome | 214 | ||
| Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis | 214 | ||
| Progressive Disease Courses | 215 | ||
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS VARIANTS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 215 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis Variants | 215 | ||
| Tumefactive multiple sclerosis, acute multiple sclerosis (Marburg disease), and Balo concentric sclerosis | 221 | ||
| Tumefactive multiple sclerosis | 221 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 221 | ||
| SUMMARY | 222 | ||
| REFERENCES | 223 | ||
| Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis | 229 | ||
| Key points | 229 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 229 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF PEDIATRIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 229 | ||
| DISTINGUISHING CLINICAL FEATURES | 231 | ||
| DISTINGUISHING MR IMAGING FEATURES | 232 | ||
| Conventional MR imaging | 232 | ||
| Advanced Imaging Techniques | 235 | ||
| Brain Volumetry | 235 | ||
| Magnetization Transfer Imaging | 236 | ||
| Cortical Imaging Techniques | 237 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 237 | ||
| Proton MR Spectroscopy | 238 | ||
| Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging to Differentiate Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis from Multiple Sclerosis | 239 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 239 | ||
| Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 239 | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder | 244 | ||
| Susac Syndrome | 244 | ||
| SUMMARY | 247 | ||
| REFERENCES | 247 | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders | 251 | ||
| Key points | 251 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 251 | ||
| ANTI-AQUAPORIN-4-AUTOANTIBODY-SEROPOSITIVE NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA SPECTRUM DISORDER | 252 | ||
| MR Imaging Findings | 252 | ||
| Optic neuritis | 252 | ||
| Distribution | 252 | ||
| Characteristics in the acute phase | 252 | ||
| Characteristics in the chronic phase | 252 | ||
| Acute myelitis | 254 | ||
| Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis | 254 | ||
| Axial view of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis | 254 | ||
| Spinal cord atrophy in the chronic phase | 254 | ||
| Area postrema lesions and other brainstem lesions | 254 | ||
| Diencephalic lesions | 255 | ||
| Cerebral lesions | 255 | ||
| Advanced MR Imaging in Patients With Anti-aquaporin-4-Autoantibody | 255 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Chronic Phase (﹥3 Months from Onset) | 256 | ||
| Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer | 256 | ||
| Macular ganglion cell complex | 256 | ||
| ANTI-MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN-AUTOANTIBODY–SEROPOSITIVE NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA SPECTRUM DISORDER | 257 | ||
| MR Imaging Findings | 259 | ||
| Optic nerve lesions | 259 | ||
| Distribution | 259 | ||
| Optic neuritis lesions in the acute phase | 260 | ||
| Optic neuritis lesions in the chronic phase | 260 | ||
| Spinal cord lesions | 260 | ||
| Cerebral lesions | 260 | ||
| Brainstem lesions | 261 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Chronic Phase | 263 | ||
| Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer | 263 | ||
| Macular ganglion cell complex | 263 | ||
| SUMMARY | 264 | ||
| DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS | 264 | ||
| REFERENCES | 265 | ||
| Radiologically Isolated Syndrome | 267 | ||
| Key points | 267 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 267 | ||
| THE CONCEPT OF PRECLINICAL DISEASE ACTIVITY | 268 | ||
| RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME | 269 | ||
| RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME EVOLVING TO PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 270 | ||
| COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME | 271 | ||
| THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME SUBJECTS | 272 | ||
| RISK OF INACCURATE CLASSIFICATION | 272 | ||
| SUMMARY | 273 | ||
| REFERENCES | 274 | ||
| MR Imaging in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis | 277 | ||
| Key points | 277 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 277 | ||
| MR IMAGING MEASURES | 278 | ||
| Conventional Techniques | 278 | ||
| Brain Atrophy | 278 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF BASELINE MR IMAGING | 280 | ||
| EVALUATION OF TREATMENT RESPONSE | 281 | ||
| Early Prediction | 281 | ||
| Monitoring Treatment Response | 282 | ||
| Scoring Systems | 284 | ||
| Advantages and Limitations of Scoring Systems | 285 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 285 | ||
| FUTURE PROSPECTS | 285 | ||
| REFERENCES | 285 | ||
| Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis | 289 | ||
| Key points | 289 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 289 | ||
| BRAIN ATROPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A PATHOLOGIC PROCESS | 290 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF BRAIN ATROPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 290 | ||
| CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF BRAIN ATROPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: CONCURRENT AND PREDICTIVE VALUE | 290 | ||
| BRAIN ATROPHY MEASURES AS A TREATMENT MONITORING TOOL | 291 | ||
| BRAIN VOLUME MEASUREMENTS | 292 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 292 | ||
| CONFOUNDING FACTORS RELATED TO IMAGE ACQUISITION | 293 | ||
| Head Motion During Image Acquisition | 293 | ||
| Magnet System Upgrade | 293 | ||
| Acquisition Protocols | 294 | ||
| Gradient Distortion | 294 | ||
| Scan-Rescan Variability | 294 | ||
| CONFOUNDING FACTORS RELATED TO MEASUREMENT METHODS | 295 | ||
| Brain Volume Measures | 295 | ||
| Deep Gray Matter Regions | 295 | ||
| Brain Volume Longitudinal Changes | 295 | ||
| Voxel-Based Morphometry | 295 | ||
| Cortical Thickness | 295 | ||
| NON–MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS–RELATED BIOLOGICAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS | 295 | ||
| Age | 295 | ||
| Gender and Brain Size | 296 | ||
| Diurnal Fluctuations | 296 | ||
| Hydration State | 296 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | 296 | ||
| Genetic and Environmental Confounding Factors | 296 | ||
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS–RELATED BIOLOGICAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS | 296 | ||
| White Matter Focal Lesions | 296 | ||
| Pseudoatrophy Effect | 296 | ||
| SUMMARY | 297 | ||
| REFERENCES | 297 | ||
| Cortical Gray Matter MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | 301 | ||
| Key points | 301 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
| FOCAL GRAY MATTER ABNORMALITY | 301 | ||
| The Cortical Lesions | 301 | ||
| Imaging Cortical Lesions by MR Imaging | 302 | ||
| THE DIFFUSE GRAY MATTER DAMAGE | 303 | ||
| The Normal-Appearing Gray Matter | 303 | ||
| Imaging the Normal-Appearing Gray Matter | 304 | ||
| Global and regional analysis of cortical atrophy | 304 | ||
| Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 306 | ||
| Magnetization transfer MR imaging | 306 | ||
| Diffusion-weighted MR imaging | 307 | ||
| Susceptibility-weighted imaging | 308 | ||
| Perfusion imaging | 309 | ||
| SUMMARY | 309 | ||
| REFERENCES | 309 | ||
| Microstructural MR Imaging Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis | 313 | ||
| Key points | 313 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 313 | ||
| METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 314 | ||
| MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER MR IMAGING | 314 | ||
| Background | 314 | ||
| Lesions | 314 | ||
| Normal-Appearing Brain Tissues, White Matter, and Gray Matter | 317 | ||
| Clinical Correlates | 317 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 318 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 319 | ||
| Monitoring Multiple Sclerosis Treatment | 319 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 319 | ||
| DIFFUSION MR IMAGING | 319 | ||
| Background | 319 | ||
| Lesions | 321 | ||
| Normal-Appearing Brain Tissue, White Matter, and Gray Matter | 322 | ||
| Clinical Correlates | 324 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 325 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 325 | ||
| Monitoring Multiple Sclerosis Treatment | 326 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 326 | ||
| SUMMARY | 326 | ||
| REFERENCES | 327 | ||
| Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis | 335 | ||
| Key points | 335 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 335 | ||
| IRON DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM IN THE NORMAL BRAIN | 335 | ||
| ALTERED IRON HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BRAIN WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 336 | ||
| MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON COMPOUNDS | 336 | ||
| IRON MAPPING IN THE HUMAN BRAIN WITH MR IMAGING | 337 | ||
| IRON MAPPING USING MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: INSIGHTS, LIMITATIONS, AND PROSPECTS | 339 | ||
| SUMMARY | 340 | ||
| REFERENCES | 340 | ||
| Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | 343 | ||
| Key points | 343 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 343 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY | 345 | ||
| N-Acetyl-Aspartate | 345 | ||
| Glutamate and Glutamine | 347 | ||
| γ-Aminobutyric Acid | 347 | ||
| Creatine | 348 | ||
| Choline-Containing Compounds | 348 | ||
| Myo-Inositol | 348 | ||
| Limitations | 349 | ||
| SODIUM IMAGING | 349 | ||
| PET | 350 | ||
| Inflammatory Markers | 350 | ||
| Translocator protein PET | 350 | ||
| 18F-FDG PET | 351 | ||
| Purine PET | 351 | ||
| Myelin Markers | 352 | ||
| Amyloid PET | 352 | ||
| Neuronal Markers | 352 | ||
| 11C-flumazenil PET | 352 | ||
| Markers of Astrocyte Activation | 352 | ||
| 11C-acetate PET | 352 | ||
| Choline PET | 353 | ||
| Limitations | 353 | ||
| SUMMARY | 353 | ||
| REFERENCES | 353 | ||
| Insights from Ultrahigh Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | 357 | ||
| Key points | 357 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 357 | ||
| LESION DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION | 358 | ||
| White Matter | 358 | ||
| Gray Matter | 358 | ||
| CENTRAL VEINS | 360 | ||
| ACUTE LESION EVOLUTION | 361 | ||
| LESION OUTCOMES | 362 | ||
| Qualitative Imaging | 362 | ||
| Quantitative Imaging | 363 | ||
| SPINAL CORD | 364 | ||
| LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES | 364 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 364 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 364 | ||
| REFERENCES | 364 | ||
| Index | 367 |