BOOK
Advances in Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis, An Issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America focuses on Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Management, and is edited by Dr. Àlex Rovira Cañellas. Articles will include: Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects; Brain and Spinal Cord MR Imaging Features in Multiple Sclerosis and Variants; Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders; Radiologically Isolated Syndrome; MRI in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis; Cortical Grey Matter MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis; Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Technical Aspects and Clinical Relevance; Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis; Microstructural MR Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis; Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis; Insights from Ultra-high Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Distinguishing Clinical and MRI Features, and more!
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
Advances in Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis\r | i | ||
Copyright\r | ii | ||
CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iv | ||
TO ENROLL | iv | ||
METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
Contributors | vii | ||
CONSULTING EDITOR | vii | ||
EDITOR | vii | ||
AUTHORS | vii | ||
Contents | xi | ||
Foreword: Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Management | xi | ||
Preface: Advances in the Diagnosis, Characterization, and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis | xi | ||
Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects | xi | ||
Brain and Spinal Cord MR Imaging Features in Multiple Sclerosis and Variants | xi | ||
Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Distinguishing Clinical and MR Imaging Features | xi | ||
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders | xi | ||
Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: MR Imaging Features Suggestive of Multiple Sclerosis Prior to First Symptom Onset | xii | ||
MR Imaging in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis | xii | ||
Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Relevance and Technical Aspects | xii | ||
Cortical Gray Matter MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | xii | ||
Microstructural MR Imaging Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
Insights from Ultrahigh Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | xiii | ||
Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Management | xv | ||
Advances in the Diagnosis, Characterization, and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis | xvii | ||
Multiple Sclerosis | 195 | ||
Key points | 195 | ||
INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 195 | ||
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND NATURAL COURSE | 195 | ||
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 197 | ||
TREATMENT | 198 | ||
Injectable Therapies | 198 | ||
Interferon beta | 198 | ||
Brain and Spinal Cord MR Imaging Features in Multiple Sclerosis and Variants | 205 | ||
Key points | 205 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
IMAGING OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, MR IMAGING PROTOCOLS OF BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND TREATMENT MONITORING | 206 | ||
MR Imaging Protocol of the Brain | 206 | ||
MR Imaging Protocol of the Spinal Cord | 207 | ||
MR Imaging Protocol of the Optic Nerve | 208 | ||
MR Imaging Protocol for Treatment Monitoring | 208 | ||
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATHOLOGY IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD | 209 | ||
Imaging Brain Pathology | 209 | ||
White matter pathology: focal lesions | 209 | ||
White matter pathology: diffuse abnormalities | 211 | ||
Gray matter pathology: cortical lesions | 211 | ||
Gray matter pathology: brain atrophy | 212 | ||
Imaging Spinal Cord Pathology | 212 | ||
Focal lesions | 212 | ||
Diffuse abnormalities | 212 | ||
Atrophy | 212 | ||
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA | 214 | ||
Radiologically Isolated Syndrome | 214 | ||
Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis | 214 | ||
Progressive Disease Courses | 215 | ||
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS VARIANTS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 215 | ||
Multiple Sclerosis Variants | 215 | ||
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis, acute multiple sclerosis (Marburg disease), and Balo concentric sclerosis | 221 | ||
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis | 221 | ||
Differential Diagnosis | 221 | ||
SUMMARY | 222 | ||
REFERENCES | 223 | ||
Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis | 229 | ||
Key points | 229 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 229 | ||
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF PEDIATRIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 229 | ||
DISTINGUISHING CLINICAL FEATURES | 231 | ||
DISTINGUISHING MR IMAGING FEATURES | 232 | ||
Conventional MR imaging | 232 | ||
Advanced Imaging Techniques | 235 | ||
Brain Volumetry | 235 | ||
Magnetization Transfer Imaging | 236 | ||
Cortical Imaging Techniques | 237 | ||
Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 237 | ||
Proton MR Spectroscopy | 238 | ||
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging to Differentiate Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis from Multiple Sclerosis | 239 | ||
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 239 | ||
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 239 | ||
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder | 244 | ||
Susac Syndrome | 244 | ||
SUMMARY | 247 | ||
REFERENCES | 247 | ||
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders | 251 | ||
Key points | 251 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 251 | ||
ANTI-AQUAPORIN-4-AUTOANTIBODY-SEROPOSITIVE NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA SPECTRUM DISORDER | 252 | ||
MR Imaging Findings | 252 | ||
Optic neuritis | 252 | ||
Distribution | 252 | ||
Characteristics in the acute phase | 252 | ||
Characteristics in the chronic phase | 252 | ||
Acute myelitis | 254 | ||
Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis | 254 | ||
Axial view of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis | 254 | ||
Spinal cord atrophy in the chronic phase | 254 | ||
Area postrema lesions and other brainstem lesions | 254 | ||
Diencephalic lesions | 255 | ||
Cerebral lesions | 255 | ||
Advanced MR Imaging in Patients With Anti-aquaporin-4-Autoantibody | 255 | ||
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Chronic Phase (﹥3 Months from Onset) | 256 | ||
Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer | 256 | ||
Macular ganglion cell complex | 256 | ||
ANTI-MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN-AUTOANTIBODY–SEROPOSITIVE NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA SPECTRUM DISORDER | 257 | ||
MR Imaging Findings | 259 | ||
Optic nerve lesions | 259 | ||
Distribution | 259 | ||
Optic neuritis lesions in the acute phase | 260 | ||
Optic neuritis lesions in the chronic phase | 260 | ||
Spinal cord lesions | 260 | ||
Cerebral lesions | 260 | ||
Brainstem lesions | 261 | ||
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Chronic Phase | 263 | ||
Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer | 263 | ||
Macular ganglion cell complex | 263 | ||
SUMMARY | 264 | ||
DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS | 264 | ||
REFERENCES | 265 | ||
Radiologically Isolated Syndrome | 267 | ||
Key points | 267 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 267 | ||
THE CONCEPT OF PRECLINICAL DISEASE ACTIVITY | 268 | ||
RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME | 269 | ||
RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME EVOLVING TO PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 270 | ||
COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME | 271 | ||
THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME SUBJECTS | 272 | ||
RISK OF INACCURATE CLASSIFICATION | 272 | ||
SUMMARY | 273 | ||
REFERENCES | 274 | ||
MR Imaging in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis | 277 | ||
Key points | 277 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 277 | ||
MR IMAGING MEASURES | 278 | ||
Conventional Techniques | 278 | ||
Brain Atrophy | 278 | ||
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF BASELINE MR IMAGING | 280 | ||
EVALUATION OF TREATMENT RESPONSE | 281 | ||
Early Prediction | 281 | ||
Monitoring Treatment Response | 282 | ||
Scoring Systems | 284 | ||
Advantages and Limitations of Scoring Systems | 285 | ||
RECOMMENDATIONS | 285 | ||
FUTURE PROSPECTS | 285 | ||
REFERENCES | 285 | ||
Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis | 289 | ||
Key points | 289 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 289 | ||
BRAIN ATROPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A PATHOLOGIC PROCESS | 290 | ||
NATURAL HISTORY OF BRAIN ATROPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 290 | ||
CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF BRAIN ATROPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: CONCURRENT AND PREDICTIVE VALUE | 290 | ||
BRAIN ATROPHY MEASURES AS A TREATMENT MONITORING TOOL | 291 | ||
BRAIN VOLUME MEASUREMENTS | 292 | ||
Technical Aspects | 292 | ||
CONFOUNDING FACTORS RELATED TO IMAGE ACQUISITION | 293 | ||
Head Motion During Image Acquisition | 293 | ||
Magnet System Upgrade | 293 | ||
Acquisition Protocols | 294 | ||
Gradient Distortion | 294 | ||
Scan-Rescan Variability | 294 | ||
CONFOUNDING FACTORS RELATED TO MEASUREMENT METHODS | 295 | ||
Brain Volume Measures | 295 | ||
Deep Gray Matter Regions | 295 | ||
Brain Volume Longitudinal Changes | 295 | ||
Voxel-Based Morphometry | 295 | ||
Cortical Thickness | 295 | ||
NON–MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS–RELATED BIOLOGICAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS | 295 | ||
Age | 295 | ||
Gender and Brain Size | 296 | ||
Diurnal Fluctuations | 296 | ||
Hydration State | 296 | ||
Cardiovascular Risk Factors | 296 | ||
Genetic and Environmental Confounding Factors | 296 | ||
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS–RELATED BIOLOGICAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS | 296 | ||
White Matter Focal Lesions | 296 | ||
Pseudoatrophy Effect | 296 | ||
SUMMARY | 297 | ||
REFERENCES | 297 | ||
Cortical Gray Matter MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | 301 | ||
Key points | 301 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
FOCAL GRAY MATTER ABNORMALITY | 301 | ||
The Cortical Lesions | 301 | ||
Imaging Cortical Lesions by MR Imaging | 302 | ||
THE DIFFUSE GRAY MATTER DAMAGE | 303 | ||
The Normal-Appearing Gray Matter | 303 | ||
Imaging the Normal-Appearing Gray Matter | 304 | ||
Global and regional analysis of cortical atrophy | 304 | ||
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 306 | ||
Magnetization transfer MR imaging | 306 | ||
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging | 307 | ||
Susceptibility-weighted imaging | 308 | ||
Perfusion imaging | 309 | ||
SUMMARY | 309 | ||
REFERENCES | 309 | ||
Microstructural MR Imaging Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis | 313 | ||
Key points | 313 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 313 | ||
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 314 | ||
MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER MR IMAGING | 314 | ||
Background | 314 | ||
Lesions | 314 | ||
Normal-Appearing Brain Tissues, White Matter, and Gray Matter | 317 | ||
Clinical Correlates | 317 | ||
Spinal Cord | 318 | ||
Optic Nerve | 319 | ||
Monitoring Multiple Sclerosis Treatment | 319 | ||
Future Perspectives | 319 | ||
DIFFUSION MR IMAGING | 319 | ||
Background | 319 | ||
Lesions | 321 | ||
Normal-Appearing Brain Tissue, White Matter, and Gray Matter | 322 | ||
Clinical Correlates | 324 | ||
Spinal Cord | 325 | ||
Optic Nerve | 325 | ||
Monitoring Multiple Sclerosis Treatment | 326 | ||
Future Perspectives | 326 | ||
SUMMARY | 326 | ||
REFERENCES | 327 | ||
Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis | 335 | ||
Key points | 335 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 335 | ||
IRON DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM IN THE NORMAL BRAIN | 335 | ||
ALTERED IRON HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BRAIN WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 336 | ||
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON COMPOUNDS | 336 | ||
IRON MAPPING IN THE HUMAN BRAIN WITH MR IMAGING | 337 | ||
IRON MAPPING USING MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: INSIGHTS, LIMITATIONS, AND PROSPECTS | 339 | ||
SUMMARY | 340 | ||
REFERENCES | 340 | ||
Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | 343 | ||
Key points | 343 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 343 | ||
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY | 345 | ||
N-Acetyl-Aspartate | 345 | ||
Glutamate and Glutamine | 347 | ||
γ-Aminobutyric Acid | 347 | ||
Creatine | 348 | ||
Choline-Containing Compounds | 348 | ||
Myo-Inositol | 348 | ||
Limitations | 349 | ||
SODIUM IMAGING | 349 | ||
PET | 350 | ||
Inflammatory Markers | 350 | ||
Translocator protein PET | 350 | ||
18F-FDG PET | 351 | ||
Purine PET | 351 | ||
Myelin Markers | 352 | ||
Amyloid PET | 352 | ||
Neuronal Markers | 352 | ||
11C-flumazenil PET | 352 | ||
Markers of Astrocyte Activation | 352 | ||
11C-acetate PET | 352 | ||
Choline PET | 353 | ||
Limitations | 353 | ||
SUMMARY | 353 | ||
REFERENCES | 353 | ||
Insights from Ultrahigh Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis | 357 | ||
Key points | 357 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 357 | ||
LESION DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION | 358 | ||
White Matter | 358 | ||
Gray Matter | 358 | ||
CENTRAL VEINS | 360 | ||
ACUTE LESION EVOLUTION | 361 | ||
LESION OUTCOMES | 362 | ||
Qualitative Imaging | 362 | ||
Quantitative Imaging | 363 | ||
SPINAL CORD | 364 | ||
LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES | 364 | ||
FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 364 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 364 | ||
REFERENCES | 364 | ||
Index | 367 |