BOOK
Occupational Therapy with Elders - eBook
Helene Lohman | Sue Byers-Connon | Rene Padilla
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get the focused foundation you need to successfully work with older adults. Occupational Therapy with Elders: Strategies for the COTA, 4th Edition is the only comprehensive book on geriatric occupational therapy designed specifically for the certified occupational therapy assistant. It provides in-depth coverage of each aspect of geriatric practice — from wellness and prevention to death and dying. Expert authors Helene Lohman, Sue Byers-Connon, and René Padilla offer an unmatched discussion of diverse populations and the latest on geriatric policies and procedures in this fast-growing area of practice. You will come away with a strong foundation in aging trends and strategies for elder care in addition to having a deep understanding of emerging areas such as low-vision rehabilitation, driving and mobility issues, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, new technological advancements, health literacy, public policy, dignity therapy, and more. Plus, you will benefit from 20 additional evidence briefs and numerous case studies to help apply all the information you learn to real-life practice. It’s the focused, evidence-based, and client-centered approach that every occupational therapy assistant needs to effectively care for today’s elder patients.
- UNIQUE! Focus on the occupational therapy assistant highlights the importance of COTAs to the care of elder clients.
- Unique! Attention to diverse populations and cultures demonstrates how to respect and care for clients of different backgrounds.
- UNIQUE! Discussion of elder abuse, battered women, and literacy includes information on how the OTA can address these issues that are often overlooked.
- User resources on Evolve feature learning activities to help you review what you have learned and assess your comprehension.
- Case studies at the end of certain chapters illustrate principles and help you understand content as it relates to real-life situations.
- Multidisciplinary approach demonstrates the importance of collaboration between the OT and OTA by highlighting the OTA’s role in caring for the elderly and how they work in conjunction with occupational therapists.
- Key terms, chapter objectives, and review questions are found in each chapter to help identify what information is most important.
- NEW! 20 Additional evidence briefs have been added to reinforce this book’s evidence-based client-centered approach.
- NEW! Incorporation of EMR prevalence and telehealth as a diagnostic and monitoring tool have been added throughout this new edition.
- NEW! Expanded content on mild cognitive impairment, health literacy, and chronic conditions have been incorporated throughout the book to reflect topical issues commonly faced by OTs and OTAs today.
- NEW! Coverage of technological advancements has been incorporated in the chapter on sensory impairments.
- NEW! Other updated content spans public policy, HIPAA, power of attorney, advanced directives, alternative treatment settings, dignity therapy, and validation of the end of life.
- NEW! Merged chapters on vision and hearing impairments create one sensory chapter that offers a thorough background in both areas.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Evolve ad E2 | IFC2 | ||
| Occupational Therapy with Elders | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Shadows and Sunlight | vi | ||
| Contributors to the Fourth Edition | vii | ||
| Student Contributors from Creighton University | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| References | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Concepts of Aging | 1 | ||
| 1 Aging Trends and Concepts | 2 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 2 | ||
| Health, Illness, and Well-Being | 3 | ||
| Chronic Illness | 3 | ||
| Societal Trends and Chronic Conditions | 4 | ||
| The Stages of Aging | 5 | ||
| Young Old (65–75 Years of Age) | 5 | ||
| Mid Old (75–85 Years of Age) | 5 | ||
| Old Old (85 Years of Age and Older) | 5 | ||
| Demographical Data and the Growth of the Aged Population | 6 | ||
| The Aging of the Aged Population | 7 | ||
| The Oldest of the Old: The Centenarians | 7 | ||
| Living Arrangements | 7 | ||
| Economic Demographics | 9 | ||
| Additional Trends and the Influence of Aging Trends on Occupational Therapy Practice | 10 | ||
| Implications for Occupational Therapy Practice | 11 | ||
| Intergenerational Concepts and Generational Cohorts | 11 | ||
| Ageism, Myths, and Stereotypes About the Aged | 14 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 16 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| 2 Biological and Social Theories of Aging | 20 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 20 | ||
| Key Terms | 20 | ||
| Biological Theories of Aging | 20 | ||
| Programmed Aging Theory | 21 | ||
| Telomere Shortening (End-Underreplication) Theory | 21 | ||
| Mutation Theory | 22 | ||
| Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory | 22 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Theory | 22 | ||
| Wear and Tear Theory | 22 | ||
| Psychosocial Theories of Aging | 22 | ||
| Disengagement Theory | 23 | ||
| Socioemotional selectivity theory | 24 | ||
| Activity Theory | 24 | ||
| Continuity Theory | 25 | ||
| Life Span and Life Course Perspectives | 25 | ||
| Life span perspective | 26 | ||
| Life course perspective | 26 | ||
| Conclusion | 26 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| 3 The Aging Process | 30 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 30 | ||
| Key Terms | 30 | ||
| Aging | 30 | ||
| Successful, Primary, and Secondary Aging | 31 | ||
| Aging Changes | 32 | ||
| Integumentary System | 32 | ||
| Neuromusculoskeletal System | 33 | ||
| Skeletal System | 33 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary System | 34 | ||
| Immune System | 35 | ||
| Cognition | 35 | ||
| Sensory System | 36 | ||
| Olfactory and Gustatory Systems | 36 | ||
| Somatosensory and Kinesthetic Systems | 37 | ||
| Summary | 37 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 38 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| 4 Psychological Aspects of Aging | 41 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 41 | ||
| Key Terms | 41 | ||
| Myths and Facts About Aging | 41 | ||
| Myth 1: Chronological Age Determines the Way an Elder Acts and Feels | 41 | ||
| Myth 2: You Can’t Teach an Old Dog New Tricks | 42 | ||
| Myth 3: As You Age, You Naturally Become Older and Wiser | 43 | ||
| Myth 4: Elders Are Not Productive, Especially at Work | 43 | ||
| Myth 5: Elders Become More Conservative as They Age | 44 | ||
| Myth 6: Elders Prefer Quiet and Tranquil Daily Lives | 45 | ||
| Myth 7: All Elders Become Senile | 45 | ||
| Stressors, Losses, and Emotions Associated With Aging | 45 | ||
| Need for Social Support | 46 | ||
| Physical Illness | 46 | ||
| Learned Helplessness | 47 | ||
| Conclusion | 48 | ||
| Exercises | 48 | ||
| Into Aging | 48 | ||
| Role Playing | 48 | ||
| Stereotype Exercise | 49 | ||
| Field Trip Imagery | 49 | ||
| Resources | 49 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| 5 Aging Well | 51 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 51 | ||
| Key Terms | 51 | ||
| Concepts of Health Promotion and Wellness in Occupational Therapy Practice | 53 | ||
| Health Risks and Their Effects on Occupational Engagement and Participation | 55 | ||
| Nutrition and Overweight or Underweight Elders | 58 | ||
| Prevention and Health Promotion Among Elders | 60 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 60 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 61 | ||
| Tertiary Prevention | 62 | ||
| Role of the Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant in Wellness and Health Promotion | 62 | ||
| Health Literacy | 64 | ||
| Use of a Health Management Approach With Chronic Conditions | 65 | ||
| Conclusion | 65 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 66 | ||
| References | 67 | ||
| 6 The Regulation of Public Policy for Elders | 69 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 69 | ||
| Key Terms | 69 | ||
| Introductory Concepts | 70 | ||
| Health Care Trends in the United States | 70 | ||
| Public Regulated Sources | 71 | ||
| Medicare | 71 | ||
| Parts of the Medicare program and occupational therapy practice | 71 | ||
| General Guidelines for OT Payment and Intervention | 73 | ||
| Skilled and Unskilled Therapy | 74 | ||
| Medicare Administrative Contractures | 75 | ||
| Working With Medicare and Related Regulations in Different Payment Systems | 75 | ||
| Working in Skilled Nursing Facilities | 75 | ||
| Minimum Data Set | 76 | ||
| The Prospective Payment System in Skilled Nursing Facilities | 76 | ||
| Medicare Coverage for Home Health | 76 | ||
| Medicare in Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities | 77 | ||
| Medicare Regulations and COTA Practice | 77 | ||
| Medicaid | 77 | ||
| Managed Care | 78 | ||
| Older Americans Act | 78 | ||
| Trends With Federal Health Care Policies | 78 | ||
| Advocacy for Elders | 78 | ||
| Keeping Up With Changes | 78 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 80 | ||
| References | 80 | ||
| 2 Occupational Therapy Intervention with Elders | 83 | ||
| 7 Occupational Therapy Practice Models | 84 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 84 | ||
| Key Terms | 84 | ||
| Overview of Practice Models | 85 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Practice Framework | 86 | ||
| Deepak: the Framework in use | 89 | ||
| Facilitating Growth and Development Model | 90 | ||
| Martha: the model in use | 91 | ||
| Cognitive Disabilities Model | 91 | ||
| Ursula: the model in use | 95 | ||
| Model of Human Occupation | 96 | ||
| Carlos: the model in use | 100 | ||
| Conclusion | 101 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 102 | ||
| References | 102 | ||
| 8 Opportunities for Best Practice in Various Settings | 103 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 103 | ||
| Key Terms | 103 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Practitioners: a Collaborative Partnership | 104 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Practice Framework | 104 | ||
| Domain of Occupational Therapy | 104 | ||
| Process of Occupational Therapy: Evaluation, Intervention, and Outcome | 106 | ||
| Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant/Registered Occupational Therapist Competencies With Evaluation, Intervention, and Outcome Process | 107 | ||
| Issues Related to Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant Practice | 108 | ||
| Certified Occupational Therapy Assistants Working With Elders in Various Settings | 108 | ||
| Geropsychiatric Unit | 109 | ||
| Inpatient Rehabilitation | 110 | ||
| Adult Foster Home | 111 | ||
| Skilled Nursing Facility | 112 | ||
| Assisted Living Facility | 113 | ||
| Home Health Agency | 115 | ||
| Free Standing Hospice | 116 | ||
| Adult Day Care | 117 | ||
| Community Wellness | 118 | ||
| Conclusion | 118 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 119 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| 9 Cultural Diversity of the Aging Population | 121 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 121 | ||
| Key Terms | 121 | ||
| Overview of Cultural Diversity | 121 | ||
| What Is Culture? | 121 | ||
| Levels of Culture | 123 | ||
| The Issue of Diversity | 123 | ||
| Valuing Diversity | 124 | ||
| Diversity of the Aged Population | 124 | ||
| Sensitivity to Culture and Diversity in Intervention | 125 | ||
| Cognitive Style | 126 | ||
| What Is Accepted as Truth | 127 | ||
| Value Systems | 127 | ||
| Locus of decision making | 127 | ||
| Sources of anxiety reduction | 128 | ||
| Issues of equality/inequality | 128 | ||
| Use of time | 129 | ||
| Communication Style | 129 | ||
| Conclusion | 131 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 131 | ||
| References | 132 | ||
| 10 Ethical Aspects in the Work With Elders | 134 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 134 | ||
| Key Terms | 134 | ||
| An Overview: Ethics and Elder Care | 134 | ||
| Awareness: What Is Going on? | 136 | ||
| What Kind of Ethical Problem Is It? | 136 | ||
| Who Is Involved? | 136 | ||
| Which Laws and Institutional Rules Apply? | 137 | ||
| What Guidance Does the Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics Provide? | 139 | ||
| What Are My Options? | 139 | ||
| Reflection: What Do I Think Should Happen? | 140 | ||
| Support: With Whom Do I Need to Talk? | 140 | ||
| Action: What Will I Do? | 142 | ||
| Conclusion | 143 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 144 | ||
| References | 144 | ||
| 11 Working With Families and Caregivers of Elders | 145 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 145 | ||
| Key Terms | 145 | ||
| Roles for Certified Occupational Therapy Assistants | 147 | ||
| Role Changes in the Family | 148 | ||
| Caregiver Stresses | 148 | ||
| Family Resources | 149 | ||
| Recognizing Signs and Reporting Elder Abuse or Neglect | 150 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 153 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Interventions for Caregivers | 154 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| 12 Addressing Sexual Activity of Elders | 156 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 156 | ||
| Key Terms | 156 | ||
| Values About Sexual Activity | 157 | ||
| Myths About Elders and Sexual Functioning | 157 | ||
| Discussion of Myths | 157 | ||
| Elder Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender | 159 | ||
| Normal Age-Related Physiological Changes in Men and Women | 160 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among the Elder Population | 161 | ||
| Role of Intervention in Sexual Education | 161 | ||
| Addressing Elder Sexual Activity in a Nursing Facility | 161 | ||
| Educating and Counseling the Elder Client | 162 | ||
| The Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, and Intensive Therapy Model | 162 | ||
| Role of the Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant in Sexual Education | 163 | ||
| Safety Considerations With Sexual Activity | 163 | ||
| Effects of Health Conditions on Elder Sexual Activity | 164 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident | 164 | ||
| Heart Disease | 165 | ||
| Arthritis | 166 | ||
| Joint Replacements | 166 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 167 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Interventions Addressing Sexual Activity of Elders | 167 | ||
| References | 168 | ||
| 13 Use of Medications by Elders | 170 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 170 | ||
| Key Terms | 170 | ||
| Factors Affecting Medication Risk in Elders | 171 | ||
| Polypharmacy | 171 | ||
| Physiology and the Aging Process | 171 | ||
| Elder Medication Use and Implications for the COTA | 171 | ||
| Strategies for Minimizing Medication Problems in Elders | 174 | ||
| Application of the Occupational Therapy Process to Self-Medication | 174 | ||
| Client Factors | 175 | ||
| Values, Beliefs, and Spirituality | 175 | ||
| Bodily Functions | 175 | ||
| Mental Functions | 175 | ||
| Sensory Functions and Pain | 175 | ||
| Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-Related Functions | 176 | ||
| Cardiovascular, Hematological, Immunological, and Respiratory System Function | 177 | ||
| Voice and Speech Functions | 177 | ||
| Skin and Related Structure Functions | 177 | ||
| Activity Demands | 177 | ||
| Performance Skills | 177 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Process | 178 | ||
| Assistive Aids for Self-Medication | 178 | ||
| Commercial Aids | 178 | ||
| Calendars | 178 | ||
| Pill storage boxes/storage boxes | 179 | ||
| Insulin holders | 179 | ||
| Pill splitters | 179 | ||
| Pill crushers | 179 | ||
| Talking and shaking alarms, watches, and prescription bottles | 179 | ||
| Homemade Aids | 180 | ||
| Medication diary | 180 | ||
| Storage cups | 180 | ||
| Self-Medication Program | 180 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Interventions to Improve Safety and Compliance of Medication Use by Elders | 183 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 184 | ||
| References | 184 | ||
| 14 Considerations of Mobility | 186 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 186 | ||
| Key Terms | 186 | ||
| PART 1 Restraint Reduction | 186 | ||
| Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Regulations | 187 | ||
| Establishing a Restraint Reduction Program | 187 | ||
| Philosophy | 187 | ||
| Policy | 188 | ||
| Education | 188 | ||
| Steps for Success | 188 | ||
| Role of the Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant | 189 | ||
| Assessment | 189 | ||
| Consultation | 189 | ||
| Environmental Adaptations | 189 | ||
| Psychosocial Approaches | 191 | ||
| Activity Alternatives | 192 | ||
| Intervention | 192 | ||
| Conclusion | 193 | ||
| PART 2 Wheelchair Seating and Positioning: Considerations for Elders | 193 | ||
| Conclusion | 197 | ||
| PART 3 Fall Prevention | 197 | ||
| Risk Factors and Causes of Falls | 198 | ||
| Environmental Causes | 198 | ||
| Biological Causes | 199 | ||
| Sensory | 199 | ||
| Neurological/Musculoskeletal | 199 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 200 | ||
| Cognitive/Psychosocial Causes | 200 | ||
| Functional Causes | 200 | ||
| Evaluation | 200 | ||
| Fall Prevention Interventions | 201 | ||
| Review of the Evidence | 201 | ||
| Multidimensional Fall Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction | 202 | ||
| Exercise-Based Intervention | 202 | ||
| Environmental Assessment and Modifications | 202 | ||
| Institutional Interventions | 203 | ||
| Multifactorial Interventions | 203 | ||
| Outcomes | 204 | ||
| PART 4 Community Mobility | 205 | ||
| Pedestrian Safety | 206 | ||
| Alternative Transportation | 207 | ||
| Safe Driving | 209 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Interventions on Safe Mobility of Elders | 212 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 213 | ||
| References | 214 | ||
| 15 Working With Elders Who Have Vision Impairments | 217 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 217 | ||
| Key Terms | 217 | ||
| Psychosocial Effects of Vision Impairment | 218 | ||
| Effects of the Normal Aging Process on Vision | 218 | ||
| Specific Ocular Pathologies | 219 | ||
| Cataracts | 219 | ||
| Macular Degeneration or Age-Related Macular Degeneration | 220 | ||
| Glaucoma | 220 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 222 | ||
| Visual Dysfunction After Neurological Insult | 222 | ||
| Warren’s Hierarchy for Addressing Visual Dysfunction | 223 | ||
| Principles of Intervention | 224 | ||
| Decreased Acuity | 226 | ||
| Visual Field Loss | 227 | ||
| Oculomotor Dysfunction | 227 | ||
| Reduced Contrast Sensitivity | 228 | ||
| Impaired Visual Attention and Scanning | 228 | ||
| Higher Level Visual-Perceptual Deficits | 228 | ||
| Settings in Which Visual Impairments Are Addressed | 229 | ||
| Technology for Elders Who Have Vision Impairment | 229 | ||
| Conclusion | 230 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 231 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Vision Rehabilitation for Elders | 231 | ||
| References | 232 | ||
| 16 Working With Elders Who Have Hearing Impairments | 234 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 234 | ||
| Key Terms | 234 | ||
| Hearing Conditions Associated With Aging | 235 | ||
| Psychosocial Aspects of Hearing Impairments | 237 | ||
| Rehabilitation and the Hearing-Impaired Elder | 237 | ||
| Recommendations for Improving Elder Communication | 238 | ||
| Providing Assistive Hearing Devices | 241 | ||
| Conclusion | 242 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 242 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Interventions for Improving Function of Elders With Hearing Impairments | 243 | ||
| References | 243 | ||
| 17 Strategies to Maintain Continence in Elders | 245 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 245 | ||
| Key Terms | 245 | ||
| Urinary and Fecal Incontinence | 246 | ||
| Prevalence | 246 | ||
| Cost | 246 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 246 | ||
| Etiology | 246 | ||
| Types of Urinary Incontinence | 246 | ||
| Urge or Urgency Incontinence | 246 | ||
| Stress Urinary Incontinence | 246 | ||
| Overflow Incontinence | 247 | ||
| Mixed Incontinence | 247 | ||
| Functional Incontinence and Other Types | 247 | ||
| Fecal Incontinence | 247 | ||
| Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act and Related Research | 247 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Team Strategies | 248 | ||
| Timed Voiding and Habit Training | 249 | ||
| Prompted Voiding | 249 | ||
| Bladder Training | 249 | ||
| Biofeedback | 250 | ||
| Pelvic Floor Exercise | 250 | ||
| Environmental Adaptations | 251 | ||
| Clothing Adaptations and Management | 252 | ||
| Adaptations for Clients With Functional Incontinence | 252 | ||
| Prevention of Skin Erosion | 252 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 253 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Behavioral Techniques in Improving Incontinence of Elders | 253 | ||
| References | 254 | ||
| 18 Dysphagia and Other Eating and Nutritional Concerns With Elders | 255 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 255 | ||
| Key Terms | 255 | ||
| The Role of the Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant | 256 | ||
| Normal Swallow | 256 | ||
| Changes of Swallowing Structures | 256 | ||
| Etiology of Dysphagia | 257 | ||
| Intervention Strategies | 257 | ||
| Environmental Concerns | 257 | ||
| Positioning Techniques | 259 | ||
| Assistive Devices | 260 | ||
| Direct Intervention | 260 | ||
| Dietary Concerns | 261 | ||
| Precautions | 262 | ||
| Nursing/Caregiver Instruction | 263 | ||
| Ideas for Managing a Feeding Program | 263 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 265 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Behavioral Techniques to Improve Oral Intake and Safe Swallowing of Elders with Dysphagia | 265 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| 19 Working With Elders Who Have Had Cerebrovascular Accidents | 268 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 268 | ||
| Key Terms | 268 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accidents | 268 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Evaluation | 269 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Intervention | 271 | ||
| Motor Deficits | 272 | ||
| Constraint Induced Movement Therapy | 275 | ||
| Other Techniques | 276 | ||
| Visual-Perceptual-Cognitive Deficits | 277 | ||
| Emotional Adjustment | 277 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 278 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)/Bobath Approach as Stroke Intervention With Elders | 278 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| 20 Working With Elders Who Have Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease | 282 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 282 | ||
| Key Terms | 282 | ||
| Person-Centered and Occupation-Focused Care for Elders With Alzheimer’s Disease | 284 | ||
| Communication: Understanding and Being Understood | 284 | ||
| Behavior and Psychosocial Aspects | 285 | ||
| Intervention | 289 | ||
| Observations, Screening, and Assessment | 289 | ||
| Intervention Planning | 289 | ||
| Intervention Implementation | 289 | ||
| Activities of Daily Living | 290 | ||
| Using Adapted Equipment | 291 | ||
| Using Activities to Promote Well-Being | 291 | ||
| Communication With and Teaching Caregivers | 291 | ||
| Terminal Stage Issues | 293 | ||
| Reimbursement for Services | 293 | ||
| Conclusion | 294 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 295 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Environmental Interventions to Reduce Agitation and Wandering of Elders Who Have Alzheimer’s Disease | 295 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| 21 Working With Elders Who Have Psychiatric Conditions | 298 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 298 | ||
| Key Terms | 298 | ||
| Assessment | 299 | ||
| Occupational Therapy–Specific Assessments | 299 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Assessments | 300 | ||
| Common Mental Health Disorders | 300 | ||
| Depression | 300 | ||
| Anxiety | 301 | ||
| Suicide | 301 | ||
| Dementia | 301 | ||
| Alcoholism | 302 | ||
| Aging With Psychosis | 302 | ||
| Mood Disorders | 302 | ||
| Intervention planning considerations | 302 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 304 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of NonPharmacological Interventions in Managing or Decreasing Psychiatric Symptoms Among Elders | 304 | ||
| References | 305 | ||
| 22 Working With Elders Who Have Orthopedic Conditions | 307 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 307 | ||
| Key Terms | 307 | ||
| Fractures | 308 | ||
| Causes of Fractures | 308 | ||
| Types of Fractures | 308 | ||
| Medical Intervention for Fractures | 308 | ||
| Complications After Fractures | 308 | ||
| Factors Influencing Rehabilitation | 309 | ||
| Colles’ fractures | 310 | ||
| Hip fractures | 311 | ||
| Weight-bearing restrictions for hip pinnings | 312 | ||
| Joint Replacements | 312 | ||
| Total Hip Replacements | 312 | ||
| Psychosocial issues after total hip replacement | 313 | ||
| Occupational therapy interventions | 313 | ||
| Knee Replacements | 313 | ||
| Rehabilitation after knee replacement | 315 | ||
| Arthritis | 315 | ||
| Common Problems Associated With Arthritis | 315 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Intervention | 316 | ||
| Maintenance of joint mobility and stability | 316 | ||
| Prevention of joint deformity | 316 | ||
| Maintenance of strength | 317 | ||
| Improvement of functional ability | 317 | ||
| Maintenance of life balance | 317 | ||
| Modification of activity | 317 | ||
| Improvement of psychosocial well-being and coping mechanisms | 317 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 318 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Implementation of Hip Precautions After Total Hip Replacement | 319 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| 23 Working With Elders Who Have Cardiovascular Conditions | 322 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 322 | ||
| Key Terms | 322 | ||
| Background Information | 322 | ||
| Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiac Dysfunctions | 323 | ||
| Evaluation of Elders With Cardiac Conditions | 323 | ||
| Interventions, Goals, and Strategies | 324 | ||
| Phase I | 324 | ||
| Phase II | 326 | ||
| Phase III | 326 | ||
| Energy Conservation, Work Simplification, and Other Education | 327 | ||
| Intervention With Elders With Cardiac Conditions in Other Settings | 327 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 329 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Stress Management in Improving Function of Elders with Heart Conditions | 329 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| 24 Working With Elders Who Have Pulmonary Conditions | 331 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 331 | ||
| Key Terms | 331 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 331 | ||
| Chronic Bronchitis | 331 | ||
| Chronic Pulmonary Emphysema | 332 | ||
| Asthma | 332 | ||
| Psychosocial Effect of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 332 | ||
| Sexual Functioning | 333 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Assessment and Intervention Planning | 333 | ||
| Conclusion | 334 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 335 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Graded Activity in Increasing Functional Independence of Elders with COPD | 336 | ||
| References | 336 | ||
| 25 Working With Elders Who Have Oncological Conditions | 337 | ||
| Chapter Objectives | 337 | ||
| Key Terms | 337 | ||
| Introduction | 337 | ||
| Overview of Cancer With the Elder Population | 337 | ||
| Common Conditions | 338 | ||
| Lung Cancer | 338 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 339 | ||
| Prostate Cancer | 339 | ||
| Colorectal Cancer | 339 | ||
| Cancer Metastasis | 339 | ||
| Cancer Treatment and Side Effects | 340 | ||
| Psychosocial Aspects of Oncological Conditions/Implications for Occupational Therapy | 341 | ||
| Occupational Therapy Intervention | 343 | ||
| Evaluation and Intervention Planning | 343 | ||
| Goals and interventions | 345 | ||
| Special considerations in intervention planning and implementation | 347 | ||
| Discharge planning | 350 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 351 | ||
| Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of NonPharmacological Interventions in the Management of Lymphedema | 351 | ||
| References | 352 | ||
| Other Resources | 353 | ||
| Glossary | 355 | ||
| A | 355 | ||
| B | 355 | ||
| C | 355 | ||
| D | 356 | ||
| E | 356 | ||
| G | 356 | ||
| H | 357 | ||
| I | 357 | ||
| J | 357 | ||
| L | 357 | ||
| M | 357 | ||
| N | 357 | ||
| O | 357 | ||
| P | 358 | ||
| R | 358 | ||
| S | 358 | ||
| T | 358 | ||
| U | 358 | ||
| V | 359 | ||
| Bibliography | 359 | ||
| Index | 361 | ||
| A | 361 | ||
| B | 362 | ||
| C | 362 | ||
| D | 363 | ||
| E | 363 | ||
| F | 364 | ||
| G | 365 | ||
| H | 365 | ||
| I | 365 | ||
| J | 366 | ||
| K | 366 | ||
| L | 366 | ||
| M | 366 | ||
| N | 366 | ||
| O | 367 | ||
| P | 367 | ||
| Q | 368 | ||
| R | 368 | ||
| S | 368 | ||
| T | 369 | ||
| U | 369 | ||
| V | 369 | ||
| W | 369 | ||
| Y | 369 |