BOOK
Field Guide to Wilderness Medicine E-Book
Paul S. Auerbach | Benjamin B. Constance | Luanne Freer
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Based on Dr. Auerbach’s renowned Wilderness Medicine text, Field Guide to Wilderness Medicine, 5th Edition, is your portable, authoritative guide to the full range of medical and emergency situations that occur in non-traditional settings. Useful for experienced physicians as well as advanced practice providers, this unique medical guide covers an indispensable range of topics in a well-illustrated, highly condensed format – in print or on any mobile device – for quick access anytime, anywhere.
- An easy-access presentation ensures rapid retrieval and comprehension of wilderness medical information, with "Signs and Symptoms" and "Treatment" sections, bulleted lists, and quick-reference text boxes in every chapter.
- All chapters are thoroughly up to date, including new information on travel medicine, medications, immunizations, and field treatment of common conditions.
- Step-by-step explanations from wilderness medicine experts cover the clinical presentation and treatment of a full range of wilderness emergencies and show you how to improvise with available materials.
- Comprehensive coverage includes dive medicine and water-related emergencies, mountain medicine and wilderness survival, global humanitarian relief and disaster medicine, high-altitude medicine, pain management, and much more.
- Line drawings and color plates help you quickly an accurately identify skin manifestations, plants, poisonous mushrooms, snakes, insects, and more.
- Useful appendices address everything from environment-specific situations to lists of essential supplies, medicines, and many additional topics of care.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Field Guide to Wilderness Medicine | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | viii | ||
| Table Of Contents | ix | ||
| 1 High-Altitude Medicine | 1 | ||
| Definitions | 1 | ||
| High-Altitude Illness | 1 | ||
| High-Altitude Headache | 1 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1 | ||
| Treatment | 1 | ||
| Acute Mountain Sickness | 1 | ||
| Primary Signs and Symptoms | 2 | ||
| Absence of Altitude Diuresis | 2 | ||
| Natural Course | 2 | ||
| Treatment (Box 1.1) | 2 | ||
| High-Altitude Cerebral Edema | 4 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 4 | ||
| Treatment | 4 | ||
| High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema | 5 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 5 | ||
| Treatment | 5 | ||
| Prevention | 6 | ||
| Other Altitude Disorders | 6 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances | 6 | ||
| 2 Avalanche Safety and Rescue | 13 | ||
| Avalanche Safety and Rescue Equipment | 13 | ||
| Snow Shovel | 13 | ||
| Probe | 13 | ||
| Avalanche Rescue Transceivers (Beacons) | 14 | ||
| Avalanche Airbag System (Fig. 2.1) | 15 | ||
| AvaLung (Fig. 2.2) | 15 | ||
| Recco Rescue System | 17 | ||
| Crossing an Avalanche Slope | 18 | ||
| Surviving an Avalanche | 18 | ||
| Initiate Search and Scan for Clues | 19 | ||
| Rescue Transceivers and Probing After Transceiver Search | 20 | ||
| Probe Line Search (Only Applicable in the Initial Search if the Victim Is Without a Transceiver) | 20 | ||
| Shoveling | 22 | ||
| Strategic Shoveling | 22 | ||
| Snow Conveyor Belt | 23 | ||
| Calling for Help | 26 | ||
| Organized Rescue | 26 | ||
| Avalanche Victim (Table 2.1) | 26 | ||
| Care of the Patient (Fig. 2.7) | 27 | ||
| Medical Treatment and Resuscitation of Avalanche Burial Victims | 27 | ||
| 3 Hypothermia | 31 | ||
| Definition | 31 | ||
| General Treatment | 31 | ||
| Disorders | 31 | ||
| Mild Hypothermia | 31 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 31 | ||
| Treatment | 34 | ||
| Moderate Hypothermia | 34 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 34 | ||
| Treatment | 36 | ||
| Severe Hypothermia | 38 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 38 | ||
| Treatment | 39 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 39 | ||
| 4 Frostbite and Other Cold-Induced Tissue Injuries | 42 | ||
| Frostbite | 42 | ||
| Definitions | 42 | ||
| First-Degree Frostbite (see Plate 1) | 42 | ||
| 5 Heat Illness | 47 | ||
| Definitions | 47 | ||
| Disorders | 47 | ||
| Heat Edema | 47 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 47 | ||
| Treatment | 47 | ||
| “Prickly Heat” (Miliaria Rubra) | 48 | ||
| 6 Wildland Fires | 55 | ||
| Sensible Land Development Practices to Protect Against Wildfire | 55 | ||
| Urban Versus Wildland Fires | 55 | ||
| Early Warning Signals or Indicators Associated With Extreme Fire Behavior | 56 | ||
| Fuel | 56 | ||
| Weather | 56 | ||
| Topography | 56 | ||
| Fire Behavior | 56 | ||
| Conditions That Produce a Crown Fire | 57 | ||
| Ten Standard Firefighting Orders | 57 | ||
| “Watch Out!” Situations in the Wildland Fire Environment | 57 | ||
| Wildland-Urban “Watch Out!” Situations | 59 | ||
| Vehicle Behavior in a Fire Situation | 59 | ||
| Guidance for People in a Vehicle During a Wildland Fire | 60 | ||
| Advance Preparation | 60 | ||
| Encountering Smoke or Flames | 60 | ||
| Positioning Your Car | 60 | ||
| Inside Your Car | 60 | ||
| As the Fire Front Passes | 60 | ||
| Guidance for People in a Building During a Wildland Fire | 61 | ||
| If You Cannot Escape an Approaching Wildfire | 62 | ||
| Surviving a Wildland Fire Entrapment or Burnover | 63 | ||
| Personal Gear for a Rescue Mission on a Wildland Fire Incident | 64 | ||
| How to Report a Wildland Fire to Local Authorities | 65 | ||
| Portable Fire Extinguishers | 65 | ||
| 7 Burns and Smoke Inhalation | 66 | ||
| Types of Burns | 66 | ||
| Scald Burns | 66 | ||
| Flame Burns | 66 | ||
| Flash Burns | 67 | ||
| Contact Burns | 67 | ||
| Electrical Burns | 67 | ||
| Chemical Burns | 68 | ||
| General Treatment | 68 | ||
| Burn Classification | 69 | ||
| Superficial Burn (First-Degree Burn) | 69 | ||
| 8 Solar Radiation and Photoprotection | 75 | ||
| Acute Sunburn | 75 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 75 | ||
| Treatment (Box 8.1) | 75 | ||
| Photoprotection | 76 | ||
| Sunscreens | 76 | ||
| Sun Protection Factor (Table 8.1) | 76 | ||
| Sunscreen Vehicles | 77 | ||
| Sunscreen Application | 77 | ||
| Ultraviolet A Protection | 78 | ||
| Ultraviolet A/Ultraviolet B Combined Protection | 78 | ||
| Substantivity | 78 | ||
| Stability | 78 | ||
| Clothing Protection | 79 | ||
| Sunglasses | 80 | ||
| Sun Avoidance | 80 | ||
| 9 Lightning Injuries | 81 | ||
| Disorders | 81 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 81 | ||
| Treatment | 82 | ||
| Prevention | 83 | ||
| 10 Emergency Airway Management | 85 | ||
| Recognition of Airway Obstruction | 85 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 85 | ||
| Additional Signs and Symptoms | 85 | ||
| Head and Tongue Positioning | 86 | ||
| Treatment of Airway Obstruction | 86 | ||
| Body Positioning | 88 | ||
| Manual Airway Techniques | 88 | ||
| Improvised Tongue Traction Technique | 90 | ||
| Mechanical Airway Adjuncts | 91 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Airway | 91 | ||
| Technique for Insertion of Oropharyngeal Airway | 92 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Airway | 92 | ||
| Technique for Insertion of Nasopharyngeal Airway | 93 | ||
| Improvised Mechanical Airways | 94 | ||
| Foreign Body Aspiration | 94 | ||
| Suctioning | 95 | ||
| Rescue Breathing | 96 | ||
| Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation | 96 | ||
| Technique | 96 | ||
| Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation | 96 | ||
| Technique | 97 | ||
| Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation | 97 | ||
| Supraglottic/Alternative Airway Devices | 98 | ||
| Laryngeal Mask Airway | 98 | ||
| King LT Airway | 98 | ||
| Definitive Airway Management | 98 | ||
| Assessing the Airway | 99 | ||
| Immediate Oral Intubation (“Crash” Intubation) | 99 | ||
| Rapid Sequence Intubation | 100 | ||
| Technique Using the Seven Ps of RSI | 101 | ||
| Postintubation Management | 101 | ||
| Cricothyrotomy | 104 | ||
| Technique | 104 | ||
| 11 Emergency Oxygen Administration | 109 | ||
| Indications | 109 | ||
| Contraindications | 109 | ||
| Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity | 109 | ||
| Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity | 110 | ||
| Equipment | 111 | ||
| Cylinders | 111 | ||
| Valves | 111 | ||
| Regulators | 113 | ||
| Devices for Assisted Ventilation | 113 | ||
| Bag-Valve-Mask Device | 113 | ||
| Resuscitation Mask | 115 | ||
| Flow-Restricted Oxygen-Powered Ventilator/Positive-Pressure Demand Valve | 115 | ||
| Demand-Only, or Flow-Restricted Oxygen-Powered Ventilators in Demand Mode | 116 | ||
| Constant Flow Devices for Adequately Breathing Patients | 116 | ||
| Nonrebreather Mask | 116 | ||
| Nasal Cannula | 117 | ||
| Oxygen Rebreathers | 117 | ||
| Emergency Oxygen Administration at High Altitude | 118 | ||
| Oxygen Generator Systems | 118 | ||
| Hazards | 118 | ||
| 12 Trauma Emergencies | 119 | ||
| Establishing Priorities | 119 | ||
| Basic Principles of Wilderness Trauma Management | 119 | ||
| Universal Precautions in the Wilderness | 120 | ||
| Primary Survey | 120 | ||
| Assess the Scene | 120 | ||
| Airway | 120 | ||
| Breathing and Ventilation | 123 | ||
| Circulation | 129 | ||
| External Bleeding | 129 | ||
| Internal Bleeding | 129 | ||
| Vascular Access | 131 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Circulation (See Also Chapter 25) | 133 | ||
| Disability and Neurologic Assessment | 133 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 133 | ||
| Exposure and Environmental Control | 133 | ||
| Secondary Survey | 138 | ||
| History | 138 | ||
| Neurologic, Head, and Face Evaluation | 138 | ||
| Evaluation of the Body | 140 | ||
| 13 Shock | 142 | ||
| Definition | 142 | ||
| Disorders | 142 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 142 | ||
| Treatment | 142 | ||
| 14 Head Injury | 145 | ||
| General Treatment | 145 | ||
| Evaluation of the Head-Injured Patient | 145 | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 145 | ||
| Elements of the Glasgow Coma Scale Explained | 147 | ||
| Eye Response | 147 | ||
| Verbal Response | 147 | ||
| Motor Response | 147 | ||
| Simplified Motor Score | 147 | ||
| High Risk for Traumatic Brain Injury: Immediate Evacuation | 148 | ||
| Skull Fracture | 148 | ||
| 15 Chest Trauma | 152 | ||
| Disorders | 152 | ||
| Rib Fracture | 152 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 152 | ||
| Treatment | 152 | ||
| Flail Chest | 153 | ||
| 16 Intraabdominal Injuries | 160 | ||
| Penetrating Injuries | 160 | ||
| Gunshot Wound | 160 | ||
| 17 Maxillofacial Trauma | 162 | ||
| General Treatment | 162 | ||
| Disorders | 163 | ||
| Lacerations | 163 | ||
| 18 Orthopedic Injuries, Splints, and Slings | 168 | ||
| Physical Examination and Functional Considerations | 168 | ||
| Joint Function | 168 | ||
| Circulatory Function | 168 | ||
| Nerve Function | 169 | ||
| Evacuation Decisions | 169 | ||
| Special Considerations With Open Fracture | 170 | ||
| Special Considerations With Amputation | 171 | ||
| Special Considerations With Compartment Syndrome | 171 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 172 | ||
| Treatment | 172 | ||
| Splinting | 172 | ||
| Improvisation: General Guidelines | 172 | ||
| Extremity Splints: Basic Principles | 173 | ||
| Ensolite (Closed-Cell Foam) Pads | 173 | ||
| SAM Splint | 174 | ||
| Triangular Bandage | 174 | ||
| Disorders | 175 | ||
| Spine Fractures | 175 | ||
| Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral Spine | 175 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 175 | ||
| 19 Firearm and Arrow Injuries/Fishhook Injury | 228 | ||
| Firearm Injury | 228 | ||
| Treatment | 228 | ||
| Arrow or Spear Injury | 229 | ||
| 20 Lacerations, Abrasions, and Dressings | 233 | ||
| Definition: Laceration | 233 | ||
| General Treatment | 233 | ||
| Examination | 233 | ||
| Anesthesia | 233 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia | 233 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | 234 | ||
| Cleaning and Debridement | 235 | ||
| Irrigation Method | 235 | ||
| Definitive Wound Care | 235 | ||
| High-Risk Wounds | 237 | ||
| 21 Sprains and Strains | 246 | ||
| Definitions | 246 | ||
| General Treatment | 246 | ||
| Disorders | 246 | ||
| Ankle Sprain | 246 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 246 | ||
| Treatment | 247 | ||
| Ruptured Achilles Tendon | 247 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 247 | ||
| 22 Foot Problems and Care | 252 | ||
| Definition | 252 | ||
| Disorders | 252 | ||
| Hot Spots | 252 | ||
| 23 Bandaging and Taping Techniques | 259 | ||
| Taping | 259 | ||
| Types of Tape | 259 | ||
| Skin Preparation | 260 | ||
| Ankle Taping | 260 | ||
| Toe Taping | 264 | ||
| Lower Leg Taping | 264 | ||
| Knee Taping | 265 | ||
| Patella Taping | 265 | ||
| Finger Taping | 265 | ||
| Thumb Taping | 269 | ||
| Wrist Taping | 269 | ||
| Bandaging | 269 | ||
| Types of Bandages | 269 | ||
| Securing Bandages | 274 | ||
| Ankle and Foot Bandaging | 275 | ||
| Knee Bandaging | 276 | ||
| Thigh and Groin Bandaging | 276 | ||
| Wrist and Hand Bandaging | 276 | ||
| Finger Bandaging | 276 | ||
| Thumb Bandaging | 276 | ||
| Shoulder Bandaging | 276 | ||
| Scalp Bandaging | 280 | ||
| Ear Bandaging | 281 | ||
| Eye Bandaging | 281 | ||
| 24 Pain Management | 283 | ||
| First Contact | 283 | ||
| Evaluation of Pain | 283 | ||
| PRICE: Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation | 284 | ||
| Protection | 284 | ||
| Rest | 284 | ||
| Ice or Other Cold Application | 284 | ||
| Compression | 285 | ||
| Elevation | 285 | ||
| Topical Anesthetics | 286 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Pharmacology | 286 | ||
| Anesthetic Toxicity | 286 | ||
| Anesthetic Infiltration Techniques and Nerve Blocks | 287 | ||
| Digital Nerve Blocks | 287 | ||
| Wrist Blocks | 287 | ||
| Axillary Nerve Block | 289 | ||
| Ankle Blocks | 291 | ||
| Common Peroneal Nerve Block | 292 | ||
| Femoral Nerve Block (Fig. 24.9) | 293 | ||
| Trigger Point Injections | 294 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment of Pain | 294 | ||
| Nonnarcotic Analgesics | 294 | ||
| Narcotic Analgesics | 295 | ||
| Antineuropathic Drugs | 299 | ||
| Additional Agents | 299 | ||
| Narcotic Agonist-Antagonist Combinations | 299 | ||
| Ketamine | 299 | ||
| Muscle Relaxants | 303 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies | 303 | ||
| Acupuncture | 303 | ||
| Herbal/Botanical Remedies (Table 24.4) | 303 | ||
| 25 Life-Threatening Emergencies (Rescue Breathing/CPR/Choking) | 304 | ||
| Basic Resuscitation | 304 | ||
| Adult | 304 | ||
| Defibrillation | 304 | ||
| Child and Infant | 306 | ||
| When to Stop Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 308 | ||
| Choking/Obstructed Airway | 308 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 310 | ||
| Treatment | 310 | ||
| 26 Allergic Reactions | 312 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 312 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 312 | ||
| Treatment | 312 | ||
| Allergic Rhinitis | 315 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 315 | ||
| Treatment | 315 | ||
| 27 Cardiopulmonary Emergencies | 318 | ||
| Cardiac Emergencies | 318 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndromes (Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction) | 318 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 318 | ||
| Treatment | 318 | ||
| Heart Failure | 318 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 319 | ||
| Treatment | 319 | ||
| Pulmonary Emergencies | 320 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 320 | ||
| 28 Neurologic Emergencies | 322 | ||
| Stroke | 322 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 322 | ||
| 29 Diabetes Emergencies | 330 | ||
| Definitions and Characteristics | 330 | ||
| Disorders | 331 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 331 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 331 | ||
| Treatment | 331 | ||
| Glucagon Administration Instructions (GlucaGen HypoKit) | 332 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 333 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 333 | ||
| Treatment | 333 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State | 334 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 334 | ||
| Treatment | 334 | ||
| Air Travel and Diabetes Medications and Syringes | 334 | ||
| Foot Care | 335 | ||
| 30 Genitourinary Tract Disorders | 336 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 336 | ||
| Lower UTI (Uncomplicated UTI) | 336 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 336 | ||
| Treatment | 336 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 337 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 337 | ||
| Treatment | 337 | ||
| Urinary Stones | 338 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 338 | ||
| Treatment | 338 | ||
| Acute Scrotal Pain | 339 | ||
| Epididymitis | 339 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 339 | ||
| 31 Gynecologic and Obstetric Emergencies | 343 | ||
| Patterns of Menstrual Bleeding | 343 | ||
| Vaginal Bleeding Associated With Pregnancy | 343 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 343 | ||
| History | 343 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 343 | ||
| Treatment | 344 | ||
| Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) | 344 | ||
| Types | 344 | ||
| Threatened | 344 | ||
| Inevitable | 344 | ||
| Incomplete | 344 | ||
| Complete | 344 | ||
| Missed | 344 | ||
| Septic | 344 | ||
| 32 Wilderness Eye Emergencies | 371 | ||
| Ocular Procedures | 371 | ||
| Examination of Vision | 371 | ||
| Examination of Pupils | 371 | ||
| Estimation of Anterior Chamber Depth (i.e., Rule Out Narrow Angle, a Contributing Factor to Glaucoma) | 371 | ||
| Extraocular Muscle Testing | 372 | ||
| Visual Field Testing | 373 | ||
| Upper Eyelid Eversion | 373 | ||
| Fluorescein Examination | 373 | ||
| Eye Patching | 374 | ||
| Equipment | 375 | ||
| Procedure | 375 | ||
| Locating a Displaced Contact Lens | 376 | ||
| Disorders | 376 | ||
| Sudden Loss of Vision in White, “Quiet” Eye | 376 | ||
| Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis | 376 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 376 | ||
| Treatment | 377 | ||
| Red Eye (Fig. 32.3 and Box 32.2) | 377 | ||
| Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 377 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 377 | ||
| Treatment | 378 | ||
| Corneal Abrasion | 379 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 379 | ||
| Treatment | 379 | ||
| Corneal Erosion | 380 | ||
| 33 Ear, Nose, and Throat Emergencies | 393 | ||
| Epistaxis | 393 | ||
| Treatment | 393 | ||
| Esophageal Foreign Bodies | 396 | ||
| Foreign Body in the Ear | 396 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 396 | ||
| 34 Dental Emergencies | 400 | ||
| Toothache (Pulpitis) | 400 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 400 | ||
| Treatment | 400 | ||
| Periapical Osteitis | 400 | ||
| 35 Mental Health | 410 | ||
| Anxiety | 411 | ||
| 36 Global Humanitarian Relief and Disaster Medicine | 416 | ||
| Categories of Disaster and Complex Humanitarian Emergencies With Far-Reaching Negative Impact | 416 | ||
| Needs in Humanitarian Crises | 416 | ||
| Health Care in the Emergency Phase | 417 | ||
| Principles of Health Assessment in Disasters and Crises | 418 | ||
| Fundamental Humanitarian Principles | 418 | ||
| Professional Characteristics of the Aid Worker | 418 | ||
| How to Prepare for A Mission | 419 | ||
| After Returning From a Mission | 419 | ||
| Suggested Packing List | 419 | ||
| Documents | 419 | ||
| Gifts to Bring Your Team | 420 | ||
| Address or Contact List* | 420 | ||
| Gear | 420 | ||
| Electronics | 421 | ||
| First-Aid Kit | 421 | ||
| Toiletries | 422 | ||
| Extras | 422 | ||
| 37 Snake and Other Reptile Bites | 423 | ||
| Definitions and Characteristics | 423 | ||
| Pit Viper Envenomation | 424 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 424 | ||
| Treatment | 425 | ||
| Coral Snake Envenomation | 427 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 428 | ||
| Treatment | 428 | ||
| Envenomation by Non–North American Snakes | 430 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 430 | ||
| Treatment | 431 | ||
| Venomous Lizard Bites | 431 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 431 | ||
| Treatment | 433 | ||
| 38 Arthropod and Mosquito Bites and Stings | 434 | ||
| Disorders | 434 | ||
| Spider Bites | 434 | ||
| Brown (“Fiddleback” or “Recluse”) Spiders | 434 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 434 | ||
| Treatment | 435 | ||
| Widow Spiders | 435 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 435 | ||
| Treatment | 436 | ||
| Funnel-Web Spiders | 436 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 436 | ||
| 39 Protection From Blood-Feeding Arthropods | 465 | ||
| Personal Protection | 465 | ||
| Habitat Avoidance | 465 | ||
| Physical Protection | 465 | ||
| Repellents | 468 | ||
| Chemical Repellents | 468 | ||
| DEET | 470 | ||
| IR3535 (Ethyl Butylacetylaminoproprionate) | 473 | ||
| Picaridin | 474 | ||
| Botanical Repellents | 474 | ||
| Citronella | 474 | ||
| Bite Blocker | 475 | ||
| BioUD (2-Undecanone) | 476 | ||
| Lemon Eucalyptus | 476 | ||
| Ingested Repellents | 476 | ||
| Insecticides | 476 | ||
| Permethrin | 476 | ||
| Reducing Local Mosquito Populations | 477 | ||
| Integrated Approach to Personal Protection | 478 | ||
| Ticks | 479 | ||
| 40 Toxic Plants | 482 | ||
| Toxic Plant Ingestions | 482 | ||
| General Considerations | 482 | ||
| Organ System Principles | 482 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 482 | ||
| Anticholinergic Plants (Tropane Alkaloids) | 482 | ||
| Anticholinergic Syndrome | 482 | ||
| Central | 482 | ||
| Peripheral | 483 | ||
| Jimsonweed (Fig. 40.1) | 483 | ||
| Deadly Nightshade | 484 | ||
| Treatment | 484 | ||
| Nicotinic Plants (Pyridine-Piperidine Alkaloids) | 484 | ||
| Tobacco Plants | 484 | ||
| Nicotinic Syndrome | 484 | ||
| Early Stage | 484 | ||
| Late Stage | 485 | ||
| Betel Nut | 485 | ||
| Quinolizidine Alkaloids | 486 | ||
| Treatment | 486 | ||
| Hallucinogenic Plants | 486 | ||
| Morning Glory (Ipomoea violacea) | 486 | ||
| Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) | 486 | ||
| Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) | 486 | ||
| Peyote Cactus (Lophophora williamsii) | 487 | ||
| Mescal Bean Bush or Texas Mountain Laurel (S. secundiflora) | 487 | ||
| Khat or Evergreen Khat Tree (Catha edulis) | 487 | ||
| Anticholinergic Plants | 487 | ||
| Treatment | 487 | ||
| Sedating Plants (Isoquinoline Alkaloids) | 487 | ||
| Poppy | 487 | ||
| Neuromuscular-Blocking Plants (Indole Alkaloids) | 487 | ||
| Convulsant Plants (Indoles, Resins) | 488 | ||
| Strychnine | 488 | ||
| 41 Mushroom Toxicity | 502 | ||
| Disorders Caused by Gastrointestinal Toxins (Table 41.1) | 502 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 502 | ||
| Treatment | 502 | ||
| Disorders Caused by Disulfiram-Like Toxins (Table 41.2) | 503 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 503 | ||
| 42 Animal Attacks | 509 | ||
| Wound Care | 509 | ||
| Wound Infection | 511 | ||
| Specific Animal Considerations | 511 | ||
| Dog | 511 | ||
| Cat | 511 | ||
| Porcupine | 511 | ||
| Skunk | 512 | ||
| Herbivores | 512 | ||
| Pigs | 512 | ||
| Alligators and Crocodiles | 512 | ||
| Avoiding and Mitigating Animal Attacks | 512 | ||
| Bear Attack Prevention and Risk Reduction | 513 | ||
| Prevent Predatory Behavior | 513 | ||
| Avoiding an Encounter | 513 | ||
| Avoiding an Attack | 513 | ||
| If a Grizzly Bear Attacks | 513 | ||
| If a Black Bear Attacks | 514 | ||
| 43 Zoonoses | 515 | ||
| Definition | 515 | ||
| Disorders | 515 | ||
| Rabies | 515 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 515 | ||
| Postexposure Treatment | 516 | ||
| Prevention | 518 | ||
| Preexposure Prophylaxis | 519 | ||
| Cat-Scratch Disease | 519 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 519 | ||
| Treatment | 519 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 520 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 520 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 520 | ||
| Rat-Bite Fever | 521 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 521 | ||
| Treatment | 521 | ||
| Tularemia | 521 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 522 | ||
| Treatment | 522 | ||
| Brucellosis | 523 | ||
| 44 Diarrhea and Constipation | 531 | ||
| Traveler’s Diarrhea | 531 | ||
| Definition | 531 | ||
| Etiology | 531 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 531 | ||
| Treatment (Tables 44.3 and 44.4) | 533 | ||
| Symptomatic Therapy | 536 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 537 | ||
| Prevention | 539 | ||
| Cholera | 540 | ||
| Food Poisoning | 540 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 540 | ||
| Treatment | 541 | ||
| Infection Caused by Intestinal Protozoa | 541 | ||
| Giardia lamblia | 541 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 541 | ||
| Treatment | 542 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 543 | ||
| Nondysenteric Disease | 543 | ||
| 45 Field Water Disinfection | 547 | ||
| Risk and Etiology | 547 | ||
| Specific Etiologic Agents | 547 | ||
| Viruses | 547 | ||
| Protozoa | 547 | ||
| Chemical Hazards | 547 | ||
| Definitions | 547 | ||
| Heat | 548 | ||
| Filtration, Adsorption, and Clarification (Fig. 45.1) | 550 | ||
| Filtration | 550 | ||
| Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Nanofiltration | 551 | ||
| Adsorption Using Granular Activated Carbon | 551 | ||
| Reverse Osmosis | 552 | ||
| Forward Osmosis | 552 | ||
| Chemical Disinfection (Tables 45.4 and 45.5) | 553 | ||
| Halogens (Chlorine and Iodine) | 553 | ||
| Factors Affecting Halogen Disinfection (Table 45.6) | 554 | ||
| Concentration and Demand | 554 | ||
| Cold and Concentration (See Table 45.5) | 554 | ||
| Contaminants | 554 | ||
| pH | 556 | ||
| Pathogen Sensitivity | 556 | ||
| Chlorine | 556 | ||
| Iodine | 556 | ||
| Recommendations | 556 | ||
| Improving the Taste of Water Disinfected With Halogens | 557 | ||
| Superchlorination-Dechlorination | 557 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disinfectants | 558 | ||
| Chlorine Dioxide (Table 45.7) | 558 | ||
| Mixed Species Disinfection (Miox Purifier) | 558 | ||
| Silver | 558 | ||
| Potassium Permanganate | 559 | ||
| Hydrogen Peroxide | 559 | ||
| Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight | 559 | ||
| Choosing the Preferred Technique (Table 45.9) | 562 | ||
| 46 Hydration and Dehydration | 563 | ||
| Hydration and Dehydration Assessment and Treatment | 563 | ||
| Urine Markers | 563 | ||
| Urine Color | 563 | ||
| Urine Specific Gravity and Osmolality | 563 | ||
| Treatment | 563 | ||
| Hydration Strategies | 564 | ||
| 47 Malaria | 567 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Complications (Table 47.1) | 567 | ||
| Diagnosis | 571 | ||
| History | 571 | ||
| Blood Smears | 571 | ||
| Antibody-Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests | 571 | ||
| Prevention | 573 | ||
| Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria | 573 | ||
| Presumptive Self-Treatment | 573 | ||
| General Approach | 581 | ||
| Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria | 585 | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum, or a Species Not Identified, Acquired in Areas With Chloroquine-Sensitive Malaria | 585 | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum, or Species Not Identified, Acquired in Areas With Chloroquine-Resistant Malaria | 585 | ||
| Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi | 596 | ||
| Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale | 596 | ||
| Pregnant Women | 604 | ||
| Treatment of Severe Malaria | 605 | ||
| Supportive Care for Severe Malaria | 606 | ||
| 48 Travel-Acquired Illnesses | 608 | ||
| Sources of Information | 608 | ||
| Malaria | 609 | ||
| Dengue Fever | 609 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 610 | ||
| Treatment | 610 | ||
| Yellow Fever | 611 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 611 | ||
| Treatment | 612 | ||
| Prevention | 612 | ||
| Rabies Exposure | 612 | ||
| Hepatitis Viruses | 613 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 613 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 613 | ||
| Treatment | 613 | ||
| Prevention | 614 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 614 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 614 | ||
| Treatment | 614 | ||
| Prevention | 615 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 615 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 615 | ||
| Treatment | 615 | ||
| Prevention | 616 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 616 | ||
| Hepatitis E, F, and G | 616 | ||
| Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever | 617 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 617 | ||
| Treatment | 617 | ||
| Prevention | 618 | ||
| Cholera | 618 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 618 | ||
| Treatment | 618 | ||
| Japanese B Encephalitis | 619 | ||
| 49 Immunizations for Travel | 625 | ||
| Required Travel Vaccines | 625 | ||
| Yellow Fever Vaccine | 625 | ||
| Cholera Vaccine | 633 | ||
| Smallpox Vaccine | 634 | ||
| Recommended Travel Vaccines | 635 | ||
| Hepatitis A Vaccine | 635 | ||
| Hepatitis B Vaccine | 636 | ||
| Typhoid Fever Vaccine | 636 | ||
| Meningococcal Vaccine | 637 | ||
| Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine | 637 | ||
| Rabies Vaccine | 638 | ||
| Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine | 638 | ||
| Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine for Tuberculosis | 639 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) Vaccine | 639 | ||
| Influenza Vaccine | 639 | ||
| Other Vaccines | 640 | ||
| Routine Vaccines | 640 | ||
| 50 Drowning and Cold-Water Immersion | 641 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Drowning | 641 | ||
| Cold-Water Immersion | 641 | ||
| Cold Shock Response | 641 | ||
| On-Scene Rescue and Patient Management | 642 | ||
| Drowning Classifications and General Treatment | 644 | ||
| The Asymptomatic Patient: Grades 0 and 1 | 644 | ||
| The Symptomatic Patient: Grades 2, 3, and 4 | 644 | ||
| The Patient in Respiratory or Cardiopulmonary Arrest: Grades 5 and 6 | 645 | ||
| Prognosis and Termination of Resuscitation | 647 | ||
| Prevention | 648 | ||
| 51 Scuba Diving–Related Disorders | 649 | ||
| Dysbarism | 649 | ||
| Barotrauma of Descent | 649 | ||
| Mask Barotrauma | 649 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 649 | ||
| Treatment | 649 | ||
| Sinus Barotrauma | 649 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 650 | ||
| 52 Injuries From Nonvenomous Aquatic Animals | 661 | ||
| General Treatment | 661 | ||
| Wound Management | 661 | ||
| Antibiotic Therapy | 662 | ||
| Injuries Caused by Sharks and Barracuda | 663 | ||
| Treatment | 663 | ||
| Prevention of Shark Attacks | 663 | ||
| Moray Eel Injury | 664 | ||
| 53 Envenomation by Marine Life | 666 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 666 | ||
| Reaction to Sponges | 666 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 666 | ||
| Treatment | 666 | ||
| Prevention | 667 | ||
| Jellyfish Stings (Also Fire Coral, Hydroids, and Anemones) | 667 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 667 | ||
| Treatment | 668 | ||
| Prevention | 669 | ||
| Sea Bather’s Eruption | 669 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 669 | ||
| 54 Seafood Toxidromes | 681 | ||
| Ciguatera Fish Poisoning | 681 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 681 | ||
| 55 Aquatic Skin Disorders | 691 | ||
| Disorders | 691 | ||
| Sargassum Algal Dermatitis | 691 | ||
| 56 Search and Rescue | 703 | ||
| Basic Stages of a SAR Mission | 703 | ||
| Overview | 703 | ||
| Preplanning | 704 | ||
| Research the Location | 704 | ||
| Rescue Resources | 704 | ||
| Support Services | 705 | ||
| Personal Preparation | 705 | ||
| Fitness | 705 | ||
| General Safety Guidelines | 706 | ||
| Training (Box 56.1) | 706 | ||
| Personal Equipment | 706 | ||
| Search and Rescue Operations | 708 | ||
| Sequence of Events in Backcountry Rescue (Box 56.3) | 708 | ||
| Making the Decision to Get Help | 708 | ||
| Locate Phase | 708 | ||
| First Notice | 709 | ||
| Planning Data and Their Uses | 709 | ||
| Search Tactics | 710 | ||
| Clues and Their Value | 710 | ||
| Search Resources | 710 | ||
| Dogs | 711 | ||
| Human Trackers | 711 | ||
| Ground Search Teams | 711 | ||
| Hasty Teams | 711 | ||
| Grid Teams | 711 | ||
| Aircraft and Drones | 711 | ||
| Search Planning Considerations | 712 | ||
| Search Theory | 712 | ||
| Lost Subject Behavior | 712 | ||
| Access Phase | 712 | ||
| Stabilization Phase (Box 56.4) | 713 | ||
| Transport Phase | 715 | ||
| Additional Patient Evacuation Considerations | 715 | ||
| Additional Litter Evacuation Considerations | 716 | ||
| Patient Evaluation and Treatment During Transport | 717 | ||
| Patient Communication and Monitoring | 717 | ||
| Respiratory Guidelines | 718 | ||
| Circulatory Considerations | 718 | ||
| Nervous System Considerations | 719 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System Considerations | 719 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Considerations | 719 | ||
| Mission Termination Criteria | 720 | ||
| Returning to Base | 720 | ||
| Additional Rescue Considerations | 720 | ||
| Self-Rescue: Signaling | 720 | ||
| Rescue Communications | 720 | ||
| COSPAS-SARSAT | 721 | ||
| Distress Radio Beacons | 721 | ||
| Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (Marine EPIRBs) | 722 | ||
| Emergency Locator Transmitters (Aviation Emergency Locator Transmitters) | 722 | ||
| Personal Locator Beacons | 722 | ||
| Satellite Communicators | 722 | ||
| Knowledge, Skills, and Equipment Needed by Extended Rescue Teams | 723 | ||
| 57 Improvised Litters and Carries | 727 | ||
| Scene Size-Up | 727 | ||
| Drags and Carries | 728 | ||
| Blanket Drag (Fig. 57.1A) | 728 | ||
| Fireman’s Drag (see Fig. 57.1B) | 729 | ||
| Fireman’s Carry (Fig. 57.2) | 729 | ||
| Three-Person Wheelbarrow Carry (Fig. 57.3) | 729 | ||
| Two-Hand Seat | 729 | ||
| Four-Hand Seat (Fig. 57.4) | 731 | ||
| Ski Pole or Ice Axe Carry (Fig. 57.5) | 731 | ||
| Split-Coil Seat (“Tragsitz”) (Fig. 57.6) | 733 | ||
| Commercial Tragsitz Harness (Fig. 57.8) | 733 | ||
| Two-Rescuer Split-Coil Seat (Fig. 57.9) | 733 | ||
| Backpack Carry | 733 | ||
| Nylon Webbing Carry (Fig. 57.11) | 734 | ||
| Papoose-Style Sling | 735 | ||
| Litter Improvisation | 736 | ||
| Litters (Nonrigid) | 736 | ||
| Blanket Litter (Fig. 57.12) | 737 | ||
| Tree Pole Litter | 738 | ||
| Parka Litter | 740 | ||
| Internal Frame Pack Litter | 740 | ||
| Sledge (Fig. 57.15) | 740 | ||
| Life Jacket Litter | 741 | ||
| Rope Litter (Fig. 57.16) | 741 | ||
| Improvised Rigid Litters | 742 | ||
| Continuous Loop System (Daisy Chain Litter, Cocoon Wrap, Mummy Litter) (Fig. 57.17) | 742 | ||
| Backpack Frame Litters (Fig. 57.19) | 744 | ||
| Travois | 744 | ||
| Kayak System | 744 | ||
| Canoe System | 746 | ||
| Improvised Rescue Sled or Toboggan | 746 | ||
| Patient Packaging | 747 | ||
| Improvised Short-Board Immobilization | 748 | ||
| Internal Frame Pack and Snow Shovel System | 748 | ||
| Inverted Pack System | 748 | ||
| Snowshoe System | 748 | ||
| During Transport | 749 | ||
| Securing a Patient Within the Litter | 749 | ||
| Carrying a Loaded Litter | 751 | ||
| High Angle or Vertical | 751 | ||
| Low Angle | 751 | ||
| Nontechnical Evacuation | 751 | ||
| Carrying a Litter in the Wilderness | 751 | ||
| 58 Aeromedical Transport | 753 | ||
| Common Aeromedical Transport Problems | 753 | ||
| Pretransport Preparation | 753 | ||
| Patient Comfort | 753 | ||
| Patient Movement | 753 | ||
| Oxygen Availability for Flight | 755 | ||
| Noise | 756 | ||
| Cold | 756 | ||
| Eye Protection | 756 | ||
| Respiratory Distress | 756 | ||
| Transport of Dive-Related Injuries (e.g., Decompression Sickness, Arterial Gas Embolism) | 757 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Cardiac Defibrillation | 757 | ||
| Patient Combativeness | 757 | ||
| Endotracheal Intubation | 758 | ||
| Thrombolysis | 759 | ||
| Flight Safety | 759 | ||
| Approaching the Aircraft | 759 | ||
| Helicopters (Fig. 58.1 and Box 58.3) | 759 | ||
| Fixed-Wing Aircraft | 759 | ||
| Safety Belt Use | 759 | ||
| Proper Use of Aircraft Equipment | 761 | ||
| In-Flight Obstacle Reporting | 761 | ||
| Flight Crew–Ground Coordination | 761 | ||
| Emergency Procedures | 762 | ||
| Survival | 762 | ||
| Landing Zone Operations | 762 | ||
| Ground-to-Air Signaling | 763 | ||
| Using a Ground Guide | 764 | ||
| Hoist Operations | 765 | ||
| Night Operations | 766 | ||
| Dispatch and Communications | 766 | ||
| Appropriate Use of Aeromedical Services | 767 | ||
| 59 Survival | 768 | ||
| Cold Weather Survival | 768 | ||
| Shelter | 768 | ||
| Types of Shelters | 769 | ||
| Constructed Shelters | 769 | ||
| Tarpaulins | 769 | ||
| Plastic Bag Shelters (Fig. 59.1) | 770 | ||
| Tube Tents (Fig. 59.2) | 770 | ||
| Tents and Bivouac Sacks | 771 | ||
| Natural Shelters | 771 | ||
| Snow Shelters | 772 | ||
| Snow Trenches (Figs. 59.4 and 59.5) | 772 | ||
| Snow Caves (Fig. 59.6) | 775 | ||
| Quinzhee (Snow Dome) | 775 | ||
| Igloos (Fig. 59.7) | 777 | ||
| Fire | 779 | ||
| Fire Building | 779 | ||
| Fire Starting | 782 | ||
| Additional Concepts and Fire-Building Tips | 783 | ||
| Food | 785 | ||
| Water | 786 | ||
| Emergency Snow Travel | 787 | ||
| Stalled or Wrecked Vehicle | 788 | ||
| Automobile | 788 | ||
| Airplane | 789 | ||
| Hot Weather/Desert Survival | 790 | ||
| Practical Methods for Adjusting to Hot Weather | 790 | ||
| Desert Water Procurement | 791 | ||
| Navigation | 794 | ||
| Compass | 794 | ||
| Topographic Maps | 794 | ||
| Global Positioning System | 794 | ||
| Weather | 795 | ||
| General Aspects of Survival | 795 | ||
| Injured Team Member | 795 | ||
| Signaling | 796 | ||
| 60 Knots | 798 | ||
| Terminology | 798 | ||
| Anatomy of a Knot | 798 | ||
| Stopper Knots (Figs. 60.1 and 60.2) | 799 | ||
| End-of-Line Knots (Figs. 60.3 to 60.6) | 800 | ||
| Midline Knots | 801 | ||
| Knots to Join Two Ropes | 803 | ||
| Knot Safety | 806 | ||
| Hitches (Figs. 60.17 to 60.20) | 806 | ||
| Prusik Hitch | 808 | ||
| Trucker’s Hitch | 811 | ||
| Clove Hitch | 811 | ||
| Munter Hitch | 811 | ||
| Additional Knots and Hitches | 811 | ||
| 61 Wilderness Medical Kits | 814 | ||
| Medical Kits | 814 | ||
| Design | 814 | ||
| Organization | 815 | ||
| Personal Kit | 815 | ||
| Comprehensive Group Medical Kit | 815 | ||
| General Guidelines for Expedition Drugs | 818 | ||
| Antibiotics | 849 | ||
| Wilderness Medications | 849 | ||
| 62 Children in the Wilderness | 850 | ||
| What Makes Children Different | 850 | ||
| Food and Drink | 850 | ||
| Equipment | 851 | ||
| Age-Specific Expectations for Wilderness Travel | 852 | ||
| Environmental Illnesses | 852 | ||
| Dehydration | 852 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 852 | ||
| Treatment | 852 | ||
| Hypothermia (See Chapter 3) | 854 | ||
| Prevention | 854 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms (Table 62.4) | 854 | ||
| Treatment | 854 | ||
| Hyperthermia (See Chapter 5) | 854 | ||
| Prevention | 855 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 855 | ||
| Treatment | 855 | ||
| High-Altitude Illness (See Chapter 1) | 855 | ||
| Prevention | 856 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 856 | ||
| Treatment | 856 | ||
| Traveler’s Diarrhea | 856 | ||
| Prevention | 857 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 857 | ||
| Treatment | 857 | ||
| Medications | 857 | ||
| 63 Emergency Veterinary Medicine | 858 | ||
| Pretrip Animal Health Considerations | 858 | ||
| Horses, Mules, and Donkeys | 858 | ||
| Llamas | 858 | ||
| Dogs | 861 | ||
| Canine Physiology and Physical Examination | 861 | ||
| Temperature | 861 | ||
| Cardiac Evaluation | 862 | ||
| Mucous Membrane Color | 862 | ||
| Capillary Refill Time | 862 | ||
| Pulse | 862 | ||
| Hydration Status | 862 | ||
| Emergency Restraint | 862 | ||
| Conditions Common to All Species | 864 | ||
| Trauma | 864 | ||
| Foot, Hoof, and Nail Problems | 864 | ||
| Hyperthermia (Heat Stress, Heat Exhaustion) | 865 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 865 | ||
| Treatment | 865 | ||
| Tick Paralysis | 866 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 866 | ||
| Diagnosis | 866 | ||
| Management | 866 | ||
| Skunk Odor Removal | 866 | ||
| Management of Odor Removal | 866 | ||
| Plant Poisoning | 867 | ||
| Lightning Strike | 867 | ||
| Snakebite | 870 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 870 | ||
| Management | 870 | ||
| Choke | 870 | ||
| Management | 871 | ||
| Wound Dressing and Bandaging | 871 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 871 | ||
| Rescue Breathing | 871 | ||
| West Nile Viral Encephalitis | 872 | ||
| Signs in Horses, Llamas, and Humans | 872 | ||
| Management | 872 | ||
| Unique Disorders of Horses, Mules, and Donkeys | 873 | ||
| Laminitis (Founder) | 873 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 873 | ||
| Management | 873 | ||
| Saddle, Cinch, and Rigging Sores | 875 | ||
| 64 Leave No Trace | 888 | ||
| Sustainability in the Wilderness | 888 | ||
| Plan Ahead and Prepare | 888 | ||
| Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces | 889 | ||
| Dispose of Waste Properly | 889 | ||
| Leave What You Find | 889 | ||
| Minimize Campfire Impacts | 890 | ||
| Respect Wildlife | 890 | ||
| Be Considerate of Other Visitors | 890 | ||
| Sustainability in Special Environments | 890 | ||
| The Mountains | 890 | ||
| Snow | 890 | ||
| Water | 891 | ||
| Tundra | 891 | ||
| Desert | 891 | ||
| A Avalanche Resources | 892 | ||
| General Avalanche Information | 892 | ||
| Regional Avalanche Information | 892 | ||
| B Glasgow Coma Scale, Simplified Motor Score, and Other Measures of Responsiveness | 894 | ||
| C SCAT5 Sport Concussion Assessment Tool | 896 | ||
| D Lake Louise Score for the Diagnosis of Acute Mountain Sickness | 905 | ||
| Self-Report Questionnaire | 905 | ||
| E Contingency Supplies for Wilderness Travel | 907 | ||
| F Repair Supplies for Wilderness Travel | 911 | ||
| Backcountry Skiing or Climbing | 911 | ||
| G Priority Medical Equipment | 912 | ||
| Airway/Breathing/Circulation | 912 | ||
| Wound Management | 912 | ||
| Bandages, Splints, and Slings | 912 | ||
| Over-the-Counter Medications and Remedies | 913 | ||
| Prescription Medicines | 913 | ||
| Miscellaneous Items | 913 | ||
| H Antimicrobials | 915 | ||
| I Wilderness Eye Kit | 918 | ||
| Medications | 918 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 918 | ||
| J Recommended Oral Antibiotics for Prophylaxis of Domestic Animal and Human Bite Wounds | 919 | ||
| For Established Infections When the Organisms Are Known | 919 | ||
| When Organisms Are Unknown (Dog and Most Other Bites) | 919 | ||
| K Therapy for Parasitic Infections | 921 | ||
| L Suggested Basic Contents of a Survival Kit for Temperate to Cold Weather | 928 | ||
| M Sample Winter Survival Kit | 932 | ||
| N Sample Desert Survival Kit | 933 | ||
| O Sample Camp and Survival Gear for Jungle Travel | 934 | ||
| P Vehicle Cold Weather Survival Kit | 936 | ||
| Q Pediatric Wilderness Medical Kit: Basic Supplies | 938 | ||
| Equipment | 938 | ||
| Medications | 939 | ||
| R Drug Stability in the Wilderness | 943 | ||
| Environmental Factors Influencing Drug Stability | 943 | ||
| Expiration Dates and Shelf Life | 943 | ||
| Packaging | 944 | ||
| Sterility | 944 | ||
| Storage | 944 | ||
| How to Read the Drug List | 945 | ||
| Drug List | 945 | ||
| Acetaminophen Capsules, Tablets, Oral Solution, and Suppositories (OTC) | 945 | ||
| Acetaminophen With Codeine Tablets and Oral Solution (S III) | 945 | ||
| Acetaminophen With Hydrocodone Tablets and Oral Solution (S II) | 945 | ||
| Acetazolamide Tablets, Extended-Release Capsules, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 946 | ||
| Acetic Acid Otic Solution (OTC) | 946 | ||
| Albuterol Tablets, Syrup, and Inhaled Formulation (Rx) | 946 | ||
| Aloe Vera Gel, Ointment, and Laxatives (OTC) | 947 | ||
| Antacids (OTC) | 947 | ||
| Aspirin Tablets, Oral Solution, and Suppositories (OTC) | 947 | ||
| Atenolol Tablets (Rx) | 947 | ||
| Atropine Injection and Ophthalmic Solution (Rx) | 947 | ||
| Azithromycin Tablets, Oral Solution, Injection, and Ophthalmic Solutions (Rx) | 947 | ||
| Bacitracin Topical Formulation (OTC) | 948 | ||
| Bismuth Subsalicylate Tablets and Oral Solution (OTC) | 948 | ||
| Bupivacaine Injection (Rx) | 948 | ||
| Calcium Chloride, Calcium Gluceptate, and Calcium Gluconate Injection (Rx) | 948 | ||
| Calendula Topical Formulation (OTC) | 948 | ||
| Ceftriaxone Injection (Rx) | 948 | ||
| Cephalexin Capsules, Tablets, and Oral Solution (Rx) | 949 | ||
| Charcoal, Activated (OTC) | 949 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin Tablets, Capsules, Oral Solution, Injection, Ophthalmic Solution, and Otic Solutions (Rx) | 949 | ||
| Crotalidae Antivenom (Rx) | 949 | ||
| Deet (N,N-Diethyl-Meta-Toluamide, Diethyltoluamide)-Containing Insect Repellent (OTC) | 949 | ||
| Dermabond (2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate) Topical Skin Adhesive (Rx) | 949 | ||
| Dexamethasone Tablets and Oral, Injection, Implantation, Intravitreal, and Ophthalmic Solutions (Rx) | 950 | ||
| Dextrose Oral Solution (OTC) and Injection (Rx) | 950 | ||
| Diazepam Tablets, Oral Solution, Suppositories, and Injection (S IV) | 950 | ||
| Diltiazem Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 950 | ||
| Diphenhydramine Tablets, Oral Solution (OTC), and Injection (Rx) | 950 | ||
| Domeboro (Acetic Acid and Aluminum Acetate) Otic Solutions (OTC) | 951 | ||
| Dopamine Hydrochloride Injection (Rx) | 951 | ||
| Doxycycline Capsules, Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 951 | ||
| EMLA (Lidocaine/Prilocaine) Topical Formulation (Rx) | 951 | ||
| Epinephrine Injection and Topical, Inhaled, and Intranasal Formulations (Rx) | 951 | ||
| Erythromycin Tablets, Oral Solution, and Topical Ointment (Rx) | 952 | ||
| Famotidine Tablets (OTC) and Injection (Rx) | 952 | ||
| Fentanyl Oral Lozenges, Sublingual Tablets, Sublingual Spray, Buccal Film, Injection, and Intranasal Formulation (Rx) | 952 | ||
| Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical Ointment, Otic Solution, and Shampoo (Rx) | 952 | ||
| Furosemide Tablets, Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 952 | ||
| Glucagon Injection (Rx) | 953 | ||
| Haloperidol Tablets and Injection (Rx) | 953 | ||
| Hydrocortisone Tablets, Solution, Injection, and Topical Cream (Rx) | 953 | ||
| Hydromorphone Tablets, Solution, Suppositories, and Injection (S II) | 953 | ||
| Ibuprofen Tablets and Solution (OTC) | 953 | ||
| Insulin (Regular) Injection and Inhaled Formulation (Rx) | 953 | ||
| Intravenous Solutions (D5W, NS, LR, D5NS, and Other Admixtures) | 953 | ||
| Ivermectin Tablets (Rx) | 953 | ||
| Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir) Tablets (Rx) | 954 | ||
| Ketoconazole Tablets, Shampoo, Foam, and Gel (Rx) | 954 | ||
| Lemon Grass (Cymbogogon) Citronella Oil Topical Formulation (OTC) | 954 | ||
| Levetiracetam Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 954 | ||
| Levofloxacin Tablets, Solution, Injection, and Ophthalmic Formulation (Rx) | 954 | ||
| Lidocaine Injection and Topical, Intradermal, and Ophthalmic Solutions (Rx) | 954 | ||
| Lidocaine/Epinephrine/Tetracaine (LET) Topical Solution (Rx) | 955 | ||
| Lindane (Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane) Lotion and Shampoo (Rx) | 955 | ||
| Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsules (OTC) | 955 | ||
| Lorazepam Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (S IV) | 955 | ||
| Malarone (Atovaquone/Proguanil) Tablets (Rx) | 955 | ||
| Mebendazole Tablets (Rx) | 955 | ||
| Metoprolol Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 955 | ||
| Metronidazole Capsules, Tablets, and Injection (Rx) | 955 | ||
| Midazolam Oral Solution and Injection (S IV) | 956 | ||
| Modafinil Tablets (S IV) | 956 | ||
| Morphine Sulfate Tablets, Epidural Suspension, and Injection (S II) | 956 | ||
| Moxifloxacin Tablets, Oral Solution, Injection, and Ophthalmic Route (Rx) | 956 | ||
| Mupirocin Topical Formulation (Rx) | 956 | ||
| Nalbuphine Hydrochloride Injection (Rx) | 957 | ||
| Naloxone Hydrochloride Injection (Rx) | 957 | ||
| Neosporin Ointment (OTC) | 957 | ||
| Nifedipine Capsules, Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 957 | ||
| Nitroglycerin Capsules, Sublingual Tablets and Sprays, Injection, Patches, and Topical Formulation (Rx) | 957 | ||
| Ofloxacin Tablets, Injection, Ophthalmic Solution, and Otic Solution (Rx) | 958 | ||
| Penicillin G Procaine Injection (Rx) | 958 | ||
| Penicillin GK and G Sodium Injection (Rx) | 958 | ||
| Phenobarbital Tablets, Solution, and IM and IV Injections (S IV) | 958 | ||
| Phenylephrine Injection and Ophthalmic Solution (Rx) and Nasal Spray (OTC) | 958 | ||
| Phenytoin Capsules, Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 959 | ||
| Polysporin Ointment (Rx) | 959 | ||
| Potassium Permanganate Astringent Solution (OTC) | 959 | ||
| Povidone-Iodine Solution (OTC) | 959 | ||
| Prednisone Tablets and Oral Solution (Rx) | 959 | ||
| Prochlorperazine Capsules, Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 959 | ||
| Promethazine Capsules, Tablets, Solution, Injection, and Suppositories (Rx) | 959 | ||
| Pseudoephedrine and Pseudoephedrine/Triprolidine Capsules and Tablets (OTC) | 960 | ||
| Rocuronium Injection (Rx) | 960 | ||
| Sildenafil Tablets (Rx) | 960 | ||
| Simethicone Capsules, Tablets, Drops, and Ultrasound Suspension (OTC) | 960 | ||
| Sodium Bicarbonate Tablets, Injection, and Suppositories (Rx) | 960 | ||
| Sodium Sulfacetamide Tablets, Cream, Lotion, Ointment, and Ophthalmic Route (Rx) | 960 | ||
| Succinylcholine Injection (Rx) | 960 | ||
| Tetanus Toxoid, Tetanus Toxoid/Diphtheria/Acellular Pertussis, and Hyperimmune Tetanus Globulin Vaccine Solutions (Rx) | 961 | ||
| Tetracaine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution (Rx) | 961 | ||
| Tetracycline Capsules, Tablets, Oral Solution, Injection, and Topical Ointment (Rx) | 961 | ||
| Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (80 mg/400 mg) Tablets, Oral Solution, and Injection (Rx) | 961 | ||
| Truvada (Emtricitabine/Tenofovir) Tablets (Rx) | 961 | ||
| Zinc Salts (OTC) | 961 | ||
| Zolpidem Tablets, Sublingual Tablets, and Spray (S IV) | 962 | ||
| S Guide to Initial Dosage of Certain Antivenoms for Treating Bites by Medically Important Snakes Outside the Americas | 963 | ||
| Index | 970 | ||
| A | 970 | ||
| B | 975 | ||
| C | 978 | ||
| D | 983 | ||
| E | 987 | ||
| F | 989 | ||
| G | 992 | ||
| H | 993 | ||
| I | 996 | ||
| J | 998 | ||
| K | 998 | ||
| L | 999 | ||
| M | 1001 | ||
| N | 1004 | ||
| O | 1006 | ||
| P | 1008 | ||
| Q | 1013 | ||
| R | 1013 | ||
| S | 1014 | ||
| T | 1020 | ||
| U | 1024 | ||
| V | 1024 | ||
| W | 1026 | ||
| X | 1027 | ||
| Y | 1027 | ||
| Z | 1027 | ||
| Color plate | P1 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |