BOOK
Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Disease, An Issue of Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Several new scientific developments in the area of nutrition and an increasing interest in the nutritional interventions in gastrointestinal diseases justify a timely issue on on Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Disease. The articles in this issue are very relevant to our readers because diet and nutritional therapy positively affect various bodily functions, reduce the risk of disease progression, and optimize outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Expert authors have written reviews devoted to the following topics: Malnutrition in GI disorders; Detection and nutritional assessment; Enteral feeding: Access and its complications; Parenteral nutrition: Indications, access and complications; Nutritional aspects of acute pancreatitis; Nutritional therapy in chronic pancreatic; Nutritional interventions in chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction and scleroderma; The role of diet in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; and Nutritional considerations in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Readers will have a complete clinical understanding of best practices and outcomes for the gastroenterologist managing GI diseases.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Disease\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Nutrition and Disease | vii | ||
| Preface: Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases | vii | ||
| Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Disorders: Detection and Nutritional Assessment | vii | ||
| Enteral Access and Associated Complications | vii | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition: Indications, Access, and Complications | vii | ||
| Nutritional Therapy in Adult Short Bowel Syndrome Patients with Chronic Intestinal Failure | viii | ||
| Nutritional Aspects of Acute Pancreatitis | viii | ||
| Nutritional Therapy in Chronic Pancreatitis | viii | ||
| The Role of Diet in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review | viii | ||
| Nutritional Consideration in Celiac Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity | ix | ||
| Nutritional Interventions in the Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ix | ||
| The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disease | ix | ||
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Nutritional Implications, Diagnosis, and Management | ix | ||
| Nutritional Interventions in Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction | x | ||
| The Need to Reassess Dietary Fiber Requirements in Healthy and Critically Ill Patients | x | ||
| Nutritional Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers | x | ||
| Nutritional Considerations in Liver Disease | xi | ||
| GASTROENTEROLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
| June 2018 | xii | ||
| September 2018 | xii | ||
| December 2018 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| December 2017 | xii | ||
| September 2017 | xii | ||
| June 2017 | xii | ||
| Foreword:\rNutrition and Disease | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rNutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases | xv | ||
| REFERENCES | xx | ||
| Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Disorders | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| MACRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION | 2 | ||
| Protein–Energy Deficit | 2 | ||
| Disease-Induced Body Wasting: Cachexia | 2 | ||
| Acute illness causing cachexia | 3 | ||
| Mechanisms of illness-related wasting | 4 | ||
| Direct effect of cytokines | 4 | ||
| Hypothalamic effects | 4 | ||
| Age-Related Wasting (Sarcopenia and Frailty) | 4 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF MACRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION | 5 | ||
| CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES | 5 | ||
| Traditionally Used Methods of Nutritional Status | 5 | ||
| Body weight and weight loss | 5 | ||
| Anthropometry | 6 | ||
| Measurement of Body Composition | 6 | ||
| Isotope dilution | 6 | ||
| Bioimpedance analysis | 6 | ||
| Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry | 6 | ||
| Whole body counting | 7 | ||
| Computed tomography and MRI | 7 | ||
| Body composition and outcomes | 7 | ||
| Serologic Measurements | 7 | ||
| Albumin | 7 | ||
| Prealbumin | 8 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS | 8 | ||
| Subjective Global Assessment | 8 | ||
| Comparison of Different Methods in Predicting Outcome | 10 | ||
| Implementation of the Subjective Global Assessment in the assessment of nutritional status | 11 | ||
| Mechanisms of Protein–Calorie Malnutrition | 11 | ||
| MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION | 11 | ||
| ELECTROLYTES | 11 | ||
| Sodium and Chloride | 11 | ||
| Assessment | 11 | ||
| Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus | 11 | ||
| Assessment | 12 | ||
| Calcium | 13 | ||
| TRACE ELEMENTS | 13 | ||
| Specific Trace Elements | 15 | ||
| Iron | 15 | ||
| Enteral Access and Associated Complications | 23 | ||
| Key points | 23 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| NASOENTERIC TUBES | 23 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS GASTROSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT | 26 | ||
| Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy | 27 | ||
| Surgical Gastrostomy | 27 | ||
| Radiologic Gastrostomy | 28 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS JEJUNOSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT | 30 | ||
| Direct Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy | 30 | ||
| Surgical Jejunostomy | 31 | ||
| Radiologic Jejunostomy | 32 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY AND JEJUNOSTOMY PLACEMENT | 33 | ||
| Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrojejunostomy and Jejunostomy | 33 | ||
| Surgical Gastrojejunostomy | 33 | ||
| Radiologic Gastrojejunostomy | 34 | ||
| SUMMARY | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES | 35 | ||
| Dedication | 38 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 39 | ||
| Key points | 39 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 39 | ||
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION INDICATIONS | 40 | ||
| Acute Disease Indications | 41 | ||
| Critically ill patients | 41 | ||
| Surgical patients | 42 | ||
| Chronic Disease Indications | 43 | ||
| Radiation enteritis | 43 | ||
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION FORMULATION | 44 | ||
| Pulmonary Failure | 45 | ||
| Renal Failure | 46 | ||
| Hepatic Failure | 46 | ||
| VASCULAR ACCESS | 47 | ||
| Peripheral Venous Access | 47 | ||
| Centrally Placed Venous Catheters | 48 | ||
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION COMPLICATIONS | 49 | ||
| Acute Complications | 49 | ||
| Vascular access | 49 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 50 | ||
| Refeeding syndrome | 50 | ||
| Chronic Complications | 51 | ||
| Thromboembolic complications | 51 | ||
| Infectious complications | 51 | ||
| Hepatic complications | 53 | ||
| Biliary complications | 53 | ||
| Metabolic bone disease | 54 | ||
| Renal | 55 | ||
| SUMMARY | 55 | ||
| REFERENCES | 55 | ||
| Dedication | 60 | ||
| Nutritional Therapy in Adult Short Bowel Syndrome Patients with Chronic Intestinal Failure | 61 | ||
| Key points | 61 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 61 | ||
| Classification of Intestinal Failure | 62 | ||
| The Aims and Challenges of Nutritional Therapy in Intestinal Failure | 63 | ||
| The evidence for dietary therapy in patients with intestinal failure | 64 | ||
| Oral Compensation/Hyperphagia | 64 | ||
| Effect of Manipulation of the Macronutrient Energy-Ratio in Oral Diets in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome–Intestinal Failure | 65 | ||
| Enteral Compensation | 70 | ||
| SUMMARY | 71 | ||
| REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| Dedication | 76 | ||
| Nutritional Aspects of Acute Pancreatitis | 77 | ||
| Key points | 77 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 77 | ||
| MALNUTRITION IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 79 | ||
| CHANGES IN ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 79 | ||
| THE NIL PER OS CONUNDRUM IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 80 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT | 80 | ||
| Determining Calorie and Protein Needs | 81 | ||
| NUTRITION THERAPY IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 82 | ||
| NUTRITION IN MILD ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 82 | ||
| IMPROVING TOLERANCE TO AN ORAL DIET | 83 | ||
| NUTRITION IN MODERATELY SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 83 | ||
| NUTRITION IN SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 84 | ||
| IMMUNONUTRITION IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS | 85 | ||
| Arginine | 85 | ||
| Glutamine | 86 | ||
| Omega-3 Fatty Acid | 86 | ||
| Improving tolerance to enteral nutrition | 86 | ||
| WHEN TO START ENTERAL NUTRITION | 88 | ||
| PROBIOTICS | 88 | ||
| ENTERAL NUTRITION SHOULD BE THE RULE, NOT THE EXCEPTION | 88 | ||
| LIMITATIONS | 89 | ||
| SUMMARY | 89 | ||
| REFERENCES | 90 | ||
| Nutritional Therapy in Chronic Pancreatitis | 95 | ||
| Key points | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| Risk Factors for Malnutrition in Chronic Pancreatitis | 96 | ||
| Nutritional Evaluation in Chronic Pancreatitis | 96 | ||
| Anthropometric measurements | 97 | ||
| Laboratory parameters | 98 | ||
| Imaging techniques | 98 | ||
| Nutritional Diagnosis of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency | 98 | ||
| Functional Diagnosis of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency | 100 | ||
| Tests evaluating fat digestion | 100 | ||
| Tests evaluating pancreatic secretion | 100 | ||
| Nutritional Support in Chronic Pancreatitis | 100 | ||
| Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy | 101 | ||
| SUMMARY | 103 | ||
| REFERENCES | 103 | ||
| The Role of Diet in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 107 | ||
| Key points | 107 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 107 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME | 110 | ||
| METHODOLOGY FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND EXTRACTION | 112 | ||
| Search Methodology for Articles on Fructosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Monosaccharides and Polyols and ... | 112 | ||
| Selection Criteria for Systematic Analysis of Fructosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Monosaccharides and P ... | 113 | ||
| Data Extraction of Low Fructosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Monosaccharides and Polyols Studies | 113 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Dietary Factors in the Dietary Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 113 | ||
| Primary dietary factors in the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome | 113 | ||
| Alcohol | 113 | ||
| Fat | 113 | ||
| Caffeine | 114 | ||
| Spicy foods | 115 | ||
| Milk and dairy products | 115 | ||
| Secondary dietary factors in the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome | 116 | ||
| Dietary fiber | 116 | ||
| Fermentable carbohydrates (fructosaccharides, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides and polyols) | 122 | ||
| Gluten | 123 | ||
| Food allergies and food sensitivities | 123 | ||
| SUMMARY | 128 | ||
| REFERENCES | 129 | ||
| Appendix 1. APPENDIX 1 SEARCH RESULTS OF DIET AND THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME | 135 | ||
| Search Run August 16, 2017 | 135 | ||
| Dedication | 138 | ||
| Nutritional Consideration in Celiac Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity | 139 | ||
| Key points | 139 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 139 | ||
| GLUTEN | 140 | ||
| CELIAC DISEASE | 140 | ||
| NONCELIAC GLUTEN SENSITIVITY | 141 | ||
| WHAT IS A GLUTEN-FREE DIET? | 142 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF CELIAC DISEASE AND THE GLUTEN-FREE DIET | 143 | ||
| Iron | 143 | ||
| Folate | 144 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 144 | ||
| Vitamin D and Calcium | 145 | ||
| Zinc | 145 | ||
| Magnesium | 146 | ||
| Copper | 146 | ||
| Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | 146 | ||
| Other Nutritional Deficiencies in the Gluten-Free Diet | 146 | ||
| BENEFITS OF GLUTEN-FREE DIET | 147 | ||
| DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR CELIAC DISEASE | 147 | ||
| SUMMARY | 148 | ||
| REVIEW CRITERIA | 148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 149 | ||
| Nutritional Interventions in the Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 155 | ||
| Key points | 155 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 155 | ||
| ORAL DIETS | 156 | ||
| Specific Carbohydrate Diet | 156 | ||
| Diet Low in Fermentable Carbohydrates | 157 | ||
| Gluten-Free Diet | 158 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Diet | 159 | ||
| Immunoglobulin-G4–Guided Exclusion Diet | 159 | ||
| High-Fiber Diet | 160 | ||
| Low-Residue Diet | 161 | ||
| Semivegetarian Diet | 161 | ||
| Mediterranean Diet | 161 | ||
| Paleolithic Diet | 162 | ||
| DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS | 162 | ||
| Curcumin | 162 | ||
| Omega-3 | 162 | ||
| Glutamine | 163 | ||
| Vitamin D | 163 | ||
| Prebiotics | 164 | ||
| Probiotics | 164 | ||
| ENTERAL NUTRITION | 165 | ||
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION | 168 | ||
| SUMMARY | 168 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 169 | ||
| REFERENCES | 169 | ||
| Dedication | 178 | ||
| The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disease | 179 | ||
| Key points | 179 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 179 | ||
| Probiotics | 179 | ||
| Prebiotics | 181 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 182 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disorders | 183 | ||
| Ulcerative colitis | 183 | ||
| Crohn disease | 183 | ||
| Pouchitis | 183 | ||
| Acute Infectious Diarrhea | 184 | ||
| Hospital-acquired Diarrhea | 184 | ||
| Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile–associated Diarrhea | 184 | ||
| Fecal Microbial Transplant | 184 | ||
| Liver Disease | 185 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| Dedication | 192 | ||
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth | 193 | ||
| Key points | 193 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 193 | ||
| GUT MICROBES IN HEALTH | 194 | ||
| INTERNAL MECHANISMS REGULATING THE GUT MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM | 194 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH | 196 | ||
| Malabsorption | 196 | ||
| Altered Micronutrients | 196 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH | 197 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH | 198 | ||
| Small Bowel Aspirate or Culture | 198 | ||
| Hydrogen (and Methane)-Based Breath Testing | 199 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH | 202 | ||
| SUMMARY | 204 | ||
| REFERENCES | 204 | ||
| Nutritional Interventions in Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction | 209 | ||
| Key points | 209 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 210 | ||
| MEDICAL AND NUTRITIONAL THERAPIES | 210 | ||
| Medications and Other Therapies | 210 | ||
| Bacterial Overgrowth | 211 | ||
| Diet | 212 | ||
| Nutrient Deficiencies | 213 | ||
| SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THE USE OF VENTING GASTROSTOMIES/FEEDING JEJUNOSTOMIES/CECOSTOMIES | 214 | ||
| PARENTERAL FEEDING | 215 | ||
| INTESTINAL TRANSPLANT | 215 | ||
| SUMMARY | 215 | ||
| REFERENCES | 215 | ||
| The Need to Reassess Dietary Fiber Requirements in Healthy and Critically Ill Patients | 219 | ||
| Key points | 219 | ||
| NORMAL HUMAN DIETARY FIBER REQUIREMENTS | 219 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES | 224 | ||
| FIBER SUPPLEMENTATION STUDIES | 224 | ||
| SUMMARY | 228 | ||
| REFERENCES | 228 | ||
| Dedication | 230 | ||
| Nutritional Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers | 231 | ||
| Key points | 231 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 231 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT | 232 | ||
| NUTRITION THERAPY FOR ANTICANCER TREATMENT | 233 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE CARE IN GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY | 236 | ||
| IMMUNONUTRITION | 237 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL CARE IN PALLIATIVE CARE | 239 | ||
| SUMMARY | 239 | ||
| REFERENCES | 240 | ||
| Nutritional Considerations in Liver Disease | 243 | ||
| Key points | 243 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MALNUTRITION IN LIVER DISEASE | 243 | ||
| Decreased Intake of Nutrients | 243 | ||
| Decreased Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients | 244 | ||
| Altered Metabolism | 244 | ||
| Nutrient Losses | 245 | ||
| Hypermetabolic State | 245 | ||
| METHODS TO MAXIMIZE NUTRITIONAL STATUS | 245 | ||
| Vitamins and Minerals | 245 | ||
| Energy and Protein Intakes | 246 | ||
| Carbohydrates and Fat | 247 | ||
| Role of Parenteral Nutrition and Tube Feeds | 247 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE NUTRITION | 248 | ||
| REFERENCES | 250 |