Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
With its focus on the normal and abnormal mechanical interactions between the muscles and joints of the body, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation, 3rd Edition provides a foundation for the practice of physical rehabilitation. This comprehensive, research-based core text presents kinesiology as it relates to physical rehabilitation in a clinically relevant and accessible manner. It provides students and clinicians with the language of human movement — and acts as a bridge between basic science and clinical management. Full-color anatomic and kinesiologic illustrations clearly demonstrate the anatomy, functional movement, and biomechanical principles underlying movement; and dynamic new video clips help you interpret new concepts with visual demonstration.
- More than 900 high-quality illustrations provide you with the visual accompaniments you need to comprehend the material.
- Clinical Connections boxes at the end of each chapter in Sections II through IV highlight or expand upon a particular clinical concept associated with the kinesiology covered in the chapter.
- Special Focus boxes interspersed throughout the text provide numerous clinical examples that demonstrate why kinesiologic information is needed.
- Critical thinking questions challenge you to review or reinforce the main concepts contained within each chapter.
- Evidence-based approach emphasizes the importance of research in physical therapy decision-making.
- Evolve site for students comes with video clips, answers to study questions, and references linked to Medline.
- Evolve site for instructors includes an image collection from the text, teaching tips, and lab activities.
- NEW! Kinesiology of Running chapter covers the biomechanics of running.
- NEW! Video clips help you interpret new concepts with visual demonstration.
- NEW! All-new content on the pelvic floor.
- NEW! Thoroughly updated references emphasize the evidence-based presentation of information in the text.
- NEW! QR codes linked to videos for easy viewing on mobile devices.
- NEW! Pageburst enhanced edition allows you to access multimedia content from the eBook without going to another website.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| About the Author | vii | ||
| About the Illustrations | vii | ||
| About the Contributors | x | ||
| Reviewers and Content Consultants | xii | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Background | xiv | ||
| Approach | xiv | ||
| Organization | xv | ||
| Distinctive Features | xv | ||
| Ancillary Educational Materials | xv | ||
| For the Instructor | xv | ||
| For the Student and Instructor | xv | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Table Of Contents | xvii | ||
| I Essential Topics of Kinesiology | 1 | ||
| Section I Essential Topics of Kinesiology | 2 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 2 | ||
| Study Questions | 2 | ||
| 1 Getting Started | 3 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 3 | ||
| What Is Kinesiology? | 3 | ||
| Overall Plan of This Textbook | 3 | ||
| Kinematics | 4 | ||
| Translation Compared with Rotation | 4 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 5 | ||
| Planes of Motion | 5 | ||
| Axis of Rotation | 5 | ||
| Degrees of Freedom | 5 | ||
| Osteokinematics: A Matter of Perspective | 6 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 7 | ||
| Typical Joint Morphology | 7 | ||
| Fundamental Movements Between Joint Surfaces | 8 | ||
| Roll-and-Slide Movements | 8 | ||
| Spin | 9 | ||
| Motions That Combine Roll-and-Slide and Spin Arthrokinematics | 9 | ||
| Predicting an Arthrokinematic Pattern Based on Joint Morphology | 10 | ||
| Close-Packed and Loose-Packed Positions at A Joint | 11 | ||
| Kinetics | 11 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Forces | 11 | ||
| Impact of Forces on the Musculoskeletal System: Introductory Concepts and Terminology | 11 | ||
| Internal and External Forces | 14 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Torques | 15 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 17 | ||
| Types of Muscle Activation | 17 | ||
| Muscle Action at A Joint | 18 | ||
| Terminology Related to the Actions of Muscles | 20 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Levers | 20 | ||
| Three Classes of Levers | 20 | ||
| First-Class Lever | 20 | ||
| Second-Class Lever | 20 | ||
| Third-Class Lever | 20 | ||
| Mechanical Advantage | 21 | ||
| Dictating the Trade-Off between Force and Distance | 23 | ||
| Synopsis | 23 | ||
| Glossary | 25 | ||
| Study Questions | 27 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| 2 Basic Structure and Function of Human Joints | 28 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 28 | ||
| Classification of Joints Based on Movement Potential | 28 | ||
| Synarthroses | 28 | ||
| Diarthroses: Synovial Joints | 29 | ||
| Classification of Synovial Joints Based on Mechanical Analogy | 30 | ||
| Simplifying the Classification of Synovial Joints: Ovoid and Saddle Joints | 33 | ||
| Axis of Rotation | 34 | ||
| Histologic Organization of Periarticular Connective Tissues | 34 | ||
| Fibrous Proteins | 35 | ||
| Ground Substance | 36 | ||
| Cells | 36 | ||
| Types of Periarticular Connective Tissues | 36 | ||
| Dense Connective Tissue | 36 | ||
| Articular Cartilage | 38 | ||
| Fibrocartilage | 39 | ||
| Bone | 41 | ||
| Some Effects of Immobilization on the Strength of Periarticular Connective Tissue and Bone | 42 | ||
| Brief Overview of Joint Pathology | 42 | ||
| A Brief Look at Some Effects of Advanced Aging on Periarticular Connective Tissue and Bone | 44 | ||
| Synopsis | 44 | ||
| Study Questions | 46 | ||
| References | 45 | ||
| 3 Muscle | 47 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 47 | ||
| Muscle as A Skeletal Stabilizer: Generating an Appropriate Amount of Force at A Given Length | 48 | ||
| Introduction to the Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle | 48 | ||
| Muscle Morphology | 50 | ||
| Muscle Architecture | 50 | ||
| Muscle and Tendon: Generation of Force | 51 | ||
| Passive Length-Tension Curve | 51 | ||
| Active Length-Tension Curve | 53 | ||
| Summation of Active Force and Passive Tension: the Total Length-Tension Curve | 55 | ||
| Isometric Muscle Force: Development of the Internal Torque–Joint Angle Curve | 56 | ||
| Muscle as A Skeletal Mover: Force Modulation | 58 | ||
| Modulating Force through Concentric or Eccentric Activation: Introduction to the Force-Velocity Relationship of Muscle | 59 | ||
| Force-Velocity Curve | 59 | ||
| Power and Work: Additional Concepts Related to the Force-Velocity Relationship of Muscle | 60 | ||
| Activating Muscle via the Nervous System | 60 | ||
| Recruitment | 61 | ||
| Rate Coding | 64 | ||
| Introduction to Electromyography | 65 | ||
| Recording of Electromyography | 65 | ||
| Analysis and Normalization of Electromyography | 66 | ||
| Electromyographic Amplitude During Muscular Activation | 67 | ||
| Causes of Muscle Fatigue in Healthy Persons | 69 | ||
| Changes in Muscle With Strength Training, Reduced Use, and Advanced Age | 70 | ||
| Changes in Muscle with Strength Training | 70 | ||
| Changes in Muscle with Reduced Use | 71 | ||
| Changes in Muscle with Advanced Age | 72 | ||
| Synopsis | 72 | ||
| Study Questions | 76 | ||
| References | 74 | ||
| 4 Biomechanical Principles | 77 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 77 | ||
| Newton’s Laws: Underlying Principles of Biomechanics | 77 | ||
| Newton’s Laws of Motion | 78 | ||
| Newton’s First Law: Law of Inertia | 78 | ||
| Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration | 79 | ||
| Force (Torque)-Acceleration Relationship | 79 | ||
| Impulse-Momentum Relationship | 81 | ||
| Work-Energy Relationship | 81 | ||
| Newton’s Third Law: Law of Action-Reaction | 83 | ||
| Introduction to Movement Analysis: Setting the Stage for Analysis | 83 | ||
| Anthropometry | 85 | ||
| Free Body Diagram | 85 | ||
| Steps for Constructing the Free Body Diagram | 85 | ||
| Spatial Reference Frames | 86 | ||
| Forces and Torques | 88 | ||
| Graphic and Mathematic Methods of Force Analysis | 88 | ||
| Composition of Forces | 88 | ||
| Resolution of Forces | 90 | ||
| Contrasting Internal Versus External Forces and Torques | 90 | ||
| Influence of Changing the Angle of the Joint | 92 | ||
| Comparing Two Methods for Determining Torque Around A Joint | 94 | ||
| Internal Torque | 94 | ||
| External Torque | 94 | ||
| Manually Applying External Torques During Exercise and Strength Testing | 94 | ||
| Introduction to Biomechanics: Finding the Solutions | 97 | ||
| Static Analysis | 97 | ||
| Guidelines for Problem Solving | 97 | ||
| Problem 1 | 98 | ||
| Resolving Known Forces into X and Y Components | 98 | ||
| Solving for Internal Torque and Muscle Force | 99 | ||
| Solving for Joint Reaction Force | 99 | ||
| Clinical Questions Related to Problem 1 | 99 | ||
| Problem 2 | 100 | ||
| Resolving Known Forces into X and Y Components | 100 | ||
| Solving for Internal Torque and Muscle Force | 101 | ||
| Solving for Joint Reaction Force | 101 | ||
| Clinical Questions Related to Problem 2 | 101 | ||
| Problem 3 | 101 | ||
| Resolving Known Forces Into X and Y Components | 102 | ||
| Solving for Internal Torque and Muscle Force | 103 | ||
| Solving for Joint Reaction Force | 103 | ||
| Clinical Questions Related to Problem 3 | 103 | ||
| Dynamic Analysis | 103 | ||
| Kinematic Measurement Systems | 104 | ||
| Electrogoniometer | 104 | ||
| Accelerometer | 104 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 105 | ||
| Electromagnetic Tracking Devices | 106 | ||
| Kinetic Measurement Systems | 106 | ||
| Mechanical Devices | 106 | ||
| Transducers | 106 | ||
| Electromechanical Devices | 106 | ||
| Summary | 106 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 108 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| Study Questions | 112 | ||
| Clinical Questions | 113 | ||
| Clinical Questions | 114 | ||
| Appendix I Trigonometry Review and Anthropometric Data | 115 | ||
| Part A: Basic Review of Right-Angle Trigonometry | 115 | ||
| Part B: Anthropometric Data | 116 | ||
| II Upper Extremity | 117 | ||
| Section II Upper Extremity | 118 | ||
| Web-Based Educational Material | 118 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 118 | ||
| Study Questions | 118 | ||
| ALL Videos | 118 | ||
| 5 Shoulder Complex | 119 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 119 | ||
| Osteology | 119 | ||
| Sternum | 119 | ||
| Clavicle | 120 | ||
| Scapula | 120 | ||
| Proximal-to-Mid Humerus | 122 | ||
| Arthrology | 124 | ||
| Sternoclavicular Joint | 125 | ||
| General Features | 125 | ||
| Periarticular Connective Tissue | 125 | ||
| Kinematics | 126 | ||
| Elevation and Depression | 127 | ||
| Protraction and Retraction | 128 | ||
| Axial (Longitudinal) Rotation of the Clavicle | 128 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Joint | 128 | ||
| General Features | 128 | ||
| Periarticular Connective Tissue | 129 | ||
| Kinematics | 130 | ||
| Upward and Downward Rotation | 130 | ||
| Horizontal and Sagittal Plane “Rotational Adjustment Motions” at the Acromioclavicular Joint | 131 | ||
| Scapulothoracic Joint | 131 | ||
| Kinematics | 131 | ||
| Elevation and Depression | 131 | ||
| Protraction and Retraction | 132 | ||
| Upward and Downward Rotation | 133 | ||
| Glenohumeral Joint | 133 | ||
| General Features | 133 | ||
| Periarticular Connective Tissue and Other Supporting Structures | 134 | ||
| Capsular Ligaments | 134 | ||
| Rotator Cuff Muscles and Long Head of the Biceps Brachii | 136 | ||
| Glenoid Labrum | 138 | ||
| Scapulothoracic Posture and Its Effect on Static Stability | 138 | ||
| Coracoacromial Arch and Associated Bursa | 139 | ||
| Kinematics | 140 | ||
| Abduction and Adduction | 140 | ||
| Clinical Relevance of Roll-and-Slide Arthrokinematics at the Glenohumeral Joint | 141 | ||
| Flexion and Extension | 142 | ||
| Internal and External Rotation | 142 | ||
| Overall Kinematics of Shoulder Abduction: Establishing Six Kinematic Principles of the Shoulder Complex | 144 | ||
| Scapulohumeral Rhythm | 145 | ||
| Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Joints During Full Abduction | 145 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 148 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles and Joints of the Shoulder Complex | 148 | ||
| Introduction to the Brachial Plexus | 148 | ||
| Innervation of Muscle | 148 | ||
| Sensory Innervation to the Joints | 149 | ||
| Action of the Shoulder Muscles | 149 | ||
| Muscles of the Scapulothoracic Joint | 149 | ||
| Elevators | 149 | ||
| Depressors | 150 | ||
| Protractors | 152 | ||
| Retractors | 152 | ||
| Upward and Downward Rotators | 153 | ||
| Muscles That Elevate the Arm | 153 | ||
| Muscles That Elevate the Arm at the Glenohumeral Joint | 153 | ||
| Upward Rotators at the Scapulothoracic Joint | 154 | ||
| Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Interaction during Upward Rotation of the Scapula | 154 | ||
| Paralysis of the Upward Rotators of the Scapulothoracic Joint | 155 | ||
| Trapezius Muscle Weakness | 155 | ||
| Serratus Anterior Muscle Weakness | 155 | ||
| Function of the Rotator Cuff Muscles During Elevation of the Arm | 157 | ||
| Regulators of Dynamic Stability at the Glenohumeral Joint | 157 | ||
| Active Controllers of the Arthrokinematics at the Glenohumeral Joint | 158 | ||
| Muscles That Adduct and Extend the Shoulder | 160 | ||
| Muscles That Internally and Externally Rotate the Shoulder | 161 | ||
| Internal Rotator Muscles | 161 | ||
| External Rotator Muscles | 162 | ||
| Synopsis | 163 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 164 | ||
| References | 170 | ||
| Study Questions | 174 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 174 | ||
| Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons with Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) | 174 | ||
| 6 Elbow and Forearm | 175 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 175 | ||
| Osteology | 175 | ||
| Mid-to-Distal Humerus | 175 | ||
| Ulna | 177 | ||
| Radius | 177 | ||
| Arthrology | 179 | ||
| Joints of the Elbow | 179 | ||
| General Features of the Humero-Ulnar and Humeroradial Joints | 179 | ||
| Normal “Valgus Angle” of the Elbow | 180 | ||
| Periarticular Connective Tissue | 180 | ||
| Kinematics | 183 | ||
| Functional Considerations of Flexion and Extension | 183 | ||
| Arthrokinematics at the Humero-Ulnar Joint | 184 | ||
| Arthrokinematics at the Humeroradial Joint | 185 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Interosseous Membrane | 186 | ||
| Joints of the Forearm | 187 | ||
| General Features of the Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joints | 187 | ||
| Joint Structure and Periarticular Connective Tissue | 188 | ||
| Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint | 188 | ||
| Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint | 189 | ||
| Introduction to the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex | 190 | ||
| Kinematics | 190 | ||
| Functional Considerations of Pronation and Supination | 190 | ||
| Arthrokinematics at the Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joints | 191 | ||
| Supination | 191 | ||
| Pronation | 192 | ||
| The Near-Isometric Behavior of the Interosseous Membrane During Pronation and Supination | 193 | ||
| Humeroradial Joint: A “Shared” Joint between the Elbow and the Forearm | 193 | ||
| Pronation and Supination with the Radius and Hand Held Fixed | 194 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 195 | ||
| Neuroanatomy Overview: Paths of the Musculocutaneous, Radial, Median, and Ulnar Nerves throughout the Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand | 195 | ||
| Innervation of Muscles and Joints of the Elbow and Forearm | 195 | ||
| Innervation of Muscle | 195 | ||
| Sensory Innervation of Joints | 196 | ||
| Humero-Ulnar and Humeroradial Joints | 196 | ||
| Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joints | 196 | ||
| Function of the Elbow Muscles | 196 | ||
| Elbow Flexors | 196 | ||
| Individual Muscle Action of the Elbow Flexors | 197 | ||
| Torque Generated by the Elbow Flexor Muscles | 198 | ||
| Polyarticular Biceps Brachii: A Physiologic Advantage of Combining Elbow Flexion with Shoulder Extension | 200 | ||
| Elbow Extensors | 200 | ||
| Muscular Components | 200 | ||
| Electromyographic Analysis of Elbow Extension | 202 | ||
| Torque Generation by the Elbow Extensors | 202 | ||
| Function of the Supinator and Pronator Muscles | 204 | ||
| Supinator Muscles | 205 | ||
| Supinator versus Biceps Brachii | 205 | ||
| Pronator Muscles | 208 | ||
| Pronator Teres versus Pronator Quadratus | 208 | ||
| Synopsis | 209 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 211 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 217 | ||
| Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons With Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) | 217 | ||
| Study Questions | 217 | ||
| 7 Wrist | 218 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 218 | ||
| Osteology | 218 | ||
| Distal Forearm | 218 | ||
| Carpal Bones | 220 | ||
| Scaphoid | 220 | ||
| Lunate | 220 | ||
| Triquetrum | 220 | ||
| Pisiform | 221 | ||
| Capitate | 221 | ||
| Trapezium | 221 | ||
| Trapezoid | 221 | ||
| Hamate | 221 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel | 221 | ||
| Arthrology | 223 | ||
| Joint Structure and Ligaments of the Wrist | 223 | ||
| Joint Structure | 223 | ||
| Radiocarpal Joint | 223 | ||
| Midcarpal Joint | 223 | ||
| Intercarpal Joints | 224 | ||
| Wrist Ligaments | 224 | ||
| Extrinsic Ligaments | 224 | ||
| Intrinsic Ligaments | 227 | ||
| Kinematics of Wrist Motion | 227 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 227 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 229 | ||
| Wrist Extension and Flexion | 229 | ||
| Dynamic Interaction within the Joints of the Central Column of the Wrist | 230 | ||
| Ulnar and Radial Deviation of the Wrist | 230 | ||
| Dynamic Interaction Between the Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints | 230 | ||
| Additional Arthrokinematics Involving the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones | 231 | ||
| Carpal Instability | 231 | ||
| Rotational Collapse of the Wrist | 232 | ||
| Ulnar Translocation of the Carpus | 234 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 234 | ||
| Innervation of the Wrist Muscles and Joints | 234 | ||
| Innervation of Muscle | 234 | ||
| Sensory Innervation of the Joints | 234 | ||
| Function of the Muscles at the Wrist | 234 | ||
| Function of the Wrist Extensors | 235 | ||
| Muscular Anatomy | 235 | ||
| Biomechanical Assessment of Wrist Muscles’ Action and Torque Potential | 236 | ||
| Wrist Extensor Activity While Making a Fist | 236 | ||
| Function of the Wrist Flexors | 238 | ||
| Muscular Anatomy | 238 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 239 | ||
| Function of the Radial and Ulnar Deviators | 240 | ||
| Synopsis | 241 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 242 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 249 | ||
| Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons With Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) | 249 | ||
| Study Questions | 249 | ||
| 8 Hand | 250 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 250 | ||
| Terminology | 250 | ||
| Osteology | 252 | ||
| Metacarpals | 252 | ||
| Phalanges | 254 | ||
| Arches of the Hand | 254 | ||
| Arthrology | 255 | ||
| Carpometacarpal Joints | 255 | ||
| Second Through Fifth Carpometacarpal Joints | 256 | ||
| General Features and Ligamentous Support | 256 | ||
| Joint Structure and Kinematics | 257 | ||
| Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb | 257 | ||
| Capsule and Ligaments of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint | 258 | ||
| Saddle Joint Structure | 258 | ||
| Kinematics | 259 | ||
| Abduction and Adduction at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint | 259 | ||
| Flexion and Extension at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint | 259 | ||
| Opposition of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint | 260 | ||
| Metacarpophalangeal Joints | 262 | ||
| Fingers | 262 | ||
| General Features and Ligaments | 262 | ||
| Kinematics | 263 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 263 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 264 | ||
| Thumb | 266 | ||
| General Features and Ligaments | 266 | ||
| Interphalangeal Joints | 266 | ||
| Fingers | 266 | ||
| General Features and Ligaments | 267 | ||
| Kinematics | 267 | ||
| Thumb | 268 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 268 | ||
| Innervation of Muscles, Skin, and Joints of the Hand | 268 | ||
| Muscle and Skin Innervation | 268 | ||
| Sensory Innervation to the Joints | 269 | ||
| Muscular Function of the Hand | 269 | ||
| Extrinsic Flexors of the Digits | 270 | ||
| Anatomy and Joint Action of the Extrinsic Flexors of the Digits | 270 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Flexor Pulleys | 273 | ||
| Role of Proximal Stabilizer Muscles during Active Finger Flexion | 273 | ||
| Passive Finger Flexion via “Tenodesis Action” of the Extrinsic Digital Flexors | 273 | ||
| Extrinsic Extensors of the Fingers | 274 | ||
| Muscular Anatomy | 274 | ||
| Extensor Mechanism of the Fingers | 276 | ||
| Action of the Extrinsic Finger Extensors | 277 | ||
| Extrinsic Extensors of the Thumb | 277 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 277 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 277 | ||
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand | 278 | ||
| Muscles of the Thenar Eminence | 278 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 278 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 279 | ||
| Implications of Median Nerve Injury | 279 | ||
| Muscles of the Hypothenar Eminence | 280 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 280 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 280 | ||
| Adductor Pollicis Muscle | 280 | ||
| Lumbricals and Interosseus Muscles | 280 | ||
| Interaction of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Muscles of the Fingers | 284 | ||
| Opening the Hand: Finger Extension | 284 | ||
| Primary Muscular Activity | 284 | ||
| Function of Wrist Flexors during Finger Extension | 284 | ||
| Closing the Hand: Finger Flexion | 286 | ||
| Primary Muscle Action | 286 | ||
| Function of Wrist Extensors during Finger Flexion | 287 | ||
| Hand as an Effector Organ | 287 | ||
| Joint Deformities Typically Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis | 289 | ||
| Zigzag Deformity of the Thumb | 289 | ||
| Destruction of the Metacarpophalangeal Joints of the Finger | 290 | ||
| Palmar Dislocation of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint | 290 | ||
| Ulnar Drift | 291 | ||
| Zigzag Deformities of the Fingers | 292 | ||
| Swan-Neck Deformity | 292 | ||
| Boutonnière Deformity | 293 | ||
| Synopsis | 294 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 296 | ||
| References | 301 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 303 | ||
| Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons With Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) | 303 | ||
| Study Questions | 303 | ||
| Appendix II Reference Materials for Muscle Attachments and Innervations, Muscle Cross-Sectional Areas, and Dermatomes of the Upper Extremity | 304 | ||
| Part A: Paths of the Peripheral Nerves throughout the Elbow, Wrist, and Hand | 304 | ||
| Part B: Spinal Nerve Root Innervation of the Muscles of the Upper Extremity | 309 | ||
| Part C: Five Major Nerves and Their Motor Innervation Pattern throughout the Upper Extremity | 310 | ||
| Part D: Key Muscles for Testing the Function of Spinal Nerve Roots (C5 to T1) | 310 | ||
| Part E: Dermatomes of the Upper Extremity | 311 | ||
| Part F: Attachments and Innervation of the Muscles of the Upper Extremity | 311 | ||
| Shoulder Musculature | 311 | ||
| Coracobrachialis | 311 | ||
| Deltoid | 311 | ||
| Infraspinatus | 311 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi | 311 | ||
| Levator Scapula | 311 | ||
| Pectoralis Major | 311 | ||
| Pectoralis Minor | 311 | ||
| Rhomboid Major and Minor | 311 | ||
| Serratus Anterior | 311 | ||
| Subclavius | 311 | ||
| Subscapularis | 312 | ||
| Supraspinatus | 312 | ||
| Teres Major | 312 | ||
| Teres Minor | 312 | ||
| Trapezius | 312 | ||
| Elbow and Forearm Musculature | 312 | ||
| Anconeus | 312 | ||
| Biceps Brachii | 312 | ||
| Brachialis | 312 | ||
| Brachioradialis | 312 | ||
| Pronator Teres | 312 | ||
| Pronator Quadratus | 312 | ||
| Supinator | 312 | ||
| Triceps Brachii | 312 | ||
| Wrist Musculature | 312 | ||
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis | 312 | ||
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus | 312 | ||
| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris | 312 | ||
| Flexor Carpi Radialis | 313 | ||
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris | 313 | ||
| Palmaris Longus | 313 | ||
| Extrinsic Hand Musculature | 313 | ||
| Abductor Pollicis Longus | 313 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum | 313 | ||
| Extensor Digiti Minimi | 313 | ||
| Extensor Indicis | 313 | ||
| Extensor Pollicis Brevis | 313 | ||
| Extensor Pollicis Longus | 313 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus | 313 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | 313 | ||
| Flexor Pollicis Longus | 313 | ||
| Intrinsic Hand Musculature | 313 | ||
| Abductor Digiti Minimi | 313 | ||
| Abductor Pollicis Brevis | 313 | ||
| Adductor Pollicis | 314 | ||
| Dorsal Interossei | 314 | ||
| Flexor Digiti Minimi | 314 | ||
| Flexor Pollicis Brevis | 314 | ||
| Lumbricals | 314 | ||
| Opponens Digiti Minimi | 314 | ||
| Opponens Pollicis | 314 | ||
| Palmaris Brevis | 314 | ||
| Palmar Interossei | 314 | ||
| Part G: Physiologic Cross-Sectional Areas of Selected Muscles of the Upper Extremity | 315 | ||
| III Axial Skeleton | 317 | ||
| Section III Axial Skeleton | 318 | ||
| Section III | 318 | ||
| Web-Based Educational Material | 318 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 318 | ||
| Study Questions | 318 | ||
| All Videos | 318 | ||
| 9 Axial Skeleton | 319 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 319 | ||
| Osteology | 320 | ||
| Components within the Axial Skeleton | 320 | ||
| Cranium | 320 | ||
| Temporal and Occipital Bones | 320 | ||
| Vertebrae: Building Blocks of the Spine | 321 | ||
| Ribs | 323 | ||
| Sternum | 323 | ||
| Vertebral Column as a Whole | 324 | ||
| Normal Curvatures Within the Vertebral Column | 324 | ||
| Line of Gravity Passing Through the Body | 325 | ||
| Ligamentous Support of the Vertebral Column | 326 | ||
| Regional Osteologic Features of the Vertebral Column | 329 | ||
| Cervical Region | 329 | ||
| Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3 to C6) | 329 | ||
| Atypical Cervical Vertebrae (C1, C2, and C7) | 333 | ||
| Atlas (C1) | 333 | ||
| Axis (C2) | 333 | ||
| “Vertebra Prominens” (C7) | 333 | ||
| Thoracic Region | 334 | ||
| Typical Thoracic Vertebrae (T2 to T9) | 334 | ||
| Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 and T10 to T12) | 334 | ||
| Lumbar Region | 334 | ||
| Sacrum | 335 | ||
| Coccyx | 336 | ||
| Arthrology | 337 | ||
| Typical Intervertebral Junction | 337 | ||
| Terminology Describing Movement | 338 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Apophyseal Joints | 339 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Interbody Joints | 339 | ||
| Structural Considerations of the Lumbar Intervertebral Discs | 339 | ||
| Vertebral Endplates | 341 | ||
| Intervertebral Disc as a Hydrostatic Pressure Distributor | 342 | ||
| In Vivo Pressure Measurements from the Nucleus Pulposus | 342 | ||
| Diurnal Fluctuations in the Water Content within the Intervertebral Discs | 342 | ||
| Regional Anatomy and Kinematics Across the Vertebral Column | 344 | ||
| Introduction to Spinal Coupling | 344 | ||
| Craniocervical Region | 345 | ||
| Anatomy of Joints | 345 | ||
| Atlanto-Occipital Joint | 345 | ||
| Atlanto-Axial Joint Complex | 346 | ||
| Tectorial Membrane and the Alar Ligaments | 346 | ||
| Intracervical Apophyseal Joints (C2 to C7) | 347 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Kinematics | 347 | ||
| Osteokinematics of Flexion and Extension | 348 | ||
| Arthrokinematics of Flexion and Extension | 348 | ||
| Atlanto-Occipital Joint | 348 | ||
| Atlanto-Axial Joint Complex | 349 | ||
| Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7) | 349 | ||
| Osteokinematics of Protraction and Retraction | 350 | ||
| Horizontal Plane Kinematics | 350 | ||
| Osteokinematics of Axial Rotation | 350 | ||
| Arthrokinematics of Axial Rotation | 350 | ||
| Atlanto-Axial Joint Complex | 350 | ||
| Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7) | 351 | ||
| Frontal Plane Kinematics | 352 | ||
| Osteokinematics of Lateral Flexion | 352 | ||
| Arthrokinematics of Lateral Flexion | 352 | ||
| Atlanto-Occipital Joint | 352 | ||
| Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7) | 352 | ||
| Spinal Coupling Between Lateral Flexion and Axial Rotation | 352 | ||
| Thoracic Region | 354 | ||
| Anatomy of Thoracic Articular Structures | 355 | ||
| Kinematics | 355 | ||
| Kinematics of Flexion and Extension | 355 | ||
| Kinematics of Axial Rotation | 356 | ||
| Kinematics of Lateral Flexion | 357 | ||
| Lumbar Region | 357 | ||
| Anatomy of the Articular Structures | 357 | ||
| L1–L4 Region | 357 | ||
| L5–S1 Junction | 357 | ||
| Kinematics | 361 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Kinematics: Flexion and Extension | 361 | ||
| Flexion of the Lumbar Region | 362 | ||
| Extension of the Lumbar Region | 362 | ||
| Lumbopelvic Rhythm during Trunk Flexion and Extension | 363 | ||
| Variations of Lumbopelvic Rhythms during Trunk Flexion from a Standing Position: A Kinematic Analysis. | 363 | ||
| Lumbopelvic Rhythm during Trunk Extension from a Forward Bent Position: A Muscular Analysis. | 364 | ||
| Effect of Pelvic Tilting on the Kinematics of the Lumbar Spine | 365 | ||
| Kinesiologic Correlations between Anterior Pelvic Tilt and Increased Lumbar Lordosis. | 365 | ||
| Kinesiologic Correlations between Posterior Pelvic Tilt and Decreased Lumbar Lordosis. | 368 | ||
| Horizontal Plane Kinematics: Axial Rotation | 368 | ||
| Frontal Plane Kinematics: Lateral Flexion | 368 | ||
| Sitting Posture and Its Effect on Alignment within the Lumbar and Craniocervical Regions | 368 | ||
| Summary of the Kinematics Within the Vertebral Column | 370 | ||
| Sacroiliac Joints | 371 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 371 | ||
| Joint Structure | 372 | ||
| Ligaments | 372 | ||
| Innervation | 374 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Fascia | 374 | ||
| Kinematics | 374 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 375 | ||
| Stress Relief | 375 | ||
| Stability during Load Transfer: Mechanics of Generating a Nutation Torque at the Sacroiliac Joints | 375 | ||
| Stabilizing Effect of Gravity | 375 | ||
| Stabilizing Effect of Ligaments and Muscles | 376 | ||
| Synopsis | 377 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 378 | ||
| References | 385 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 390 | ||
| Study Questions | 389 | ||
| 10 Axial Skeleton | 391 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 391 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles and Joints Within the Trunk and Craniocervical Regions | 392 | ||
| Ventral Ramus Innervation | 393 | ||
| Plexus | 393 | ||
| Individual Named Nerves | 393 | ||
| Intercostal Nerves (T1 to T12) | 393 | ||
| Recurrent Meningeal Nerves | 393 | ||
| Dorsal Ramus Innervation | 393 | ||
| Trunk and Craniocervical Regions | 393 | ||
| Production of Internal Torque | 393 | ||
| Special Considerations for the Study of Muscle Actions within the Axial Skeleton | 394 | ||
| Muscles of the Trunk: Anatomy and Their Individual Actions | 395 | ||
| Set 1: Muscles of the Posterior Trunk (“Back” Muscles) | 395 | ||
| Muscles in the Superficial and Intermediate Layers of the Back | 396 | ||
| Muscles in the Deep Layer of the Back | 396 | ||
| Erector Spinae Group | 398 | ||
| Spinalis Muscles. | 398 | ||
| Longissimus Muscles. | 398 | ||
| Iliocostalis Muscles. | 399 | ||
| Summary. | 399 | ||
| Transversospinal Muscles | 399 | ||
| Semispinalis Muscles. | 400 | ||
| Multifidi. | 400 | ||
| Rotatores. | 401 | ||
| IV Lower Extremity | 477 | ||
| Section 4_text | 477 | ||
| Section IV Lower Extremity | 478 | ||
| Web-Based Educational Material | 478 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 478 | ||
| Study Questions | 478 | ||
| All Videos | 478 | ||
| 12 Hip | 479 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 479 | ||
| Osteology | 480 | ||
| Innominate | 480 | ||
| Ilium | 480 | ||
| Pubis | 481 | ||
| Ischium | 482 | ||
| Acetabulum | 482 | ||
| Femur | 483 | ||
| Shape of the Proximal Femur | 484 | ||
| Angle of Inclination | 484 | ||
| Femoral Torsion | 484 | ||
| Internal Structure of the Proximal Femur | 486 | ||
| Compact and Cancellous Bone | 486 | ||
| Arthrology | 486 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Hip Joint | 486 | ||
| Femoral Head | 486 | ||
| Acetabulum | 487 | ||
| Acetabular Labrum | 487 | ||
| Acetabular Alignment | 488 | ||
| Center-Edge Angle | 488 | ||
| Acetabular Anteversion Angle | 488 | ||
| Capsule and Ligaments of the Hip | 489 | ||
| Close-Packed Position of the Hip | 490 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 491 | ||
| Femoral-on-Pelvic Osteokinematics | 493 | ||
| Rotation of the Femur in the Sagittal Plane | 493 | ||
| Rotation of the Femur in the Frontal Plane | 493 | ||
| Rotation of the Femur in the Horizontal Plane | 493 | ||
| Pelvic-on-Femoral Osteokinematics | 494 | ||
| Lumbopelvic Rhythm | 494 | ||
| Pelvic Rotation in the Sagittal Plane: Anterior and Posterior Pelvic Tilting | 494 | ||
| Pelvic Rotation in the Frontal Plane | 494 | ||
| Pelvic Rotation in the Horizontal Plane | 497 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 497 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 497 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles and Joint | 497 | ||
| Innervation of Muscles | 497 | ||
| Lumbar Plexus | 497 | ||
| Sacral Plexus | 497 | ||
| Sensory Innervation of the Hip | 499 | ||
| Muscular Function at the Hip | 499 | ||
| Hip Flexor Muscles | 500 | ||
| Anatomy and Individual Actions | 500 | ||
| The Iliopsoas and Psoas Minor | 500 | ||
| The Remaining Primary Hip Flexors | 501 | ||
| Overall Function | 502 | ||
| Pelvic-on-Femoral Hip Flexion: Anterior Pelvic Tilt | 502 | ||
| Femoral-on-Pelvic Hip Flexion | 502 | ||
| Hip Adductor Muscles | 502 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 505 | ||
| Overall Function | 505 | ||
| Frontal Plane Function | 506 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Function | 506 | ||
| Hip Internal Rotator Muscles | 507 | ||
| Function | 507 | ||
| Active Internal Rotation Torque Increases with Hip Flexion | 507 | ||
| Biomechanics of the Adductor Muscles as Internal Rotators of the Hip | 508 | ||
| Hip Extensor Muscles | 508 | ||
| Anatomy and Individual Actions | 508 | ||
| Overall Function | 509 | ||
| Pelvic-on-Femoral Hip Extension | 509 | ||
| Hip Extensors Performing a Posterior Pelvic Tilt. | 509 | ||
| Hip Extensors Controlling a Forward Lean of the Body. | 510 | ||
| Femoral-on-Pelvic Hip Extension | 510 | ||
| Hip Abductor Muscles | 511 | ||
| Anatomy and Individual Actions | 511 | ||
| Hip Abductor Mechanism: Control of Frontal Plane Stability of the Pelvis during Walking | 512 | ||
| Hip Abductor Mechanism: Dominant Role in the Production of Compression Force at the Hip | 512 | ||
| Maximal Abduction Torque Varies According to Hip Joint Angle | 516 | ||
| Hip External Rotator Muscles | 516 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the “Short External Rotators” | 516 | ||
| Overall Function | 517 | ||
| Maximal Torque Produced by the Hip Muscles | 518 | ||
| Example of Hip Pathology and Selected Therapeutic and Surgical Interventions | 518 | ||
| Osteoarthritis of the Hip | 518 | ||
| Selected Therapeutic and Surgical Interventions for a Painful, Degenerated, or Mechanically Unstable Hip | 519 | ||
| Using a Cane and Proper Methods for Carrying External Loads | 519 | ||
| Total Hip Arthroplasty | 521 | ||
| Biomechanical Consequences of Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga | 521 | ||
| Synopsis | 522 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 524 | ||
| References | 533 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 537 | ||
| Study Questions | 537 | ||
| 13 Knee | 538 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 538 | ||
| Osteology | 538 | ||
| Distal Femur | 538 | ||
| Proximal Tibia and Fibula | 539 | ||
| Patella | 540 | ||
| Arthrology | 541 | ||
| General Anatomic and Alignment Considerations | 541 | ||
| Capsule and Reinforcing Ligaments | 542 | ||
| Synovial Membrane, Bursae, and Fat Pads | 544 | ||
| Tibiofemoral Joint | 544 | ||
| Menisci | 544 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 544 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 545 | ||
| Common Mechanisms of Injury | 547 | ||
| Osteokinematics at the Tibiofemoral Joint | 547 | ||
| Flexion and Extension | 547 | ||
| Internal and External (Axial) Rotation | 548 | ||
| Arthrokinematics at the Tibiofemoral Joint | 548 | ||
| Extension of the Knee | 548 | ||
| “Screw-Home” Rotation of the Knee | 548 | ||
| Flexion of the Knee | 549 | ||
| Internal and External (Axial) Rotation of the Knee | 549 | ||
| Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments | 549 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 549 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 550 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments | 551 | ||
| General Considerations | 551 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament | 552 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 552 | ||
| Common Mechanisms of Injury | 553 | ||
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament | 555 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 555 | ||
| Common Mechanisms of Injury | 556 | ||
| Patellofemoral Joint | 557 | ||
| Patellofemoral Joint Kinematics | 557 | ||
| Path and Area of Patellar Contact on the Femur | 557 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 558 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles | 558 | ||
| Sensory Innervation of the Knee Joint | 559 | ||
| Muscular Function at the Knee | 559 | ||
| Extensors of the Knee: Quadriceps Femoris Muscle | 559 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 559 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 560 | ||
| Quadriceps Action at the Knee: Understanding the Biomechanical Interactions between External and Internal Torques | 560 | ||
| External Torque Demands Placed against the Quadriceps: Contrasting “Tibial-on-Femoral” with “Femoral-on-Tibial” Methods of Knee Extension | 560 | ||
| Internal Torque–Joint Angle Relationship of the Quadriceps Muscle | 562 | ||
| Functional Role of the Patella. | 563 | ||
| Patellofemoral Joint Kinetics | 564 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Tracking of the Patella Across the Patellofemoral Joint | 565 | ||
| Role of the Quadriceps Muscle in Patellar Tracking | 565 | ||
| Factors That Naturally Oppose the Lateral Pull of the Quadriceps on the Patella | 566 | ||
| Local Factors | 566 | ||
| Global Factors | 567 | ||
| Summary | 569 | ||
| Knee Flexor-Rotator Muscles | 570 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 570 | ||
| Group Action of Flexor-Rotator Muscles | 570 | ||
| Control of Tibial-on-Femoral Osteokinematics | 571 | ||
| Control of Femoral-on-Tibial Osteokinematics | 571 | ||
| Maximal Torque Production of the Knee Flexor-Rotator Muscles | 572 | ||
| Abnormal Alignment of the Knee | 573 | ||
| Frontal Plane | 573 | ||
| Genu Varum with Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis of the Knee | 573 | ||
| Excessive Genu Valgum | 574 | ||
| Sagittal Plane | 574 | ||
| Genu Recurvatum | 574 | ||
| Synopsis | 576 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 577 | ||
| References | 588 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 594 | ||
| Study Questions | 594 | ||
| 14 Ankle and Foot | 595 | ||
| Chapter at A Glance | 595 | ||
| Osteology | 595 | ||
| Basic Terms and Concepts | 595 | ||
| Naming the Joints and Regions | 595 | ||
| Osteologic Similarities Between the Distal Leg and the Distal Arm | 596 | ||
| Individual Bones | 596 | ||
| Fibula | 596 | ||
| Distal Tibia | 597 | ||
| Tarsal Bones | 597 | ||
| Talus | 597 | ||
| Calcaneus | 598 | ||
| Navicular | 599 | ||
| Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Cuneiforms | 599 | ||
| Cuboid | 599 | ||
| Rays of the Foot | 600 | ||
| Metatarsals | 600 | ||
| Phalanges | 600 | ||
| Arthrology | 600 | ||
| Terminology Used to Describe Movements | 600 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Joints Associated with the Ankle | 601 | ||
| Proximal Tibiofibular Joint | 601 | ||
| Distal Tibiofibular Joint | 602 | ||
| Talocrural Joint | 602 | ||
| Articular Structure | 602 | ||
| Ligaments | 602 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 604 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 606 | ||
| Progressive Stabilization of the Talocrural Joint Throughout the Stance Phase of Gait | 606 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Joints Associated with the Foot | 608 | ||
| Subtalar Joint | 608 | ||
| Articular Structure | 608 | ||
| Ligaments | 608 | ||
| Kinematics | 609 | ||
| Range of Motion | 609 | ||
| Transverse Tarsal Joint (Talonavicular and Calcaneocuboid Joints) | 610 | ||
| Articular Structure and Ligamentous Support | 611 | ||
| Talonavicular Joint | 611 | ||
| Calcaneocuboid Joint | 611 | ||
| Kinematics | 612 | ||
| Axes of Rotation and Corresponding Movements | 612 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 612 | ||
| Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot | 615 | ||
| Passive Support Mechanism of the Medial Longitudinal Arch | 615 | ||
| Pes Planus—“Abnormally Dropped” Medial Longitudinal Arch | 616 | ||
| Combined Action of the Subtalar and Transverse Tarsal Joints | 618 | ||
| Early to MidStance Phase of Gait: Kinematics of Pronation at the Subtalar Joint | 618 | ||
| Biomechanical Benefits of Controlling Pronation during the Stance Phase | 620 | ||
| Biomechanical Consequences of Excessive Pronation during the Stance Phase | 620 | ||
| Mid-to-Late Stance Phase of Gait: Kinematics of Supination at the Subtalar Joint | 620 | ||
| Distal Intertarsal Joints | 622 | ||
| Basic Structure and Function | 622 | ||
| Cuneonavicular Joint | 622 | ||
| Cuboideonavicular Joint | 622 | ||
| Intercuneiform and Cuneocuboid Joint Complex | 622 | ||
| Tarsometatarsal Joints | 622 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 622 | ||
| Kinematic Considerations | 623 | ||
| Intermetatarsal Joints | 623 | ||
| Structure and Function | 623 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal Joints | 623 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 623 | ||
| Kinematic Considerations | 624 | ||
| Deformities or Trauma Involving the Metatarsophalangeal Joint of the Great Toe | 624 | ||
| Hallux Limitus | 624 | ||
| Hallux Valgus | 625 | ||
| Interphalangeal Joints | 626 | ||
| Action of the Joints Within the Forefoot During the Late Stance Phase of Gait | 626 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 627 | ||
| Innervation of Muscles and Joints | 627 | ||
| Innervation of Muscles | 627 | ||
| Sensory Innervation of the Joints | 629 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Muscles | 629 | ||
| Extrinsic Muscles | 629 | ||
| Anterior Compartment Muscles | 629 | ||
| Anatomy | 629 | ||
| Joint Action | 630 | ||
| Lateral Compartment Muscles | 631 | ||
| Anatomy | 631 | ||
| Joint Action | 632 | ||
| Posterior Compartment Muscles | 632 | ||
| Anatomy | 632 | ||
| Superficial Group. | 633 | ||
| Deep Group. | 634 | ||
| Joint Action | 635 | ||
| Activation of the Plantar Flexor and Supinator Muscles during Walking. | 635 | ||
| Plantar Flexion Torque Generated for Propulsion. | 635 | ||
| Muscular Paralysis After Injury to the Fibular or Tibial Nerve | 637 | ||
| Injury to the Common Fibular Nerve and Its Branches | 637 | ||
| Injury to the Tibial Nerve and Its Branches | 638 | ||
| Intrinsic Muscles | 638 | ||
| Anatomic and Functional Considerations | 638 | ||
| Layer 1 | 639 | ||
| Layer 2 | 639 | ||
| Layer 3 | 639 | ||
| Layer 4 | 640 | ||
| Synopsis | 641 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 642 | ||
| References | 648 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 652 | ||
| Study Questions | 651 | ||
| 15 Kinesiology of Walking | 653 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 653 | ||
| Historical Perspective of Gait Analysis | 654 | ||
| Spatial and Temporal Descriptors | 656 | ||
| Gait Cycle | 656 | ||
| Stance and Swing Phases | 659 | ||
| Subdivision of Stance and Swing Phases | 660 | ||
| Joint Kinematics | 662 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Kinematics | 662 | ||
| Pelvis | 662 | ||
| Hip | 662 | ||
| Knee | 663 | ||
| Ankle (Talocrural Joint) | 663 | ||
| First Tarsometatarsal Joint | 664 | ||
| First Metatarsophalangeal Joint | 665 | ||
| Frontal Plane Kinematics | 665 | ||
| Pelvis | 665 | ||
| Hip | 665 | ||
| Knee | 665 | ||
| Ankle (Talocrural Joint) | 666 | ||
| Foot and Subtalar Joint | 666 | ||
| Horizontal Plane Kinematics | 668 | ||
| Pelvis | 668 | ||
| Femur | 668 | ||
| Tibia | 668 | ||
| Hip | 668 | ||
| Knee | 668 | ||
| Ankle and Foot | 669 | ||
| Trunk and Upper Extremity Kinematics | 669 | ||
| Trunk | 669 | ||
| Shoulder | 669 | ||
| Elbow | 669 | ||
| Displacement and Control of the Body’s Center of Mass | 670 | ||
| Displacement of the Center of Mass | 671 | ||
| Kinetic and Potential Energy Considerations | 672 | ||
| Energy Expenditure | 673 | ||
| Energy-Saving Strategies of Walking | 673 | ||
| Vertical Displacement of the Center of Mass | 673 | ||
| Side-to-Side Displacement of the Center of Mass | 674 | ||
| Muscle Activity | 675 | ||
| Trunk | 675 | ||
| Erector Spinae | 675 | ||
| Rectus Abdominis | 675 | ||
| Hip | 676 | ||
| Hip Extensors | 676 | ||
| Hip Flexors | 676 | ||
| Hip Abductors | 677 | ||
| Hip Adductors and Hip Rotators | 677 | ||
| Knee | 677 | ||
| Knee Extensors | 677 | ||
| Knee Flexors | 677 | ||
| Ankle and Foot | 678 | ||
| Tibialis Anterior | 678 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum and Extensor Hallucis Longus | 679 | ||
| Ankle Plantar Flexors | 679 | ||
| Tibialis Posterior | 679 | ||
| Fibularis Muscles | 679 | ||
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot | 679 | ||
| Kinetics | 680 | ||
| Ground Reaction Forces | 680 | ||
| Vertical Forces | 681 | ||
| Anterior-Posterior Forces | 681 | ||
| Medial-Lateral Forces | 682 | ||
| Path of the Center of Pressure | 682 | ||
| Joint Torques and Powers | 683 | ||
| Hip | 684 | ||
| Knee | 685 | ||
| Ankle-and-Foot | 687 | ||
| Joint and Tendon Forces | 688 | ||
| Gait Dysfunctions | 689 | ||
| Synopsis | 695 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 697 | ||
| References | 701 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 705 | ||
| Study Questions | 705 | ||
| 16 Kinesiology of Running | 706 | ||
| Chapter at a Glance | 706 | ||
| Spatial and Temporal Descriptors | 706 | ||
| Stride Cycle | 706 | ||
| Stance and Swing Phases | 707 | ||
| Subdivisions of Stance and Swing Phases | 707 | ||
| Joint Kinematics | 708 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Kinematics | 708 | ||
| Trunk | 708 | ||
| Pelvis | 709 | ||
| Hip | 709 | ||
| Knee | 709 | ||
| Ankle | 709 | ||
| First Metatarsophalangeal Joint | 710 | ||
| Frontal Plane Kinematics | 710 | ||
| Trunk | 710 | ||
| Pelvis | 710 | ||
| Hip | 710 | ||
| Knee | 711 | ||
| Subtalar Joint | 711 | ||
| Horizontal Plane Kinematics | 711 | ||
| Trunk | 711 | ||
| Pelvis | 712 | ||
| Hip | 712 | ||
| Knee | 712 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 712 | ||
| Shoulder | 712 | ||
| Elbow | 712 | ||
| Center of Mass | 713 | ||
| Displacement of the Center of Mass | 713 | ||
| Potential and Kinetic Energy Considerations | 713 | ||
| Energy Expenditure | 713 | ||
| Muscle Activity | 713 | ||
| Trunk | 714 | ||
| Erector Spinae | 714 | ||
| Rectus Abdominis | 714 | ||
| Hip | 714 | ||
| Hip Extensors | 714 | ||
| Hip Flexors | 715 | ||
| Hip Abductors | 715 | ||
| Hip Adductors and Rotators | 715 | ||
| Knee | 715 | ||
| Knee Extensors | 715 | ||
| Knee Flexors | 715 | ||
| Ankle-and-Foot | 716 | ||
| Tibialis Anterior | 716 | ||
| Gastrocnemius and Soleus | 716 | ||
| Tibialis Posterior | 716 | ||
| Fibularis Muscles | 717 | ||
| Kinetics | 717 | ||
| Ground Reaction Forces | 717 | ||
| Vertical Forces | 717 | ||
| Anterior-Posterior Forces | 718 | ||
| Medial-Lateral Forces | 718 | ||
| Path of the Center of Pressure | 718 | ||
| Joint Torques and Powers | 718 | ||
| Hip | 719 | ||
| Knee | 720 | ||
| Ankle-and-Foot | 721 | ||
| Factors Affecting Running Mechanics | 722 | ||
| Age | 722 | ||
| Sex | 722 | ||
| Speed | 722 | ||
| Surface Incline | 722 | ||
| Surface Stiffness | 723 | ||
| Synopsis | 723 | ||
| Additional Clinical Connections | 724 | ||
| References | 725 | ||
| Study Questions | 727 | ||
| Additional Video Educational Content | 727 | ||
| Appendix IV Reference Materials for Muscle Attachments and Innervations, Muscle Cross-Sectional Areas, and Dermatomes of the Lower Extremity | 728 | ||
| Part A: Spinal Nerve Root Innervations of the Muscles of the Lower Extremity | 729 | ||
| Part B: Key Muscles for Testing the Function of Spinal Nerve Roots (L2 to S3) | 730 | ||
| Part C: Dermatomes of the Lower Extremity | 730 | ||
| Part D: Attachments and Innervation of the Muscles of the Lower Extremity | 731 | ||
| Hip and Knee Musculature | 731 | ||
| Adductor Brevis | 731 | ||
| Adductor Longus | 731 | ||
| Adductor Magnus | 731 | ||
| Anterior Head | 731 | ||
| Posterior (Extensor) Head | 731 | ||
| Articularis Genu | 731 | ||
| Biceps Femoris | 731 | ||
| Long Head | 731 | ||
| Short Head | 731 | ||
| Gemellus Inferior | 731 | ||
| Gemellus Superior | 731 | ||
| Gluteus Maximus | 731 | ||
| Gluteus Medius | 731 | ||
| Gluteus Minimus | 731 | ||
| Gracilis | 731 | ||
| Iliopsoas | 731 | ||
| Psoas Major | 731 | ||
| Iliacus | 731 | ||
| Iliocapsularis | 731 | ||
| Obturator Externus | 731 | ||
| Obturator Internus | 732 | ||
| Pectineus | 732 | ||
| Piriformis | 732 | ||
| Popliteus | 732 | ||
| Psoas Minor | 732 | ||
| Quadratus Femoris | 732 | ||
| Rectus Femoris | 732 | ||
| Sartorius | 732 | ||
| Semimembranosus | 732 | ||
| Semitendinosus | 732 | ||
| Tensor Fasciae Latae | 732 | ||
| Vastus Intermedius | 732 | ||
| Vastus Lateralis | 732 | ||
| Vastus Medialis | 732 | ||
| Ankle and Foot Musculature | 732 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum Longus | 732 | ||
| Extensor Hallucis Longus | 733 | ||
| Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis | 733 | ||
| Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus | 733 | ||
| Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius | 733 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Longus | 733 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus | 733 | ||
| Gastrocnemius | 733 | ||
| Plantaris | 733 | ||
| Soleus | 733 | ||
| Tibialis Anterior | 733 | ||
| Tibialis Posterior | 733 | ||
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot | 733 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum Brevis | 733 | ||
| Layer 1 | 733 | ||
| Abductor Digiti Minimi | 733 | ||
| Abductor Hallucis | 733 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Brevis | 733 | ||
| Layer 2 | 734 | ||
| Lumbricals | 734 | ||
| Quadratus Plantae | 734 | ||
| Layer 3 | 734 | ||
| Adductor Hallucis | 734 | ||
| Proximal Attachment | 734 | ||
| Flexor Digiti Minimi | 734 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Brevis | 734 | ||
| Layer 4 | 734 | ||
| Dorsal Interossei | 734 | ||
| Index | 737 | ||
| A | 737 | ||
| B | 739 | ||
| C | 739 | ||
| D | 741 | ||
| E | 742 | ||
| F | 743 | ||
| G | 745 | ||
| H | 747 | ||
| I | 748 | ||
| J | 750 | ||
| K | 750 | ||
| L | 751 | ||
| M | 752 | ||
| N | 754 | ||
| O | 755 | ||
| P | 755 | ||
| Q | 757 | ||
| R | 758 | ||
| S | 759 | ||
| T | 762 | ||
| U | 764 | ||
| V | 765 | ||
| W | 765 | ||
| X | 766 | ||
| Y | 766 | ||
| Z | 766 |