BOOK
Vitamin D, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
J. Chris Gallagher | Daniel Bikle
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, guest edited by Drs. J. Chris Gallagher and Daniel Bikle, is devoted to Vitamin D. Articles in this issue include: The Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin D, Worldwide Review of Serum 25OHD Status; RDA Update (7 Years Post IOM); The Use of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogs in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease; Effect of Vitamin D on Falls and Physical Performance; Vitamin D Effect on BMD and Fractures; Bariatric Surgery and Vitamin D Metabolism, Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer; Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Disease; Regulation of Immune Function by Vitamin D and its Use in Diseases of Immunity; Genetic Diseases of Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes; Measurement of Vitamin D Metabolites: Clinical Issues; The Free 25OHD Hypothesis, and Ethnic/Racial Differences in Vitamin D Levels: Physiologic or Pathologic.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Vitamin D | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Vitamin D Hormone: Where Do We Stand, Where Are We Heading? | vii | ||
| Preface: Vitamin D: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications | vii | ||
| Biology and Mechanisms of Action of the Vitamin D Hormone | vii | ||
| Global Overview of Vitamin D Status | vii | ||
| Dietary Vitamin D Intake for the Elderly Population: Update on the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin D | vii | ||
| Toward Clarity in Clinical Vitamin D Status Assessment: 25(OH)D Assay Standardization | viii | ||
| Current Controversies: Are Free Vitamin Metabolite Levels a More Accurate Assessment of Vitamin D Status than Total Levels? | viii | ||
| Effect of Vitamin D on Falls and Physical Performance | viii | ||
| Vitamin D Effect on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures | viii | ||
| Vitamin D Metabolism in Bariatric Surgery | ix | ||
| The Use of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease | ix | ||
| Vitamin D Receptor Signaling and Cancer | ix | ||
| Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases | ix | ||
| Regulation of Immune Function by Vitamin D and Its Use in Diseases of Immunity | x | ||
| Genetic Diseases of Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes | x | ||
| Genetic and Racial Differences in the Vitamin D Endocrine System | x | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| March 2018 | xi | ||
| June 2018 | xi | ||
| September 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| September 2017 | xi | ||
| June 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| Foreword: Vitamin D Hormone: Where Do We Stand, Where Are We Heading?\r | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rVitamin D: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications | xvii | ||
| Biology and Mechanisms of Action of the Vitamin D Hormone | 815 | ||
| Key points | 815 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 815 | ||
| VITAMIN D PRODUCTION AND METABOLISM | 816 | ||
| THE ROLES OF VITAMIN D IN CLASSIC AND NONCLASSIC TARGET TISSUES | 819 | ||
| THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR AND GENOMIC MECHANISMS OF ACTION | 822 | ||
| The Vitamin D Receptor | 822 | ||
| General Features of Vitamin D Receptor Action | 823 | ||
| Sites of DNA binding | 823 | ||
| Heterodimer formation with retinoid X receptors | 823 | ||
| The vitamin D receptor functions to recruit coregulatory complexes that mediate gene regulation | 823 | ||
| Applying New Methodological Approaches to Study Vitamin D Receptor Action | 825 | ||
| Overarching principles of vitamin D receptor interaction at target cell genomes | 826 | ||
| Genome-wide coregulatory recruitment to target genes via the vitamin D receptor | 828 | ||
| Identifying underlying early mechanistic outcomes in response to vitamin D receptor /retinoid X receptor binding | 828 | ||
| The dynamic impact of cellular differentiation and disease on vitamin D receptor cistromes and transcriptional outcomes | 829 | ||
| Linking Vitamin D Receptor Binding to the Expression of Specific Genes | 830 | ||
| The problem | 830 | ||
| The solution | 830 | ||
| Characterizing the regulatory elements of the Tnfsf11 (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) gene | 831 | ||
| Studies of the Mmp13 gene | 832 | ||
| CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the 1,25-dihydroxvyvitamin D3–inducible Mmp13 enhancer in vivo | 833 | ||
| SUMMARY | 833 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 833 | ||
| REFERENCES | 833 | ||
| Global Overview of Vitamin D Status | 845 | ||
| Key points | 845 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 845 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF POOR VITAMIN D STATUS IN ADULTS | 846 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN NORTH AMERICA (INCLUDING CANADA AND MEXICO) | 847 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN SOUTH AMERICA | 847 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN EUROPE | 847 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN THE MIDDLE EAST | 854 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN ASIA | 854 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN AFRICA | 854 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS IN OCEANIA | 854 | ||
| MULTICENTER STUDIES USING A CENTRAL LABORATORY FACILITY | 859 | ||
| ETHNIC BACKGROUND AND MIGRATION | 859 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS | 859 | ||
| REFERENCES | 863 | ||
| Dietary Vitamin D Intake for the Elderly Population | 871 | ||
| Key points | 871 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS | 871 | ||
| VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND INSUFFICIENCY | 872 | ||
| THE HISTORY OF THE PRESENT RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE FOR VITAMIN D | 872 | ||
| Calcium Absorption | 873 | ||
| SERUM PARATHYROID HORMONE AND ITS RELATION TO A SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D | 873 | ||
| BONE | 873 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES OF VITAMIN D | 874 | ||
| DETERMINATION OF THE RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IN OLDER PERSONS | 875 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowance | 875 | ||
| Estimated Average Requirement | 876 | ||
| Estimation of the recommended dietary allowance by Institute of Medicine | 876 | ||
| ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT OR RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE | 877 | ||
| Tolerable Upper Level | 877 | ||
| DOSE RESPONSE IN OLDER CAUCASIAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN | 878 | ||
| DOSE RESPONSE IN YOUNGER CAUCASIAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN | 879 | ||
| COMBINING RESULTS FOR ALL AGES | 879 | ||
| WHO SHOULD BE SCREENED FOR SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D? | 880 | ||
| SUMMARY | 882 | ||
| REFERENCES | 882 | ||
| Toward Clarity in Clinical Vitamin D Status Assessment | 885 | ||
| Key points | 885 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 885 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D | 886 | ||
| WHAT IS ASSAY STANDARDIZATION? | 888 | ||
| VITAMIN D STANDARDIZATION PROGRAM | 888 | ||
| TRACEABILITY | 889 | ||
| EFFECT OF USING STANDARDIZED 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D ASSAYS | 889 | ||
| ARE ALL 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D ASSAY METHODOLOGIES THE SAME? | 890 | ||
| PERFORMANCE TESTING/QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D ASSAYS | 892 | ||
| 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D REFERENCE RANGES | 893 | ||
| WHAT IS A CLINICIAN TO DO? | 894 | ||
| SUMMARY | 896 | ||
| REFERENCES | 896 | ||
| Current Controversies | 901 | ||
| Key points | 901 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 902 | ||
| VITAMIN D PRODUCTION AND METABOLISM | 902 | ||
| Vitamin D Production | 902 | ||
| Vitamin D Metabolism | 902 | ||
| 25-Hydroxylase | 903 | ||
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) | 903 | ||
| 24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | 903 | ||
| THE FREE HORMONE HYPOTHESIS | 904 | ||
| The Hypothesis and Its Modification | 904 | ||
| Development of the Hypothesis | 904 | ||
| The Bound, Free, and Bioavailable Fractions in Serum | 905 | ||
| The Megalin/Cubilin Transport System | 905 | ||
| ASSAYS AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING FREE VITAMIN D METABOLITE LEVELS | 906 | ||
| Centrifugal Ultrafiltration | 906 | ||
| Calculating the Free Vitamin D Metabolite Levels | 906 | ||
| Vitamin D Binding Protein and Its Assays | 907 | ||
| Vitamin D Metabolite Assays | 909 | ||
| Directly Measured Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D | 909 | ||
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method | 909 | ||
| Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method | 910 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 910 | ||
| Comparisons of Directly Measured Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to Calculated Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D | 910 | ||
| Findings from Studies of Directly Measured Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Healthy Humans | 911 | ||
| Effects of Race | 911 | ||
| Effects of Obesity | 913 | ||
| Effects of Sex, Female Hormones, and Pregnancy | 913 | ||
| Effects of Liver Disease/Cirrhosis | 913 | ||
| Effects of Multimorbidity | 914 | ||
| SUMMARY | 914 | ||
| REFERENCES | 914 | ||
| Effect of Vitamin D on Falls and Physical Performance | 919 | ||
| Key points | 919 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 919 | ||
| THE BURDEN OF FALLS | 920 | ||
| EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON FALLS | 920 | ||
| Association Studies | 921 | ||
| Vitamin D Supplementation and Falls | 921 | ||
| Postural Stability | 922 | ||
| EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE | 923 | ||
| Cross-sectional Studies | 923 | ||
| Prospective Studies | 924 | ||
| Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance | 924 | ||
| POSTULATED MECHANISMS | 925 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES | 926 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 927 | ||
| Subpopulation Consideration | 927 | ||
| SUMMARY | 928 | ||
| REFERENCES | 928 | ||
| Vitamin D Effect on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures | 935 | ||
| Key points | 935 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 935 | ||
| WHAT IS VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY? | 936 | ||
| EFFECTS ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY | 937 | ||
| Vitamin D Monotherapy | 937 | ||
| Vitamin D Plus Calcium | 940 | ||
| EFFECTS ON FRACTURE | 940 | ||
| Vitamin D Monotherapy | 940 | ||
| Vitamin D Plus Calcium | 941 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS/SUMMARY | 942 | ||
| REFERENCES | 943 | ||
| Vitamin D Metabolism in Bariatric Surgery | 947 | ||
| Key points | 947 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 947 | ||
| SEARCH METHODOLOGY | 950 | ||
| Vitamin D Randomized Controlled Trials in Bariatric Surgery | 950 | ||
| Vitamin D Replacement Guidelines in Bariatric Surgery | 950 | ||
| HYPOVITAMINOSIS D IN BARIATRIC SURGERY AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH OUTCOMES | 950 | ||
| Mineral and Skeletal Metabolism | 951 | ||
| Nonskeletal Outcomes | 952 | ||
| VITAMIN D STATUS AND REPLACEMENT IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING BARIATRIC SURGERY | 953 | ||
| Observational Studies | 953 | ||
| Before bariatric surgery | 953 | ||
| After bariatric surgery | 954 | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trials | 954 | ||
| Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation for at Least 12 Months | 958 | ||
| Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation for Less Than or Equal to 3 Months | 959 | ||
| Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Other Bone and Mineral Parameters | 960 | ||
| Serum and urine calcium level | 960 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone level | 960 | ||
| Bone density, bone markers, and fracture | 961 | ||
| Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Weight and Cardiometabolic Parameters | 961 | ||
| Comparison of Vitamin D Replacement in Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass | 961 | ||
| Ongoing Vitamin D Studies in Bariatric Surgery | 962 | ||
| VITAMIN D REPLACEMENT GUIDELINES FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING BARIATRIC SURGERY | 962 | ||
| Screening and Monitoring for Hypovitaminosis D | 965 | ||
| Recommended Replacement Doses | 965 | ||
| SUMMARY, KNOWLEDGE GAPS, AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 966 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 967 | ||
| REFERENCES | 967 | ||
| Appendix 1. APPENDIX 1 SUMMARY OF ONGOING/COMPLETED OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED TRIALS ON VITAMIN D IN BARIATRIC SURGERY | 974 | ||
| The Use of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease | 983 | ||
| Key points | 983 | ||
| THE SPECTRUM CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE-MINERAL BONE DISORDER | 983 | ||
| Skeletal Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease | 983 | ||
| THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE VITAMIN D ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE | 984 | ||
| The Generation of Vitamin D in the Skin Is Impaired in Uremia | 984 | ||
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Reduced in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease | 985 | ||
| Reduced Intestinal Calcium Absorption and Serum 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D Is Present in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease ... | 986 | ||
| Retention of Phosphate and Reductions in Renal Mass Are Responsible for Reduced 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D Synthesis | 988 | ||
| VITAMIN D ANALOGUES IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE | 989 | ||
| Calcitriol | 989 | ||
| Paricalcitol | 990 | ||
| Doxercalciferol | 990 | ||
| Alfacalcidol | 990 | ||
| Maxacalcitol | 991 | ||
| Falecalcitriol | 991 | ||
| OTHER EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D AND ITS ANALOGUES | 991 | ||
| Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy | 991 | ||
| Albuminuria | 991 | ||
| Mortality | 993 | ||
| SUMMARY | 993 | ||
| REFERENCES | 993 | ||
| Vitamin D Receptor Signaling and Cancer | 1009 | ||
| Key points | 1009 | ||
| A PRIMER ON VITAMIN D BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE | 1009 | ||
| WHY CONSIDER TREATING CANCER WITH VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS? | 1010 | ||
| WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED FROM PRECLINICAL STUDIES? | 1011 | ||
| Insensitivity to Antigrowth Signals and Evasion of Apoptosis | 1011 | ||
| Tissue Invasion and Metastasis | 1012 | ||
| Limitless Replicative Potential | 1012 | ||
| IDENTIFYING VITAMIN D RECEPTOR–MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTOMES | 1012 | ||
| IN VIVO VITAMIN D RECEPTOR ANTICANCER ACTIONS | 1013 | ||
| HUMAN EPIDEMIOLOGIC FINDINGS AND CLINICAL TRIALS | 1014 | ||
| CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE | 1016 | ||
| LESSONS FOR BIG DATA TO OPTIMIZE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR–CENTERED THERAPIES | 1017 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS AND SUMMARY | 1020 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1020 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1020 | ||
| Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases | 1039 | ||
| Key points | 1039 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1039 | ||
| CARDIAC DISEASES | 1042 | ||
| Cardiac Hypertrophy | 1042 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 1043 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 1045 | ||
| Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling | 1045 | ||
| Heart Failure | 1046 | ||
| Rhythm Abnormalities | 1047 | ||
| VASCULAR DISEASE | 1047 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 1047 | ||
| Arterial Calcification | 1048 | ||
| Occlusive Arterial Disease | 1048 | ||
| Aneurysm and Peripheral Arterial Disease | 1048 | ||
| Hypertension | 1049 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1050 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1051 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1051 | ||
| Regulation of Immune Function by Vitamin D and Its Use in Diseases of Immunity | 1061 | ||
| Key points | 1061 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1061 | ||
| IN A NUTSHELL | 1062 | ||
| VITAMIN D AS A MODULATOR OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 1063 | ||
| Neutrophils | 1063 | ||
| Macrophages | 1063 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 1064 | ||
| B Cells | 1065 | ||
| T Cells | 1066 | ||
| CD4+ T cells | 1066 | ||
| CD8+ T cells | 1067 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND DISEASES OF IMMUNITY | 1067 | ||
| Vitamin D and Autoimmune Diseases | 1069 | ||
| Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes | 1069 | ||
| Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis | 1070 | ||
| Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis | 1072 | ||
| Vitamin D and systemic lupus erythematosus | 1073 | ||
| Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease | 1074 | ||
| Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases | 1075 | ||
| Vitamin D and bacterial infections | 1075 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 1075 | ||
| Vitamin D and viral infections | 1077 | ||
| Colds and influenza viruses | 1077 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1078 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1078 | ||
| Genetic Diseases of Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes | 1095 | ||
| Key points | 1095 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1095 | ||
| -25-HYDROXYLASE, CYP2R1: VITAMIN D–DEPENDENT RICKETS, TYPE 1B | 1097 | ||
| Evidence for Association | 1097 | ||
| Symptoms of Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1B | 1099 | ||
| Diagnostic Test for Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1B | 1100 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1B, Versus Other Forms of Rickets | 1100 | ||
| Treatment and Management of Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1B | 1100 | ||
| HYDROXYLASE, CYP27B1: VITAMIN D–DEPENDENT RICKETS, TYPE 1A | 1101 | ||
| Evidence for Association | 1101 | ||
| Symptoms of Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1A | 1103 | ||
| Diagnostic Test for Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1A | 1103 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1A Versus Other Forms of Rickets | 1103 | ||
| Treatment and Management of Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1A | 1104 | ||
| -24-HYDROXYLASE, CYP24A1: IDIOPATHIC INFANTILE HYPERCALCEMIA | 1104 | ||
| Evidence for Association | 1104 | ||
| Symptoms of Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia | 1106 | ||
| Diagnostic Test for Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia | 1107 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Infantile Hypocalcemia Versus Other Forms of Hypercalcemia | 1107 | ||
| Treatment and Management of Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia | 1108 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1110 | ||
| Genetic and Racial Differences in the Vitamin D Endocrine System | 1119 | ||
| Key points | 1119 | ||
| ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCE IN VITAMIN D STATUS LARGELY DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | 1120 | ||
| ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCE IN PROTEINS RELATED TO VITAMIN D STATUS OR METABOLISM | 1123 | ||
| Presence of 7-Dehydrocholesterol in Keratinocytes | 1123 | ||
| Vitamin D Transport Proteins | 1123 | ||
| VITAMIN METABOLIZING ENZYMES | 1127 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1128 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1129 |