BOOK
Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Part of the in-depth and practical Pattern Recognition series, Practical Surgical Neuropathology, 2nd Edition, by Drs. Arie Perry and Daniel J. Brat, helps you arrive at an accurate CNS diagnosis by using a pattern-based approach. Leading diagnosticians in neuropathology guide you from a histological (and/or clinical, radiologic, and molecular) pattern, through the appropriate work-up, around the pitfalls, and to the best diagnosis. Almost 2,000 high-quality illustrations capture key neuropathological patterns for a full range of common and rare conditions, and a "visual index" at the beginning of the book directs you to the exact location of in-depth diagnostic guidance.
- Instructive algorithms provide detailed guidance based on 8 major (scanning magnification) patterns and 20 minor (high magnification) patterns – helping you narrow the range of diagnostic possibilities.
- A user-friendly design color-codes patterns to specific entities, and key points are summarized in tables, charts, and graphs so you can quickly and easily find what you are looking for.
- Sweeping content updates keep you at the forefront of recent findings regarding gliomas, embryonal neoplasms, meningiomas, pituitary region and pineal tumors, epilepsy pathology, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, tumor predisposition syndromes, and much more.
Improved pattern call-outs are now linked directly within the chapter, reinforcing the patterns for more efficient and complete understanding.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult ad with PIN code | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Pattern Recognition Series | ii | ||
| Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Series Preface | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| Practical Surgical Neuropathology Major Patterns | xvii | ||
| 1 Neuropathology Patterns and Introduction | 1 | ||
| Abstract | 1.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 1.e1 | ||
| CNS Tumor Classification Schemes and Additional “Neuropathology Patterns” | 1 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 3 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 3 | ||
| Glial Markers | 3 | ||
| Neuronal Markers | 3 | ||
| Epithelial and Meningothelial Markers | 15 | ||
| Proliferation Markers | 15 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics and Surrogate Molecular Immunostains | 15 | ||
| References | 16 | ||
| 2 Normal Brain Histopathology | 19 | ||
| Abstract | 19.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 19.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 19 | ||
| Cell Types | 19 | ||
| Neurons | 19 | ||
| Glia | 21 | ||
| Astrocytes | 21 | ||
| Oligodendrocytes | 24 | ||
| Ependyma | 24 | ||
| Choroid Plexus | 25 | ||
| Microglia | 25 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 26 | ||
| Meningothelial Cells | 26 | ||
| Melanocytes | 26 | ||
| Tissue Organization | 26 | ||
| Cerebral Cortex | 26 | ||
| White Matter | 27 | ||
| Basal Ganglia | 27 | ||
| Thalamus | 28 | ||
| Hippocampus | 28 | ||
| Pineal Gland | 29 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 30 | ||
| Cerebellum | 30 | ||
| Brainstem | 32 | ||
| Midbrain | 32 | ||
| Pons | 33 | ||
| Medulla | 33 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 33 | ||
| Meninges | 33 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve, Schwann Cells, and Dorsal Root Ganglia | 34 | ||
| Features of Infancy and Childhood | 34 | ||
| Features of the Aging Nervous System | 36 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 37 | ||
| 3 Intraoperative Consultation and Optimal Processing | 39 | ||
| Abstract | 39.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 39.e1 | ||
| Types of Neurosurgical Specimens | 39 | ||
| Intraoperative Cytologic Preparations as a Complement to Frozen Tissue Sections | 40 | ||
| Fixation and Staining Options for Intraoperative Cytologic Preparations | 40 | ||
| Frozen Sectioning of Central Nervous System Tissue | 41 | ||
| Artifacts | 41 | ||
| Iatrogenically Introduced Hemostatic and Embolic Agents | 44 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation of Margins for Brain Neoplasms | 45 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Prion Disease) | 49 | ||
| The Bottom Line: What Does the Surgeon Need to Know? | 50 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 50 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| 4 Neuroradiology | 53 | ||
| Abstract | 53.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 53.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 53 | ||
| Basic Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging Techniques | 53 | ||
| Advanced Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging Techniques | 57 | ||
| Basic Invasive Diagnostic Imaging Techniques | 60 | ||
| Advanced Invasive Therapeutic Techniques | 62 | ||
| Imaging Patterns in Neuroradiology | 62 | ||
| Pattern 1—The Intracranial Mass | 64 | ||
| Pattern 2—The Calcified Mass | 64 | ||
| Pattern 3—The Cystic Mass | 65 | ||
| Pattern 4—The Hemorrhagic Mass | 66 | ||
| Pattern 5—The Rim-Enhancing Mass | 67 | ||
| Advanced Strategies of Lesion Analysis | 67 | ||
| Conclusion | 67 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| 5 Integrating Molecular Diagnostics With Surgical Neuropathology | 71 | ||
| Abstract | 71.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 71.e1 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Assessment of Genetic Alterations | 71 | ||
| Mutant-Specific Antibodies That Recognize Hotspot Mutations in Oncoproteins | 71 | ||
| Antibodies Against Tumor Suppressor Proteins Commonly Lost Due to Deletion or Truncating Mutations | 75 | ||
| Antibodies Against Oncoproteins That Aberrantly Localize to the Nucleus Based on Genetic Alterations | 75 | ||
| Antibodies Against Proteins That Serve as Surrogate Markers of Defining Genetic Alterations in Tumors | 77 | ||
| Sanger Sequencing for Detection of Single Nucleotide Mutations | 77 | ||
| FISH for Detection of Copy Number Alterations | 79 | ||
| FISH and Reverse Transcription PCR for Detection of Gene Fusions and Other Structural Variants | 80 | ||
| Detection of Recurrent Gene Fusions by FISH | 81 | ||
| Detection of Recurrent Gene Fusions and Other Rearrangements by Reverse Transcription PCR | 82 | ||
| Genome-Wide Copy Number Profiling | 82 | ||
| Next-Generation DNA Sequencing | 84 | ||
| DNA Methylation Profiling | 86 | ||
| MGMT Promoter Methylation Testing in Malignant Gliomas | 86 | ||
| Genome-Wide Methylation Profiling for Molecular Subtyping of CNS Tumors | 87 | ||
| Conclusion | 87 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 88 | ||
| References | 88 | ||
| 6 Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Tumors | 91 | ||
| Abstract | 91.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 91.e1 | ||
| Introduction and Brief Historical Overview | 91 | ||
| Diffuse Astrocytomas | 91 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 91 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 92 | ||
| IDH-Mutant Astrocytomas | 92 | ||
| IDH-Wildtype Astrocytomas | 92 | ||
| Pediatric (and Young Adult) Diffuse Astrocytomas | 92 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 92 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 92 | ||
| Histopathology | 97 | ||
| Frozen Section Diagnosis of Diffuse Gliomas | 99 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 99 | ||
| Grading | 110 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 110 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 111 | ||
| Genetics | 112 | ||
| Diffuse Astrocytomas, IDH-Mutant | 112 | ||
| Diffuse Astrocytomas, IDH-Wildtype | 112 | ||
| Pediatric Diffuse Gliomas | 113 | ||
| MGMT Testing | 113 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 113 | ||
| Oligodendroglioma | 113 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 113 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 114 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 114 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 114 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 114 | ||
| Histopathology | 114 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 116 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 118 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 118 | ||
| Genetics | 119 | ||
| Pediatric Oligodendrogliomas | 120 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 120 | ||
| Oligoastrocytoma, NOS | 120 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 120 | ||
| Histopathology | 121 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 121 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 121 | ||
| References | 121 | ||
| 7 Nondiffuse Astrocytoma Variants | 125 | ||
| Abstract | 125.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 125.e1 | ||
| Pilocytic Astrocytoma | 125 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 125 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 125 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 125 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 125 | ||
| Histopathology | 126 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 126 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 132 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 133 | ||
| Genetics | 133 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 133 | ||
| Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma | 134 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 134 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 134 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 134 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 134 | ||
| Histopathology | 135 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 135 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 136 | ||
| Genetics | 137 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 137 | ||
| Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma | 137 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 137 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 137 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 137 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 137 | ||
| Histopathology | 137 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 140 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 140 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 140 | ||
| Genetics | 140 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 141 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 142 | ||
| References | 142 | ||
| 8 Ependymomas and Choroid Plexus Tumors | 145 | ||
| Abstract | 145.e1 | ||
| Background | 145.e1 | ||
| Design | 145.e1 | ||
| Outcome | 145.e1 | ||
| Conclusion | 145.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 145.e1 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 145 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 145 | ||
| Ependymal Tumors | 145 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 145 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 146 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 146 | ||
| Histopathology | 146 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 146 | ||
| Subependymoma (WHO Grade I) | 146 | ||
| Myxopapillary Ependymoma (WHO Grade I) | 147 | ||
| Ependymoma (WHO Grade II) | 148 | ||
| Anaplastic Ependymoma (WHO Grade III) | 151 | ||
| Other Patterns | 153 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 153 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 154 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 154 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 155 | ||
| Genetics | 155 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 157 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Tumors | 157 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 157 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 158 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 158 | ||
| Histopathology | 158 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 158 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade I) | 158 | ||
| Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade II) | 159 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (WHO Grade III) | 159 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 159 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 162 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 162 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 164 | ||
| Genetics | 164 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 164 | ||
| Other Choroid Plexus Tumors | 164 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 165 | ||
| References | 165 | ||
| 9 Other Glial Neoplasms | 171 | ||
| Abstract | 171.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 171.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 171 | ||
| Angiocentric Glioma | 171 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 171 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 171 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 171 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 171 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 171 | ||
| Histopathology | 171 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 173 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 173 | ||
| Genetics | 175 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 175 | ||
| Astroblastoma | 175 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 175 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 175 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 175 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 175 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 175 | ||
| Histopathology | 175 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 176 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 178 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 178 | ||
| Genetics | 178 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 178 | ||
| Chordoid Glioma | 178 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 178 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 178 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 178 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 179 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 179 | ||
| Histopathology | 179 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies and a Histogenetic Hypothesis | 181 | ||
| Genetics | 181 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 181 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 181 | ||
| References | 181 | ||
| 10 Neuronal and Glioneuronal Neoplasms | 183 | ||
| Abstract | 183.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 183.e1 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 183 | ||
| Gangliogliomas and Gangliocytomas (“Ganglion Cell Tumors”) | 183 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 183 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 183 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 183 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 184 | ||
| Histopathology | 185 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 187 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 188 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 190 | ||
| Genetics | 190 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 191 | ||
| Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma and Ganglioglioma | 191 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 191 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 191 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 191 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 191 | ||
| Histopathology | 191 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 193 | ||
| Genetics | 193 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 193 | ||
| Dysplastic Gangliocytoma of the Cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos Disease) | 193 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 193 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 193 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 193 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 193 | ||
| Histopathology | 195 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 195 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 195 | ||
| Genetics | 195 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 196 | ||
| Central Neurocytoma and Other Neurocytic Neoplasms | 196 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 196 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 196 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 196 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 196 | ||
| Histopathology | 196 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 199 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 199 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 200 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 200 | ||
| Proliferative Activity | 200 | ||
| Genetics | 200 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 200 | ||
| Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma | 200 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 200 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 201 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 201 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 201 | ||
| Histopathology | 201 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 201 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 202 | ||
| Genetics | 202 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 202 | ||
| Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor | 202 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 202 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 202 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 202 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 202 | ||
| Histopathology | 202 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 205 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 205 | ||
| Genetics | 205 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 205 | ||
| Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor | 206 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 206 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 206 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 206 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 206 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 206 | ||
| Histopathology | 206 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 206 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 206 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 206 | ||
| Genetics | 206 | ||
| 11 Pineal Parenchymal Tumors | 219 | ||
| Abstract | 219.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 219.e1 | ||
| Introduction, Definitions, and Synonyms | 219 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 219 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 220 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 220 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 220 | ||
| Histopathology | 220 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 223 | ||
| Principles of Diagnosis and Grading on Small or Artifact-Ridden Samples | 226 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 226 | ||
| Pineal Cyst/Normal Pineal Gland | 226 | ||
| Ependymoma | 227 | ||
| Oligodendroglioma and Neurocytoma | 227 | ||
| Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region (PTPR) | 227 | ||
| Embryonal Tumors: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid and Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes | 227 | ||
| High-Grade Gliomas | 227 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 229 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Studies | 229 | ||
| Ultrastructural Studies | 229 | ||
| Genetics | 229 | ||
| Cytogenetic Considerations | 229 | ||
| Pineocytomas. | 229 | ||
| Pineoblastomas. | 230 | ||
| Genetic Alterations | 230 | ||
| Genetic Susceptibility | 230 | ||
| Gene Expression | 230 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 230 | ||
| Treatment of Pineocytomas (WHO Grade I) | 230 | ||
| Treatment of Pineoblastomas (WHO Grade IV) | 230 | ||
| Treatment of Pineal Parenchymal Tumors of Intermediate Differentiation (WHO Grades II or III) | 230 | ||
| Prognosis | 231 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 231 | ||
| References | 231 | ||
| 12 Embryonal Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System | 233 | ||
| Abstract | 233.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 233.e1 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 233 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 233 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 234 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 234 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 235 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 235 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 236 | ||
| Histopathology | 236 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 238 | ||
| Desmoplastic/Nodular Medulloblastoma | 238 | ||
| Medulloblastoma With Extensive Nodularity | 240 | ||
| Large Cell/Anaplastic Medulloblastoma | 240 | ||
| Medulloblastomas With Myogenic or Melanotic Differentiation | 243 | ||
| Genetically Defined Medulloblastoma Groups | 243 | ||
| Medulloblastoma, WNT Activated | 244 | ||
| Medulloblastoma, SHH Activated | 244 | ||
| Medulloblastoma, Non-WNT/Non-SHH | 245 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 245 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 246 | ||
| Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC Altered | 246 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 246 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 246 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 246 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 246 | ||
| Histopathology | 246 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 249 | ||
| Genetics | 249 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 249 | ||
| Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor | 249 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 249 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 250 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 250 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 250 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 251 | ||
| Histopathology | 251 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 252 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 252 | ||
| Genetics | 252 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 254 | ||
| Other CNS Embryonal Tumors | 254 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 254 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 254 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 254 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 254 | ||
| Histopathology | 254 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 255 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 256 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 256 | ||
| Genetics | 256 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 256 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| 13 Meningiomas | 259 | ||
| Abstract | 259.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 259.e1 | ||
| Introduction and Proposed Etiologies | 259 | ||
| Definition and Analogies With Meningothelial Cells | 259 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview of Nomenclature and Histogenetic Notions | 260 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 260 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 260 | ||
| Localization | 260 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 262 | ||
| Multiple Meningiomas | 263 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 263 | ||
| Radiology and Cerebral Edema | 263 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 264 | ||
| Histopathology | 266 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 267 | ||
| Meningiomas That Are Mostly Benign (WHO Grade I) | 268 | ||
| Meningothelial Meningioma | 268 | ||
| Fibrous (Fibroblastic) Meningioma | 268 | ||
| Transitional Meningioma | 268 | ||
| Psammomatous Meningioma | 268 | ||
| Angiomatous (Vascular) Meningioma | 268 | ||
| Microcystic Meningioma | 269 | ||
| Secretory Meningioma | 269 | ||
| Lymphoplasmacyte-Rich Meningioma | 270 | ||
| Metaplastic Meningiomas | 273 | ||
| WHO Grade II Meningiomas | 273 | ||
| Atypical Meningioma | 273 | ||
| Clear Cell Meningioma | 275 | ||
| Chordoid Meningioma | 277 | ||
| Brain Invasive Meningioma | 278 | ||
| WHO Grade III (Malignant) Meningiomas | 280 | ||
| Anaplastic (Malignant) Meningioma | 280 | ||
| Papillary Meningioma | 280 | ||
| Rhabdoid Meningioma | 284 | ||
| Other Meningioma Patterns Not Included in the WHO | 284 | ||
| Metastasis of and to Meningiomas | 287 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 289 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 292 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 292 | ||
| Hormone Studies | 293 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 294 | ||
| Genetics | 294 | ||
| Cytogenetics | 294 | ||
| Molecular Genetics | 294 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 296 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| 14 Mesenchymal Tumors of the Central Nervous System | 299 | ||
| Abstract | 299.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 299.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 299 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 299 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 300 | ||
| Adipocytic Tumors, Including Lipoma, Angiolipoma, and Liposarcoma | 300 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 300 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 300 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 300 | ||
| Histopathology | 300 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 301 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 301 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 301 | ||
| Genetics | 301 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 301 | ||
| Bone Tumors, Including Osteoma, Osteoid Osteoma/Osteoblastoma, and Osteosarcoma | 301 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 301 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 301 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 302 | ||
| Histopathology | 302 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 302 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 302 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 302 | ||
| Genetics | 302 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 303 | ||
| Cartilaginous Tumors, Including Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma | 303 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 303 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 303 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 303 | ||
| Histopathology | 303 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 303 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 303 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 305 | ||
| Genetics | 305 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 305 | ||
| Notochordal Tumors, Including Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor and Chordoma | 305 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 305 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 305 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 305 | ||
| Histopathology | 305 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 305 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 307 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 307 | ||
| Genetics | 307 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 307 | ||
| Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Tumors, Including Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor | 307 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 307 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 308 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 308 | ||
| Histopathology | 308 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 309 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 310 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 312 | ||
| Genetics | 312 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 312 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Tumors, Including Leiomyoma, Leiomyosarcoma, and EBV-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumor | 312 | ||
| Introduction | 312 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 313 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 313 | ||
| Histopathology | 313 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 313 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 313 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 313 | ||
| Genetics | 313 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 313 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Tumors, Including Rhabdomyosarcoma Subtypes: Embryonal, Alveolar, and Spindle Cell/Sclerosing Subtypes | 314 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 314 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 314 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 314 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 314 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 314 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 314 | ||
| Genetics | 314 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 316 | ||
| Vascular Lesions, Including Malformations, Hemangiomas, Hemangioendothelioma, and Angiosarcoma | 316 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 316 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 316 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 316 | ||
| Histopathology | 316 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 318 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 318 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 318 | ||
| Genetics | 318 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 318 | ||
| Primitive Small Round Cell Tumors: Ewing Sarcoma, CIC-Sarcomas, and BCOR-Sarcomas | 318 | ||
| Definitions | 318 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 318 | ||
| 15 Tumors of Peripheral Nerve | 323 | ||
| Abstract | 323.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 323.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 323 | ||
| Traumatic Neuroma | 323 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 323 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 323 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 326 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 326 | ||
| Histopathology | 327 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 327 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies | 329 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 329 | ||
| Schwannoma | 329 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 330 | ||
| Histologic Variants | 331 | ||
| Conventional Schwannoma | 331 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics. | 331 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization. | 331 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 331 | ||
| Histopathology. | 331 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies. | 333 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 333 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 335 | ||
| Cellular Schwannoma | 335 | ||
| Demographics, Clinical Manifestations, and Localization. | 335 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 335 | ||
| Histopathology. | 335 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 335 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 336 | ||
| Plexiform Schwannoma | 336 | ||
| Incidence, Demographics, Clinical Manifestations, and Localization. | 336 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 337 | ||
| Histopathology. | 337 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 338 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 338 | ||
| Epithelioid Schwannoma | 339 | ||
| Malignant Transformation of Conventional, Cellular, and Plexiform Schwannoma | 339 | ||
| Melanotic Schwannoma | 339 | ||
| Incidence, Demographics, Clinical Manifestations, and Localization. | 339 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 339 | ||
| Histopathology and Genetics. | 339 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 340 | ||
| Neurofibroma | 340 | ||
| Definition and Genetics | 340 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 341 | ||
| Histologic Variants | 341 | ||
| Cutaneous Neurofibroma, Localized and Diffuse | 342 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization. | 342 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 342 | ||
| Histopathology. | 342 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies. | 343 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 343 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 343 | ||
| Localized Intraneural Neurofibromas | 343 | ||
| Definition. | 343 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics. | 344 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations, Radiologic Features, and Localization. | 344 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 344 | ||
| Histopathology. | 344 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 344 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies. | 344 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 344 | ||
| Atypical Changes in Neurofibromas | 345 | ||
| Plexiform Neurofibroma | 345 | ||
| Definition. | 345 | ||
| General Comments. | 345 | ||
| Gross Pathology. | 345 | ||
| Histopathology. | 345 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies. | 346 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 347 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 349 | ||
| Massive Soft Tissue Neurofibroma | 349 | ||
| Visceral Neurofibroma | 349 | ||
| Perineurioma | 350 | ||
| Intraneural Perineurioma | 350 | ||
| Definition | 350 | ||
| General Comments | 350 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 350 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 350 | ||
| Histopathology | 350 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies | 351 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 351 | ||
| Treatment and Follow-Up | 351 | ||
| Soft Tissue Perineurioma | 351 | ||
| Definition | 351 | ||
| General Comments | 351 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 351 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 352 | ||
| Histopathology | 352 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies | 352 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 352 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 352 | ||
| Granular Cell Tumor | 353 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 353 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 353 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 353 | ||
| Histopathology | 353 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies | 353 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 355 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 355 | ||
| Miscellaneous Benign Neurogenic Tumors | 355 | ||
| Hybrid Nerve Sheath Tumors | 355 | ||
| Nerve Sheath Myxoma | 356 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 356 | ||
| Neurothekeoma | 356 | ||
| Ganglioneuroma | 357 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 357 | ||
| Introduction and Incidence | 357 | ||
| Demographics | 358 | ||
| Clinical Features | 358 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 358 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 358 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 358 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies | 359 | ||
| Genetics | 359 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 359 | ||
| Primary Malignant Tumors of Nerve | 359 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST) of Conventional Type | 359 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 359 | ||
| Introduction, Incidence, and Demographics | 359 | ||
| Manifestations and Localization | 360 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 360 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 361 | ||
| Histopathology | 362 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Studies | 364 | ||
| Genetics | 364 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 365 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 365 | ||
| MPNST Variants | 366 | ||
| Epithelioid MPNST | 366 | ||
| MPNST With Divergent Differentiation | 368 | ||
| MPNST With Perineurial Differentiation | 368 | ||
| MPNST Arising in Other Nervous System Tumors | 369 | ||
| Malignant Granular Cell Tumor | 369 | ||
| Definition | 369 | ||
| Demographics, Clinical Manifestations, and Localization | 369 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 369 | ||
| Histopathology | 370 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic/Prognostic Features | 371 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 371 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 371 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 371 | ||
| References | 371 | ||
| 16 Epithelial, Neuroendocrine, and Metastatic Lesions | 375 | ||
| Abstract | 375.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 375.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 375 | ||
| Metastatic Epithelial and Epithelioid Neoplasms | 375 | ||
| Introduction, Demographics, and Clinical Manifestations | 375 | ||
| Radiology and Gross Pathology Patterns of Metastasis | 377 | ||
| Histopathology and Ancillary Studies | 378 | ||
| Uncommon Metastases | 380 | ||
| Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis in the Central Nervous System | 385 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 385 | ||
| Genetics, Treatment, and Prognosis | 386 | ||
| Paraganglioma | 387 | ||
| Introduction, Definition, and Synonyms | 387 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 387 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 387 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 387 | ||
| Histopathology, Differential Diagnosis, and Ancillary Studies | 387 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 389 | ||
| Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region | 391 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 391 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 391 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 391 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 391 | ||
| Radiologic and Gross Features | 391 | ||
| Histopathology | 391 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 391 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 391 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic and Prognostic Studies | 393 | ||
| Genetics | 393 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 393 | ||
| Cysts of the Central Nervous System | 393 | ||
| Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts | 395 | ||
| Endodermal Cyst | 397 | ||
| Rathke Cleft Cyst | 398 | ||
| Colloid Cyst | 398 | ||
| Ancillary Stains for Endodermal, Rathke Cleft, and Colloid Cysts | 400 | ||
| Ependymal (Glioependymal) Cyst | 400 | ||
| Arachnoid Cyst | 400 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Cysts | 401 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 403 | ||
| References | 403 | ||
| 17 Lymphomas and Histiocytic Tumors | 405 | ||
| Abstract | 405.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 405.e1 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 405 | ||
| Lymphomas | 405 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 405 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 405 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 405 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 406 | ||
| Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry | 406 | ||
| Histologic Variants | 406 | ||
| Immunodeficiency-Associated Lymphomas | 406 | ||
| Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis | 410 | ||
| Intravascular B Cell Lymphoma (Angiotropic Lymphoma) | 410 | ||
| Marginal Zone B Cell Lymphoma (MALT Lymphoma) of the Dura | 410 | ||
| Other Types of CNS Low-Grade B Cell Lymphoma | 411 | ||
| Plasmacytoma | 411 | ||
| Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma | 411 | ||
| T Cell Lymphoma | 411 | ||
| Secondary CNS Involvement by Systemic Lymphomas and Leukemias | 412 | ||
| Myeloid Sarcoma | 413 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 413 | ||
| Other Brain Tumors Histologically Mimicking Lymphoma | 413 | ||
| “PCNSL Without PCNSL”: Sentinel and Corticosteroid-Treated Lesions | 415 | ||
| Demyelination | 415 | ||
| Encephalitis and Other Inflammatory Conditions | 415 | ||
| Vasculitis | 415 | ||
| Inflammatory Tumors and Pseudotumors | 415 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 415 | ||
| Genetics | 417 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 417 | ||
| Histiocytic Disorders | 417 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 417 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 417 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 418 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 418 | ||
| Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry | 418 | ||
| Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytic Disorders | 418 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 422 | ||
| References | 422 | ||
| 18 Germ Cell Tumors | 423 | ||
| Abstract | 423.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 423.e1 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 423 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 423 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 424 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 424 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 425 | ||
| Histopathology | 426 | ||
| Histologic Variants | 426 | ||
| Germinoma | 426 | ||
| Embryonal Carcinoma | 427 | ||
| Yolk Sac Tumor | 427 | ||
| Teratoma | 428 | ||
| General Comments | 428 | ||
| Mature Teratoma | 428 | ||
| Immature Teratoma | 432 | ||
| Teratoma With a Secondary Malignant Component | 432 | ||
| Congenital Teratomas | 432 | ||
| Choriocarcinoma | 432 | ||
| Mixed Germ Cell Tumors | 434 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 434 | ||
| Placental Alkaline Phosphatase | 434 | ||
| Transcription Factors (Including OCT4 and SALL4) | 434 | ||
| CD30 | 437 | ||
| C-Kit (CD117) | 437 | ||
| α-Fetoprotein | 437 | ||
| Glypican-3 | 437 | ||
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Human Placental Lactogen | 437 | ||
| LIN28A | 437 | ||
| Podoplanin and D2-40 | 437 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 438 | ||
| Germinoma Versus Embryonal Carcinoma | 438 | ||
| Germinoma Versus Infiltrative Glioma or Lymphoma | 439 | ||
| Germinoma Versus Sarcoidosis or Infection | 439 | ||
| Embryonal Carcinoma Versus Yolk Sac Tumor | 439 | ||
| Embryonal Carcinoma or Yolk Sac Tumor Versus Metastatic Carcinoma | 439 | ||
| Choriocarcinoma Versus Syncytiotrophoblast-Containing Germ Cell Tumors | 439 | ||
| Genetics | 439 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 440 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors Metastatic to the Central Nervous System | 440 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 440 | ||
| References | 441 | ||
| 19 Melanocytic Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System | 443 | ||
| Abstract | 443.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 443.e1 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 443 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 443 | ||
| Meningeal Melanocytoma and Melanoma | 443 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 443 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 443 | ||
| Histopathology | 444 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 446 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 446 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 447 | ||
| Genetics | 447 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 449 | ||
| Meningeal Melanocytosis and Melanomatosis | 449 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 449 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 449 | ||
| Histopathology | 449 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 450 | ||
| Genetics | 450 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 450 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 450 | ||
| References | 450 | ||
| 20 Histologic Features of Pituitary Adenomas and Sellar Region Masses | 453 | ||
| Abstract | 453.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 453.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 453 | ||
| The Normal Pituitary | 453 | ||
| Embryologic Origin | 453 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Sellar Region | 453 | ||
| Histologic Features of Normal Anterior and Posterior Glands | 454 | ||
| Normal Histologic Variations Within the Gland | 456 | ||
| Specimen Handling of Sellar Region Tissues at Autopsy and as Surgical Specimens | 457 | ||
| Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Stains in the Workup of Permanent Sections From Sellar Region Masses | 458 | ||
| General Features of Pituitary Adenomas | 459 | ||
| Demographics | 459 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 460 | ||
| Neuroimaging Features | 461 | ||
| Molecular Genetics of Pituitary Adenomas | 461 | ||
| Frequency of Different Types of Adenomas | 463 | ||
| General Histologic Features of Pituitary Adenomas | 463 | ||
| Diagnosis of “Atypical” Pituitary Adenoma No Longer Utilized | 463 | ||
| Pituitary Carcinoma Is Diagnosed Only by Metastasis | 466 | ||
| Staging of Pituitary Adenomas | 466 | ||
| IHC Pattern for Specific Anterior Pituitary Hormones Versus Clinical Features and Serum Hormone Levels in Adenoma Patients | 467 | ||
| Clinically Nonfunctional/Clinically Silent Adenoma Is Not Identical to Hormone-Negative Adenoma or Null Cell Adenoma | 468 | ||
| Subtyping of Pituitary Adenomas May Predict Response to Therapies | 468 | ||
| Specific Subtypes of Pituitary Adenomas | 469 | ||
| Gonadotroph Adenoma | 469 | ||
| Hormone-Negative Adenoma (Formerly Null Cell Adenoma) | 469 | ||
| Growth Hormone Adenoma | 470 | ||
| Mixed GH/PRL Adenoma and Mammosomatotroph Cell Adenoma | 473 | ||
| Prolactin-Secreting Adenomas | 473 | ||
| Rare Prolactin-Secreting Adenoma Subtypes | 473 | ||
| Corticotroph Adenoma | 473 | ||
| TSH-Producing Adenoma and Pituitary Hyperplasia | 475 | ||
| Plurihormonal PIT1-Positive Adenoma | 477 | ||
| Ectopic Pituitary Adenoma | 479 | ||
| Pituitary Apoplexy | 479 | ||
| Mixed Pituitary Adenoma-Gangliocytoma | 479 | ||
| Hypophysitis | 480 | ||
| Rathke Cleft Cyst | 482 | ||
| Craniopharyngioma | 485 | ||
| Pituicytoma, Spindle Cell Oncocytoma, and Granular Cell Tumor of Neurohypophysis | 486 | ||
| Other Rare Sellar Region Masses | 488 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 489 | ||
| References | 489 | ||
| 21 Therapy-Associated Neuropathology | 493 | ||
| Abstract | 493.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 493.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 493 | ||
| Radiation Necrosis and Other Forms of Radiation Injury | 493 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 493 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 493 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 494 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 494 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 494 | ||
| Histopathology | 495 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 496 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 496 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 496 | ||
| Genetics | 497 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 497 | ||
| Therapy-Induced Leukoencephalopathies and Vasculopathies | 498 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 498 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 498 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 500 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 500 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 500 | ||
| Histopathology | 500 | ||
| 22 Familial Tumor Syndromes | 505 | ||
| Abstract | 505.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 505.e1 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 505 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 505 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 508 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 508 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 508 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 509 | ||
| Histopathology | 509 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 511 | ||
| Genetics | 511 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 512 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 512 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 512 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 512 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 512 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 512 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 513 | ||
| Histopathology | 513 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 514 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 514 | ||
| Genetics | 514 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 515 | ||
| Schwannomatosis | 515 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 515 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 515 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 515 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 515 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 515 | ||
| Histopathology | 515 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 515 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 516 | ||
| Genetics | 516 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 516 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis Complex | 516 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 516 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 516 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 516 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 516 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 516 | ||
| Histopathology | 519 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 519 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 519 | ||
| Genetics | 519 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 519 | ||
| Von Hippel-Lindau Disease | 520 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 520 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 520 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 520 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 520 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 520 | ||
| Histopathology | 520 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 520 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 520 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 523 | ||
| Genetics | 523 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 524 | ||
| Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency Syndrome | 524 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 524 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 524 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 524 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 524 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 524 | ||
| Histopathology | 524 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 524 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 524 | ||
| Genetics | 524 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 525 | ||
| Lynch Syndrome | 525 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 525 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 526 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 526 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 526 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 526 | ||
| Histopathology | 526 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 526 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 526 | ||
| Genetics | 526 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 526 | ||
| Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Type 1 | 526 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 526 | ||
| 23 Infections and Inflammatory Disorders | 547 | ||
| Abstract | 547.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 547.e1 | ||
| Meningitis | 548 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 548 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 548 | ||
| Acute Bacterial Meningitis | 548 | ||
| Acute Viral Meningitis | 548 | ||
| Subacute/Chronic Tuberculous and Fungal Meningitis | 549 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 549 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 549 | ||
| Viral Meningitis | 550 | ||
| Chronic Tuberculous and Fungal Meningitis | 550 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 551 | ||
| Histopathology | 555 | ||
| Acute Bacterial Meningitis | 555 | ||
| Subacute to Chronic Bacterial Meningitis | 556 | ||
| Tuberculous Meningitis | 556 | ||
| Syphilitic Meningitis | 557 | ||
| Viral Meningitis | 557 | ||
| Fungal Meningitis | 558 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 559 | ||
| Acute Bacterial Meningitis | 559 | ||
| Subacute to Chronic Bacterial Meningitis | 559 | ||
| Ancillary Studies | 560 | ||
| Viral Meningitis | 560 | ||
| Tuberculous Meningitis | 560 | ||
| Fungal Meningitis | 560 | ||
| Syphilitic Meningitis | 560 | ||
| Viral Encephalitis | 560 | ||
| Viral Encephalitis in Immunocompetent Hosts | 560 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 560 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 561 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 561 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 561 | ||
| Histopathology | 562 | ||
| Viral Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Hosts | 563 | ||
| West Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis | 563 | ||
| Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy | 565 | ||
| Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis | 566 | ||
| Progressive Rubella Encephalitis | 566 | ||
| Congenital Zika Virus Infection | 566 | ||
| Congenital Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis and Cytomegalovirus Encephalomyelitis | 568 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Encephalomyelitis | 568 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Leukoencephalopathy | 568 | ||
| Parasitic Encephalitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Hosts | 568 | ||
| Neurocysticercosis | 568 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 568 | ||
| CNS Malaria | 569 | ||
| Amebic Encephalitis | 570 | ||
| Trypanosomiasis | 570 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 570 | ||
| Focal Discrete Central Nervous System Infection | 571 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 571 | ||
| Pathogenesis, Incidence, and Demographics | 571 | ||
| Localized Parenchymal Bacterial Infections | 571 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 571 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 571 | ||
| Histopathology | 571 | ||
| Localized Tuberculous Infections | 572 | ||
| Localized Fungal Infections | 572 | ||
| Subdural and Epidural Infections | 573 | ||
| Focal Infections Mimicking Neoplasms and Vice Versa | 574 | ||
| Inflammatory Conditions of the Pachymeninges and Leptomeninges Mimicking Infections or Dural Neoplasms | 575 | ||
| Neurosarcoidosis | 575 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 575 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 575 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 575 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 575 | ||
| Histopathology | 575 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 576 | ||
| Central Nervous System Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis | 576 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 576 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 577 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 577 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 577 | ||
| Histopathology | 577 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 577 | ||
| Central Nervous System Manifestations of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis | 577 | ||
| Definition, Incidence, and Demographics | 577 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 578 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 578 | ||
| Histopathology | 578 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 578 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 578 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 578 | ||
| References | 578 | ||
| 24 White Matter and Myelin Disorders | 581 | ||
| Abstract | 581.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 581.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 581 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 581 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 581 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 581 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 581 | ||
| Localization and Clinical Manifestations | 583 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 583 | ||
| Histopathology | 584 | ||
| Active Plaques | 584 | ||
| Inactive Plaques | 584 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 587 | ||
| Acute Multiple Sclerosis (Marburg Type) | 587 | ||
| Acute Inflammatory Demyelinative Mass Presenting as a Neoplasm (Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis) | 587 | ||
| Balo Concentric Sclerosis | 589 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 589 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 591 | ||
| Genetics | 591 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 591 | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica | 591 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 591 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 592 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 592 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 592 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 592 | ||
| Histopathology | 593 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 593 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 595 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 595 | ||
| Genetics | 595 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 595 | ||
| Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 595 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 595 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 595 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 595 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 595 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 596 | ||
| Histopathology | 596 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 596 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 596 | ||
| 25 Pathology of Epilepsy | 617 | ||
| Abstract | 617.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 617.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 617 | ||
| Processing Epilepsy Surgery Specimens | 617 | ||
| Focal Cortical Dysplasia | 618 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 618 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 618 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 618 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 618 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 618 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 619 | ||
| Histopathology | 619 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Classification | 623 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 624 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic and Prognostic Studies | 624 | ||
| Genetics | 625 | ||
| Treatment | 625 | ||
| Hippocampal Sclerosis | 625 | ||
| Definition | 625 | ||
| Historical Overview | 625 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 625 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 625 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 625 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 625 | ||
| Histopathology | 625 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 627 | ||
| Genetics | 627 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 627 | ||
| Infarct and Porencephaly | 627 | ||
| Definitions | 627 | ||
| Historical Overview | 627 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 627 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 627 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 627 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 627 | ||
| Histopathology | 628 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 628 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 628 | ||
| Rasmussen Encephalitis | 628 | ||
| Definition | 628 | ||
| Historical Overview | 628 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 628 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localizations | 628 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 629 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 629 | ||
| Histopathology | 629 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 629 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic and Prognostic Studies | 629 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 630 | ||
| Other Pathologies | 630 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 630 | ||
| Focal Cortical Dysplasia | 630 | ||
| Hippocampal Sclerosis | 630 | ||
| Infarct Including Porencephalic Cyst | 630 | ||
| Rasmussen Encephalitis | 630 | ||
| References | 631 | ||
| 26 Vascular and Ischemic Disorders | 633 | ||
| Abstract | 633.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 633.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 633 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 633 | ||
| Ischemic Cerebral Infarct | 634 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 634 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 634 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 634 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 635 | ||
| Histopathology | 635 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 636 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 636 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 638 | ||
| Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Disease | 638 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 638 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 638 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 638 | ||
| Radiology and Gross Pathology | 638 | ||
| Histopathology | 639 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 641 | ||
| Genetics | 641 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 641 | ||
| Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy | 641 | ||
| Definitions and Synonyms | 641 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 641 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 641 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 641 | ||
| Histopathology | 642 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 642 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 643 | ||
| Genetics | 643 | ||
| 27 Biopsy Pathology of Neurodegenerative Disorders in Adults | 659 | ||
| Abstract | 659.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 659.e1 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 661 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 661 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 661 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 661 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 661 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 661 | ||
| Histopathology | 661 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 666 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 666 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 666 | ||
| Genetics | 666 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 666 | ||
| Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Idiopathic Parkinson Disease | 666 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 666 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 667 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 667 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 667 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 667 | ||
| Histopathology | 667 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 669 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 669 | ||
| Genetics | 669 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 669 | ||
| Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | 670 | ||
| Corticobasal Degeneration | 670 | ||
| Multiple System Atrophy | 671 | ||
| Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Pick Disease | 672 | ||
| Definition and Synonyms | 672 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 672 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 672 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 673 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 673 | ||
| Histopathology | 673 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 673 | ||
| Genetics | 675 | ||
| Human Prion Diseases (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies) Including Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 675 | ||
| Definitions, Synonyms, and Proposed Mechanisms of Pathogenesis | 675 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 675 | ||
| Incidence and Demographics | 676 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Localization | 676 | ||
| Radiologic Features and Gross Pathology | 676 | ||
| Histopathology and Precaution | 676 | ||
| Histologic Variants and Grading | 677 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 677 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Studies | 679 | ||
| Genetics | 679 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 679 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 679 | ||
| References | 680 | ||
| Index | 681 | ||
| A | 681 | ||
| B | 682 | ||
| C | 683 | ||
| D | 685 | ||
| E | 687 | ||
| F | 688 | ||
| G | 690 | ||
| H | 692 | ||
| I | 693 | ||
| J | 694 | ||
| K | 694 | ||
| L | 694 | ||
| M | 694 | ||
| N | 698 | ||
| O | 700 | ||
| P | 700 | ||
| R | 704 | ||
| S | 704 | ||
| T | 706 | ||
| U | 706 | ||
| V | 706 | ||
| W | 708 | ||
| X | 708 | ||
| Y | 708 | ||
| Z | 708 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key ad | IBC1 |