Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Make sure you have the most up-to-date quality management information available! Quality Management in the Imaging Sciences, 6th Edition gives you complete access to both quality management and quality control information for all major imaging modalities. This edition includes a new chapter on digital imaging and quality control procedures for electronic image monitors and PACS, revisions to the mammography chapter, updated legislative content, and current ACR accreditation requirements. It also features step-by-step QM procedures complete with full-size evaluation forms and instructions on how to evaluate equipment and document results. The only text of its kind on the market, Papp’s is a great tool to help you prepare for the ARRT Advanced Level Examination in Quality Management.
- Special icon identifies federal standards throughout the text alert you to government regulations important to quality management.
- Includes QM for all imaging sciences including fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, sonography and mammography.
- Strong pedagogy aids in comprehension and includes learning objectives, chapter outline, key terms (with definitions in glossary), student experiments, and review questions at the end of each chapter.
- Step-by-step QM procedures offer instructions on how to evaluate equipment, and full-sized sample evaluation forms offer practice in documenting results.
- A practice exam on Evolve includes 200 randomizable practice exam questions for the ARRT advanced certification examination in QM, and includes answers with rationales.
- NEW! Revised Mammography chapter corresponds with new digital mammographic systems that have received FDA approval.
- NEW! Updated material includes new technologies, ACR accreditation, and quality management tools and procedures which reflect current practice guidelines and information.
- NEW! Chapter on image quality features material common to all imaging modalities.
- NEW! Additional material covers dose levels, dose reporting, and workflow.
- NEW! Expanded material highlights digital imaging and quality control procedures for electronic image monitors and PACS.
- NEW! Updated art and colors break up difficult-to-retain content.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | ES1 | ||
| QUALITY MANAGEMENT: IN THE IMAGING SCIENCES | i | ||
| QUALITY MANAGEMENT: IN THE IMAGING SCIENCES | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | vii | ||
| PREFACE | ix | ||
| NEW TO THE SIXTH EDITION | ix | ||
| INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES | ix | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | xi | ||
| CONTENTS | xiii | ||
| 1 - Introduction to Quality Management | 1 | ||
| STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT | 3 | ||
| HISTORY OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 3 | ||
| Governmental Action | 4 | ||
| The Joint Commission | 8 | ||
| Det Norske Veritas Healthcare | 8 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 8 | ||
| Quality Control | 9 | ||
| Continuous Quality Improvement | 9 | ||
| PROCESS IMPROVEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT | 10 | ||
| Key Quality Characteristics | 11 | ||
| Key Process Variables | 11 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF A QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 12 | ||
| ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES | 12 | ||
| Threshold of Acceptability | 13 | ||
| Communication Network | 13 | ||
| Patient Comfort | 13 | ||
| Personnel Performance | 13 | ||
| Record-Keeping System | 13 | ||
| Corrective Action | 13 | ||
| RISK MANAGEMENT | 13 | ||
| Risk Analysis | 14 | ||
| Policies and Procedures | 15 | ||
| RADIATION SAFETY PROGRAM | 15 | ||
| Patient Radiation Protection | 16 | ||
| Radiographic Examinations | 16 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Examinations | 17 | ||
| Visitor Protection | 19 | ||
| Personnel Protection | 20 | ||
| Time | 21 | ||
| Distance | 21 | ||
| Shielding | 21 | ||
| 2 - Quality Improvement Tools and Procedures | 23 | ||
| INFORMATION ANALYSIS | 24 | ||
| Terminology Used in Statistical Analysis | 24 | ||
| Population | 24 | ||
| Sample | 24 | ||
| Data Set | 24 | ||
| Frequency | 24 | ||
| Dependent Variables | 24 | ||
| Independent Variables | 24 | ||
| Continuous Variables | 24 | ||
| Dichotomous Variables | 24 | ||
| Central Tendency | 24 | ||
| Reliability | 25 | ||
| Accuracy | 25 | ||
| Bias | 25 | ||
| Error | 25 | ||
| Range | 25 | ||
| Standard Deviation | 25 | ||
| Variance | 26 | ||
| Gaussian Distribution | 26 | ||
| Poisson Distribution | 26 | ||
| Variation | 26 | ||
| Validity | 27 | ||
| Information Analysis Tools | 27 | ||
| Flowchart | 27 | ||
| Cause-and-Effect Diagram | 27 | ||
| Histogram | 27 | ||
| Pareto Chart | 28 | ||
| Scatter Plot | 29 | ||
| Trend Chart | 29 | ||
| Control Chart | 29 | ||
| QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PLANNING | 30 | ||
| Problem Identification and Analysis | 31 | ||
| Group Dynamics | 31 | ||
| Specific Quality Management Quality Improvement Processes | 33 | ||
| TJC 10-Step Process | 33 | ||
| TJC Cycle for Improving Performance | 36 | ||
| Other Quality Management/Quality Improvement Models | 38 | ||
| 3 - Image Quality | 43 | ||
| Image or Pixel Brightness | 44 | ||
| Quantity and Quality of Energy Reaching the Image Receptor | 44 | ||
| Software | 44 | ||
| Photometry | 45 | ||
| Illuminance | 45 | ||
| Luminance | 45 | ||
| Image Contrast | 46 | ||
| Subject Contrast | 46 | ||
| Inherent Contrast | 46 | ||
| Displayed Contrast | 46 | ||
| Contrast Resolution | 47 | ||
| Spatial Resolution | 48 | ||
| Computer Matrix | 49 | ||
| Display Monitor | 49 | ||
| Aperture Size, Detector Size, or Sampling Frequency | 50 | ||
| Measurement of Spatial Resolution | 50 | ||
| Point Spread Function | 51 | ||
| Line Spread Function | 51 | ||
| Edge Spread Function | 51 | ||
| Modulation Transfer Function | 51 | ||
| Contrast-Detail Curve | 52 | ||
| Detective Quantum Efficiency | 52 | ||
| Diagnostic Performance Measurement | 52 | ||
| Accuracy | 53 | ||
| Sensitivity | 53 | ||
| Specificity | 54 | ||
| Positive Predictive Value | 54 | ||
| Negative Predictive Value | 54 | ||
| Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve | 54 | ||
| 4 - Film/Screen Image Receptor Systems | 57 | ||
| DARKROOM FUNCTION | 58 | ||
| DARKROOM ENVIRONMENT | 59 | ||
| Darkroom Characteristics | 59 | ||
| Darkroom Lighting | 61 | ||
| Overhead Lighting | 61 | ||
| Safelight | 61 | ||
| Light and Leakage Testing | 62 | ||
| Safelight Testing | 62 | ||
| Leakage Testing and Processing Area Condition | 63 | ||
| Film and Chemical Storage | 64 | ||
| VIEWBOX QUALITY CONTROL | 64 | ||
| Viewbox Illuminators | 64 | ||
| Viewbox Quality Control Test | 64 | ||
| IMAGE DUPLICATING UNITS | 64 | ||
| FILM/SCREEN IMAGE RECEPTORS | 66 | ||
| Intensifying Screen Speed | 66 | ||
| Intensification Factor | 66 | ||
| Relative Speed Value | 66 | ||
| Name of Screen | 66 | ||
| Factors Affecting Screen Speed | 66 | ||
| Quality Control Testing of Screen Speed | 67 | ||
| Spectral Matching | 68 | ||
| Film/Screen Contact | 68 | ||
| Screen Condition | 69 | ||
| Automatic Film Processing | 69 | ||
| PROCESSING CHEMICALS | 70 | ||
| Developer | 70 | ||
| Developer Components | 70 | ||
| Developing or Reducing Agents | 70 | ||
| Developer Activity | 72 | ||
| Developer Mixing Procedure | 73 | ||
| Fixer | 74 | ||
| Fixer Ingredients | 74 | ||
| Fixer Mixing Procedure | 74 | ||
| Washing | 75 | ||
| Chemical Safety | 75 | ||
| AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR MAIN SYSTEMS | 79 | ||
| Transport System | 79 | ||
| Roller Subsystem | 80 | ||
| Transport Rack Subsystem | 80 | ||
| Drive Subsystem | 80 | ||
| Temperature Control System | 81 | ||
| Water-Controlled System | 81 | ||
| Thermostatically Controlled System | 81 | ||
| Circulation System | 81 | ||
| Replenishment System | 82 | ||
| Volume Replenishment | 83 | ||
| Flood Replenishment | 83 | ||
| Drying System | 83 | ||
| Electrical System | 83 | ||
| TYPES OF AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS | 84 | ||
| Processor Size | 84 | ||
| Floor-Size Processor | 84 | ||
| Intermediate-Size Processor | 84 | ||
| Tabletop-Size Processor | 84 | ||
| Processor Location | 84 | ||
| Totally Inside | 84 | ||
| Bulk Inside | 84 | ||
| Bulk Outside | 84 | ||
| Totally Outside | 84 | ||
| PROCESSOR QUALITY CONTROL | 84 | ||
| CHEMICAL ACTIVITY | 84 | ||
| Solution Temperature | 84 | ||
| Processing Time | 85 | ||
| Replenishment Rate | 85 | ||
| Solution pH | 86 | ||
| Specific Gravity and Proper Mixing | 86 | ||
| PROCESSOR CLEANING PROCEDURES | 86 | ||
| Daily | 86 | ||
| Monthly | 87 | ||
| Quarterly | 87 | ||
| Yearly | 87 | ||
| PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE | 87 | ||
| Scheduled Maintenance | 87 | ||
| Preventive Maintenance | 87 | ||
| Nonscheduled Maintenance | 87 | ||
| Suggested Scheduled Maintenance Procedures | 87 | ||
| Daily at Startup | 87 | ||
| Daily During Operation | 88 | ||
| Daily at Shutdown | 88 | ||
| Weekly | 88 | ||
| Monthly | 88 | ||
| Quarterly | 88 | ||
| Yearly | 88 | ||
| PROCESSOR MONITORING | 88 | ||
| Sensitometer | 88 | ||
| Densitometer | 89 | ||
| Control Chart | 90 | ||
| Quality Control Film | 92 | ||
| CHARACTERISTIC CURVE | 92 | ||
| PROCESSOR TROUBLESHOOTING | 92 | ||
| DAYLIGHT SYSTEMS | 92 | ||
| 5 - Quality Control of X-ray Generators and Ancillary Radiographic Equipment | 97 | ||
| X-RAY GENERATOR | 98 | ||
| Single-Phase Generator | 98 | ||
| Half-Wave Rectified | 98 | ||
| Full-Wave Rectified | 98 | ||
| Three-Phase Generator | 99 | ||
| Three-Phase, Six-Pulse Generators | 99 | ||
| Three-Phase, 12-Pulse Generators | 99 | ||
| High-Frequency Generator | 99 | ||
| Voltage Ripple | 100 | ||
| Power Ratings | 100 | ||
| CONTROL OR OPERATING CONSOLE | 100 | ||
| HIGH-VOLTAGE GENERATOR | 101 | ||
| X-RAY TUBE, TUBE ACCESSORIES, AND PATIENT SUPPORT ASSEMBLY | 101 | ||
| QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR RADIOGRAPHIC UNITS | 101 | ||
| VISUAL INSPECTION | 101 | ||
| Control Console | 101 | ||
| Overhead Tube Crane | 102 | ||
| Radiographic Table | 102 | ||
| Protective Lead Apparel | 102 | ||
| Miscellaneous Equipment | 102 | ||
| Environmental Inspection | 102 | ||
| Performance Testing | 103 | ||
| Radiation Measurement | 103 | ||
| Reproducibility of Exposure | 104 | ||
| Beam Quantity | 105 | ||
| Filtration Check | 105 | ||
| Kilovolt (Peak) Accuracy | 106 | ||
| VOLTAGE WAVEFORM | 107 | ||
| Timer Accuracy | 108 | ||
| Milliampere, Exposure Time, and mAs Linearity and Reciprocity | 109 | ||
| Focal Spot Size | 111 | ||
| Pinhole Camera | 111 | ||
| Focal Spot Test Tool | 112 | ||
| Resolution Chart | 112 | ||
| Beam Restriction System | 113 | ||
| Light Field–Radiation Field Alignment (Congruence) | 113 | ||
| Positive Beam Limitation Systems | 113 | ||
| X-ray Beam–Alignment | 115 | ||
| Perpendicularity | 115 | ||
| X-ray Beam–Bucky Tray Alignment or Central Ray Con gruency | 115 | ||
| Source-to-Image Distance and Tube Angulation Indicators | 116 | ||
| Overload Protection | 116 | ||
| X-ray Tube Heat Sensors | 117 | ||
| ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT | 117 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Control Systems | 117 | ||
| Detectors | 117 | ||
| Photodetectors | 117 | ||
| Ion Chambers | 118 | ||
| Solid-State Detectors | 118 | ||
| Comparator | 118 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Control Testing | 118 | ||
| Backup, or Maximum Exposure, Time/mAs | 118 | ||
| Minimum Exposure Time | 119 | ||
| Quality Control for Automatic Exposure Control | 119 | ||
| Reproducibility | 120 | ||
| Density or SNR Control Function | 120 | ||
| Reciprocity Law Failure | 121 | ||
| Conventional Tomographic Systems | 121 | ||
| Quality Control of Tomographic Systems | 122 | ||
| Section Uniformity and Beam Path | 123 | ||
| Patient Exposure | 124 | ||
| Grids | 124 | ||
| Grid Uniformity | 125 | ||
| Grid Alignment | 125 | ||
| Portable and Mobile X-ray Generators | 125 | ||
| Portable X-ray Generator | 125 | ||
| Mobile X-ray Generator | 126 | ||
| Cordless, or Battery-Powered, Mobile Units | 126 | ||
| High-Frequency Mobile Units | 126 | ||
| 6 - Radiographic Image Artifacts | 128 | ||
| REPEAT ANALYSIS | 129 | ||
| ADVANTAGES | 129 | ||
| Improved Department Efficiency | 129 | ||
| Lower Department Costs | 130 | ||
| Lower Patient Doses | 130 | ||
| CAUSAL REPEAT RATE | 130 | ||
| TOTAL REPEAT RATE | 131 | ||
| ARTIFACT ANALYSIS | 131 | ||
| Analog (Film/Screen) Radiography | 131 | ||
| Processing Artifacts | 131 | ||
| Emulsion Pickoff | 131 | ||
| Gelatin Buildup | 131 | ||
| Curtain Effect | 131 | ||
| Chemical Fog | 131 | ||
| Guide Shoe Marks | 132 | ||
| Pi Lines | 132 | ||
| Chatter | 132 | ||
| Dichroic Stain | 133 | ||
| Reticulation Marks | 133 | ||
| Streaking | 133 | ||
| Hesitation Marks | 133 | ||
| Water Spots | 133 | ||
| Wet-Pressure Sensitization | 133 | ||
| Hyporetention | 134 | ||
| Insufficient Optical Density | 134 | ||
| Excessive Optical Density | 134 | ||
| Exposure Artifacts | 134 | ||
| Motion | 134 | ||
| Patient Artifacts | 134 | ||
| Improper Optical Density | 134 | ||
| Improper Patient Position or Missing Anatomy of Interest | 135 | ||
| Quantum Mottle | 135 | ||
| Poor Film-to-Screen Contact | 135 | ||
| Double Exposure | 135 | ||
| Grid Artifacts | 135 | ||
| Grid Lines | 135 | ||
| Grid Cutoff | 135 | ||
| Moiré Effect | 135 | ||
| Handling and Storage Artifacts | 135 | ||
| Light Fog | 135 | ||
| Age Fog | 136 | ||
| Safelight Fog | 136 | ||
| Radiation Fog | 136 | ||
| Pressure Marks | 136 | ||
| Static | 136 | ||
| Tree Static | 137 | ||
| Crown Static | 137 | ||
| Smudge Static | 137 | ||
| Crescent or Crinkle Marks | 137 | ||
| Scratches | 137 | ||
| Cassette Marks | 137 | ||
| Computed Radiography (CR) Artifacts | 137 | ||
| IMAGE PLATE ARTIFACTS | 137 | ||
| Defects in the Imaging Plate | 137 | ||
| Phantom Image Artifact | 137 | ||
| Foreign Objects | 137 | ||
| Background Radiation | 137 | ||
| Backscatter Lines | 138 | ||
| Phosphor Wear | 138 | ||
| PLATE READER AND PROCESSING ARTIFACTS | 138 | ||
| Electronic Noise | 138 | ||
| Quantum Mottle | 138 | ||
| Increased Sensitivity to Scatter | 139 | ||
| Reader Malfunction | 139 | ||
| Excessive Equalization | 140 | ||
| Aliasing | 140 | ||
| OPERATOR ERROR ARTIFACTS | 140 | ||
| Heat Blur | 140 | ||
| Improper Image Brightness | 140 | ||
| Double Exposure | 141 | ||
| Improper Use of a CR Cassette | 141 | ||
| Digital Radiography (DR) Artifacts | 141 | ||
| Dropped Pixels | 141 | ||
| Quantum Mottle | 141 | ||
| Increased Sensitivity to Scatter | 141 | ||
| Electronic Interference | 141 | ||
| Tiling Artifact | 141 | ||
| Dirt or Foreign Matter | 141 | ||
| Printer Errors | 142 | ||
| 7 - Quality Control of Fluoroscopic Equipment | 145 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO FLUOROSCOPIC EQUIPMENT | 146 | ||
| Image Intensifiers | 146 | ||
| Components | 146 | ||
| Image Brightness | 147 | ||
| Multifield Image Intensifiers | 147 | ||
| Image Intensifier Artifacts | 147 | ||
| Image Monitoring Systems | 149 | ||
| Mirror Optics | 149 | ||
| Closed-Circuit Television Monitoring | 149 | ||
| Cinefluorography | 150 | ||
| Photofluorospot, or Spot Film, Camera | 150 | ||
| Film/Screen Spot Film Devices | 151 | ||
| Digital Image Recorders | 151 | ||
| QUALITY CONTROL OF FLUOROSCOPIC EQUIPMENT | 151 | ||
| Visual Inspection | 151 | ||
| Environmental Inspection | 153 | ||
| Performance Testing | 153 | ||
| Reproducibility of Exposure | 153 | ||
| Focal Spot Size | 153 | ||
| Filtration Check | 153 | ||
| Kilovolt (Peak) Accuracy | 154 | ||
| Voltage Waveform | 154 | ||
| Milliampere Linearity | 154 | ||
| X-ray Tube Heat Sensors | 155 | ||
| Grid Uniformity and Alignment | 155 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Rate Control | 155 | ||
| Automatic Gain Control | 155 | ||
| Maximum Entrance Exposure Rate | 155 | ||
| Standard Entrance Exposure Rates | 156 | ||
| High-Contrast Resolution | 157 | ||
| Low-Contrast Resolution | 157 | ||
| Source–Skin Distance | 158 | ||
| Distortion | 158 | ||
| Image Lag | 158 | ||
| Image Noise | 158 | ||
| Relative Conversion Factor | 159 | ||
| Veiling Glare, or Flare | 159 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Systems for Cardiac Catheterization and Interventional Procedures | 159 | ||
| Video Monitor Performance | 160 | ||
| 8 - Digital Radiographic and Fluoroscopic Systems and Advanced Imaging Equipment | 162 | ||
| DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEMS | 163 | ||
| Secondary Capture | 166 | ||
| Laser Scanning Digitizer | 166 | ||
| CCD Scanner | 167 | ||
| Computed Radiography | 167 | ||
| Advantages of CR Versus Film/Screen Radiography | 168 | ||
| Disadvantages of CR Versus Film/Screen Radiography | 169 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 170 | ||
| Indirect-Conversion or Scintillator DR System | 171 | ||
| Direct-Conversion or Photoconductor DR System | 172 | ||
| Comparison of CR With DR | 172 | ||
| Potential DR Image Problems | 173 | ||
| QC of Digital Radiographic Imaging Systems | 174 | ||
| Digital Fluoroscopy | 178 | ||
| Last Frame–Hold | 179 | ||
| Road Mapping | 179 | ||
| Digital Temporal Filtering | 179 | ||
| Image Enhancement | 179 | ||
| Image Restoration | 179 | ||
| Image Intensifier Tube Digital Fluoroscopy Systems | 179 | ||
| Flat-Panel Digital Fluoroscopy Systems | 179 | ||
| Continuous Fluoroscopy Mode | 180 | ||
| Pulsed Interlaced Scan Mode | 180 | ||
| Pulsed Progressive Scan Mode | 180 | ||
| Slow Scan Mode | 180 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiography | 180 | ||
| Temporal Mask Subtraction | 181 | ||
| Time-Interval Difference Subtraction | 181 | ||
| Dual-Energy Subtraction | 181 | ||
| QC of Digital Fluoroscopy Units | 181 | ||
| ELECTRONIC DISPLAY DEVICES | 182 | ||
| Cathode-Ray Tube Displays | 183 | ||
| Liquid Crystal Displays | 184 | ||
| Plasma Displays | 185 | ||
| QC of Electronic Display Devices | 185 | ||
| DIGITAL RECORDERS | 192 | ||
| QC of Digital Recorders | 192 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING INFORMATICS | 193 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL PROCEDURES EQUIPMENT | 201 | ||
| PRESSURE INJECTORS | 201 | ||
| BONE DENSITOMETRY SYSTEMS | 201 | ||
| Single-Photon Absorptiometry | 201 | ||
| Single-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | 202 | ||
| Dual-Photon Absorptiometry | 202 | ||
| Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | 202 | ||
| Quantitative Computed Tomography | 202 | ||
| Quantitative Ultrasound | 202 | ||
| Digital X-ray Radiogrammetry | 203 | ||
| QC of Bone Densitometry Equipment | 203 | ||
| 9 - MAMMOGRAPHIC QUALITY STANDARDS | 205 | ||
| X-ray Generator | 206 | ||
| X-ray Tube | 206 | ||
| X-ray Tube Window | 206 | ||
| Target Composition | 206 | ||
| Focal Spot Size | 208 | ||
| Source-to-Image Distance and Target Angle | 208 | ||
| Compression | 208 | ||
| Grids | 208 | ||
| Image Receptors | 209 | ||
| Film Processors | 210 | ||
| Magnification Mammography | 210 | ||
| Digital Mammography Systems | 210 | ||
| Stereotactic Localization | 211 | ||
| MAMMOGRAPHIC QUALITY ASSURANCE | 212 | ||
| MQSA and the Mammography Quality Standards Reauthorization Act | 212 | ||
| Quality Control Responsibilities | 213 | ||
| Radiologist (Interpreting Physician) | 213 | ||
| Medical Physicist | 213 | ||
| Film/Screen Systems | 213 | ||
| Digital Mammography Systems | 215 | ||
| Radiologic Technologist (Mammographer) | 218 | ||
| Film/Screen Systems | 218 | ||
| Daily Duties | 220 | ||
| Weekly Duties | 221 | ||
| Monthly Duties | 221 | ||
| Quarterly Duties | 221 | ||
| Semiannual Duties | 223 | ||
| Digital Mammography Systems | 225 | ||
| Inspection by the Food and Drug Administration | 230 | ||
| Equipment Performance | 231 | ||
| Records | 231 | ||
| Inspection Report | 237 | ||
| 10 - Quality Control in Computed Tomography | 249 | ||
| ACCEPTANCE TESTING | 250 | ||
| ROUTINE TESTING | 250 | ||
| ALIGNMENT LIGHT ACCURACY | 253 | ||
| Image Quality | 253 | ||
| High-Contrast (Spatial) Resolution | 253 | ||
| Low-Contrast Resolution | 254 | ||
| Image Uniformity | 255 | ||
| Noise | 255 | ||
| Computed Tomography Number Accuracy | 256 | ||
| Slice Thickness | 256 | ||
| Linearity | 257 | ||
| Patient Dose | 258 | ||
| American College of Radiology Computed Tomography Technologist’s Quality Control Testing Requirements | 258 | ||
| Water Computed Tomography Number and Standard Deviation (Noise) | 259 | ||
| Artifact Evaluation | 259 | ||
| Wet Laser Printer Quality Control | 259 | ||
| Visual Checklist | 262 | ||
| Hard-Copy Image Quality Control of Dry Laser Printers | 263 | ||
| Gray Level Performance of Computed Tomography Scanner Display Monitors | 263 | ||
| CT DEPARTMENT COMPLIANCE STANDARDS | 264 | ||
| 11 - Quality Control for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment | 266 | ||
| PHANTOMS | 267 | ||
| QC TESTING FREQUENCY | 267 | ||
| WEEKLY TESTS | 268 | ||
| Setup and Table Positioning Accuracy | 268 | ||
| Center (Resonance) Frequency | 269 | ||
| Transmit Gain (Attenuation) | 270 | ||
| GEOMETRIC ACCURACY (THREE AXES) | 270 | ||
| High-Contrast Resolution (Spatial Resolution) | 271 | ||
| Low-Contrast Resolution (Detectability) | 271 | ||
| Artifact Analysis | 273 | ||
| Hard-Copy Quality Control | 273 | ||
| Visual Checklist | 274 | ||
| ANNUAL TESTS | 274 | ||
| Magnetic Field Homogeneity | 274 | ||
| Slice Position Accuracy | 276 | ||
| Slice Thickness Accuracy | 279 | ||
| Radiofrequency Coil Checks | 279 | ||
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | 280 | ||
| Soft-Copy (Monitor) Quality Control | 282 | ||
| MR SAFETY PROGRAM ASSESSMENT | 282 | ||
| OPTIONAL TESTS | 282 | ||
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio Consistency | 282 | ||
| Magnetic Fringe Field | 282 | ||
| MRI DEPARTMENT COMPLIANCE STANDARDS | 284 | ||
| 12 - Ultrasound Equipment Quality Assurance | 286 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF AN ULTRASOUND QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM | 287 | ||
| Quality Assurance and Preventive Maintenance | 287 | ||
| Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms | 287 | ||
| Tissue Properties Represented in Phantoms | 287 | ||
| Typical Quality Assurance Phantom Design | 287 | ||
| Cautions About Phantom Desiccation | 288 | ||
| BASIC QUALITY CONTROL TESTS | 289 | ||
| Visual Inspection | 289 | ||
| Transducer Choice | 289 | ||
| System Sensitivity | 289 | ||
| Photography and Grayscale Hard Copy | 290 | ||
| Monitor Setup and Recording Devices | 291 | ||
| Routine Quality Assurance of Image Recording | 291 | ||
| Scan Image Uniformity | 292 | ||
| Distance Measurement Accuracy | 293 | ||
| Axial or Vertical Distance Measurements | 293 | ||
| Lateral or Horizontal Distance Measurements | 294 | ||
| Other Important Instrument Quality Assurance Tasks | 294 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION | 294 | ||
| SPATIAL RESOLUTION TESTS | 294 | ||
| Axial Resolution | 294 | ||
| Lateral Resolution | 294 | ||
| Elevational Resolution | 298 | ||
| Cautions About Resolution Tests With Discrete Targets | 298 | ||
| OTHER TEST OBJECTS AND PHANTOMS | 298 | ||
| Anechoic Voids | 298 | ||
| Objects of Various Echogenicity | 298 | ||
| Spherical Object Phantom | 299 | ||
| DOPPLER TESTING | 299 | ||
| String Test Objects | 299 | ||
| Doppler Flow Phantoms | 300 | ||
| ELECTRONIC PROBE TESTS | 301 | ||
| 13 - Quality Assurance in Nuclear Medicine | 305 | ||
| THE SCINTILLATION GAMMA CAMERA | 306 | ||
| QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR IMAGING EQUIPMENT | 308 | ||
| Energy Resolution and Photopeaking | 308 | ||
| Counting Rate Limits | 309 | ||
| Field Uniformity | 309 | ||
| Spatial Resolution and Spatial Linearity | 312 | ||
| Sensitivity | 313 | ||
| Multiple-Window Spatial Registration | 314 | ||
| QUALITY ASSURANCE OF SPECT CAMERAS | 314 | ||
| Uniformity Correction Flood | 315 | ||
| Center of Rotation | 316 | ||
| Pixel Size | 316 | ||
| SPECT Quality Control During and After Patient Procedures | 316 | ||
| POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY | 316 | ||
| POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEMS | 319 | ||
| QUALITY CONTROL OF NONIMAGING EQUIPMENT | 319 | ||
| Gas-Filled Detectors | 320 | ||
| Ion-Detecting Radiation Detectors | 320 | ||
| Geiger–Müller Meters | 321 | ||
| Dose Calibrator | 321 | ||
| Nonimaging Scintillation Detectors | 322 | ||
| QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE RADIOPHARMACY | 323 | ||
| Sealed Radioactive Source | 323 | ||
| Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99 Radionuclide Generator | 323 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 324 | ||
| Radiation Protection of Nuclear Medicine Personnel | 325 | ||
| Personnel Monitoring | 325 | ||
| Area Monitors | 325 | ||
| Radioactivity Signposting | 326 | ||
| Package Shipment, Receipt, and Opening | 326 | ||
| Infection and Radiation Exposure Control | 326 | ||
| Radiopharmaceutical Administration | 327 | ||
| NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENT COMPLIANCE STANDARDS | 327 | ||
| A - Agencies, Organizations, and Committees in Quality Assurance | 330 | ||
| Bibliography | 331 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 332 | ||
| INDEX | 338 | ||
| A | 338 | ||
| B | 339 | ||
| C | 339 | ||
| D | 340 | ||
| E | 341 | ||
| F | 342 | ||
| G | 342 | ||
| H | 343 | ||
| I | 343 | ||
| J | 344 | ||
| K | 344 | ||
| L | 344 | ||
| M | 344 | ||
| N | 345 | ||
| O | 346 | ||
| P | 346 | ||
| Q | 347 | ||
| R | 347 | ||
| S | 349 | ||
| T | 350 | ||
| U | 351 | ||
| V | 351 | ||
| W | 351 | ||
| X | 351 | ||
| Z | 351 |