BOOK
Infections in Children, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book
Jason G. Newland | Jennifer Schuster
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Guest Editors have compiled a comprehensive issue that addresses the current clinical diagnosis, treatment,and management of infections in children. Top authors in their field have written review articles on the following topics: Update on Varicella Zoster Virus in Children; Emerging Respiratory Viruses in Children; Bronchiolitis in Children; Antimicrobial resistance in pediatrics in Children; New updates in influenza vaccination in Children; Changing epidemiology of CAP in Children; Zika Virus in Children; Ebola Virus in Children; Infections in Children on biologics; New rapid diagnostics in Children; Infections in HSCT Children; Changing epidemiology of H. influenzae infections in Children; Norovirus in Children; PEP in children; Syphilis in Children; Encephalitis in Children; and Malaria in Children. Infectious disease physicians will have the most current and up-to-date best practice information in their field.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Infections in Children | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Old and New Infections of Childhood | vii | ||
| The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Children | vii | ||
| New Developments in Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Children | vii | ||
| Current Concepts in the Evaluation and Management of Bronchiolitis | vii | ||
| Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States: Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, ... | vii | ||
| Emerging Respiratory Viruses in Children | viii | ||
| Updates on Influenza Vaccination in Children | viii | ||
| Pediatric Considerations for Postexposure Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylaxis | viii | ||
| Norovirus Illnesses in Children and Adolescents | ix | ||
| Changing Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae in Children | ix | ||
| Syphilis in Children | ix | ||
| Encephalitis in US Children | ix | ||
| Fever in the Returning Traveler | x | ||
| Malaria in Children | x | ||
| Management of Ebola Virus Disease in Children | x | ||
| Zika Virus Infection in Children | x | ||
| Infections in Children on Biologics | xi | ||
| Overview of Infections Complicating Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation | xi | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\r | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
| June 2018 | xii | ||
| September 2018 | xii | ||
| December 2018 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| December 2017 | xii | ||
| September 2017 | xii | ||
| March 2017 | xii | ||
| Preface:\rOld and New Infections of Childhood | xiii | ||
| The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Children | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE | 1 | ||
| THE GENETICS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE | 2 | ||
| OVERVIEW ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA | 4 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 4 | ||
| Streptococcus pyogenes | 5 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 6 | ||
| Enterococcus Species | 6 | ||
| NOTABLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN ATYPICAL ORGANISMS | 6 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 6 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA | 7 | ||
| Fluoroquinolone Resistance | 7 | ||
| β-Lactam Resistance | 7 | ||
| THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI, BY ORGANISM | 9 | ||
| Acinetobacter Species | 9 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 | ||
| ENTEROBACTERIACEAE | 10 | ||
| Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae | 10 | ||
| AmpC Cephalosporinase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae | 10 | ||
| Carbapenem Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae | 10 | ||
| Controlling the Spread of Carbapenem Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Pediatric Healthcare Settings | 11 | ||
| EMERGING THREATS | 12 | ||
| Colistin Resistance | 12 | ||
| SUMMARY | 12 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 13 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| New Developments in Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Children | 19 | ||
| Key points | 19 | ||
| RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS | 20 | ||
| RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR RESPIRATORY VIRUSES | 21 | ||
| SYNDROMIC MULTIPLEX RESPIRATORY PANELS | 23 | ||
| DETECTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOGENS | 26 | ||
| RAPID DETECTION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS | 29 | ||
| DETECTION OF KINGELLA KINGAE FROM SEPTIC JOINTS | 31 | ||
| SUMMARY | 31 | ||
| REFERENCES | 31 | ||
| Current Concepts in the Evaluation and Management of Bronchiolitis | 35 | ||
| Key points | 35 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 35 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 36 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 37 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 37 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 38 | ||
| Determining Disposition | 38 | ||
| Supportive Care | 38 | ||
| Suctioning | 38 | ||
| Oxygen therapy and pulse oximetry monitoring | 38 | ||
| Minimally invasive positive pressure ventilation | 39 | ||
| Hydration therapy | 40 | ||
| Recommendations Regarding Specific Therapies | 40 | ||
| Nebulized hypertonic saline | 40 | ||
| Albuterol | 40 | ||
| Epinephrine | 40 | ||
| Systemic corticosteroids | 40 | ||
| Antibiotics | 40 | ||
| Chest physiotherapy | 41 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 41 | ||
| PREVENTION | 41 | ||
| Palivizumab | 41 | ||
| Other Preventive Measures and Counseling | 42 | ||
| SUMMARY | 42 | ||
| REFERENCES | 43 | ||
| Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 48 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 48 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 49 | ||
| Pneumonia Etiology Prior to Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine | 50 | ||
| Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines | 50 | ||
| Pneumonia Etiology in the Post–Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era | 50 | ||
| Uncommon Causes of Community-acquired Pneumonia | 51 | ||
| CHALLENGES AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH | 51 | ||
| Bacterial Diagnostics | 51 | ||
| Blood cultures | 51 | ||
| Cultures of the lower respiratory tract | 53 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 53 | ||
| Bacterial diagnostics | 53 | ||
| Viral diagnostics | 54 | ||
| Acute-Phase Reactants and Biomarkers | 55 | ||
| Prediction of Outcomes | 55 | ||
| TREATMENT | 56 | ||
| SUMMARY | 57 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 57 | ||
| REFERENCES | 58 | ||
| Emerging Respiratory Viruses in Children | 65 | ||
| Key points | 65 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 65 | ||
| NOVEL INFLUENZA A | 65 | ||
| Background | 65 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 66 | ||
| Diagnosis | 67 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 67 | ||
| INFLUENZA C | 67 | ||
| Background | 67 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 68 | ||
| Diagnosis | 68 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 68 | ||
| MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS | 68 | ||
| Background | 68 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 69 | ||
| Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 69 | ||
| RHINOVIRUS C | 69 | ||
| Background | 69 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 70 | ||
| Diagnosis | 70 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 70 | ||
| SUMMARY | 70 | ||
| REFERENCES | 71 | ||
| Updates on Influenza Vaccination in Children | 75 | ||
| Key points | 75 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 75 | ||
| HISTORY OF INFLUENZA VACCINES AND VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS IN CHILDREN | 76 | ||
| INFLUENZA VACCINE IMMUNOGENICITY, EFFICACY, AND EFFECTIVENESS IN CHILDREN | 77 | ||
| UPDATES IN PEDIATRIC INFLUENZA VACCINES AND INFLUENZA VACCINATION | 79 | ||
| Influenza Vaccines Licensed for Children | 79 | ||
| Quadrivalent versus Trivalent Influenza Vaccines | 79 | ||
| Dose Volume for Children 6 Through 35 Months of Age | 80 | ||
| Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine | 80 | ||
| Influenza Vaccination for Children with Egg Allergy | 81 | ||
| INFLUENZA VACCINE SAFETY IN CHILDREN | 81 | ||
| Inactivated Influenza Vaccines | 81 | ||
| Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccines | 82 | ||
| FUTURE OF INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR CHILDREN | 82 | ||
| ANTIVIRALS AS AN IMPORTANT ADJUNCT TO INFLUENZA VACCINATION | 83 | ||
| SUMMARY | 83 | ||
| REFERENCES | 84 | ||
| Pediatric Considerations for Postexposure Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylaxis | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 91 | ||
| EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 2016 NONOCCUPATIONAL POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS GUIDELINES | 92 | ||
| Data Supporting the Use of a 28-Day Course | 92 | ||
| Starting Nonoccupational Postexposure Prophylaxis Within 72 Hours of Exposure | 93 | ||
| Which Exposures Constitute a Substantial (or Serious) Risk for Transmission? | 94 | ||
| Specific Recommendations for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing of Individuals Being Considered for Nonoccupational Poste ... | 95 | ||
| Recommendations for Additional Treatment, Testing, Counseling | 95 | ||
| Recommendations for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis | 95 | ||
| Efficacy of Current First-Line Regimens | 96 | ||
| SPECIAL SITUATIONS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS | 97 | ||
| Choice of Antiretroviral Regimens for Nonoccupational Postexposure Prophylaxis | 97 | ||
| Adherence to Nonoccupational Postexposure Prophylaxis and Follow-up in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults | 97 | ||
| LOOKING AHEAD: ARE THERE DEVELOPMENTS THAT MIGHT INFLUENCE NONOCCUPATIONAL POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS RECOMMENDATIONS? | 98 | ||
| SUMMARY | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 99 | ||
| Norovirus Illnesses in Children and Adolescents | 103 | ||
| Key points | 103 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 103 | ||
| NOROVIRUS VIROLOGY | 104 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DISEASE COURSE | 104 | ||
| Severity of Norovirus Illness in Children | 104 | ||
| Norovirus in Immunocompromised Children | 104 | ||
| NOROVIRUS TRANSMISSION | 105 | ||
| IMMUNITY | 105 | ||
| NOROVIRUS DIAGNOSIS | 105 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT | 107 | ||
| NOROVIRUS EPIDEMIOLOGY: ENDEMIC DISEASE | 108 | ||
| EPIDEMIC NOROVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS | 108 | ||
| Foodborne Disease Outbreaks | 109 | ||
| Outbreak Prevention and Control | 109 | ||
| PROSPECTS FOR VACCINATION AGAINST NOROVIRUS | 109 | ||
| SUMMARY | 112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| Changing Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae in Children | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| MICROBIOLOGY | 120 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 120 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 121 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae Type B | 121 | ||
| Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae | 122 | ||
| Non–Type B Haemophilus influenzae | 123 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 123 | ||
| TREATMENT | 124 | ||
| PREVENTION | 125 | ||
| Vaccination | 125 | ||
| High-Risk Groups | 125 | ||
| Postexposure Prophylaxis | 126 | ||
| SUMMARY | 126 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Syphilis in Children | 129 | ||
| Key points | 129 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 129 | ||
| ACQUIRED SYPHILIS | 130 | ||
| Epidemiology | 130 | ||
| Clinical Disease | 130 | ||
| Diagnosis | 130 | ||
| Treatment | 132 | ||
| CONGENITAL SYPHILIS | 135 | ||
| Epidemiology | 135 | ||
| Clinical Disease | 135 | ||
| Maternal Testing | 137 | ||
| Infant Testing | 137 | ||
| Treatment | 140 | ||
| Follow-up | 140 | ||
| Congenital Syphilis in Older Infants and Children | 141 | ||
| SUMMARY | 141 | ||
| REFERENCES | 141 | ||
| Encephalitis in US Children | 145 | ||
| Key points | 145 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 145 | ||
| CASE DEFINITION | 146 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 146 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 147 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 148 | ||
| Overview of Etiologies | 148 | ||
| Confirming the Syndromic Diagnosis | 148 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus | 149 | ||
| Enterovirus | 149 | ||
| Human parechovirus | 149 | ||
| Arboviruses25 | 149 | ||
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | 150 | ||
| Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis | 150 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Identifying an Etiology | 152 | ||
| Tier 1a: Testing for Common and Treatable Etiologies | 152 | ||
| Tier 1b: Selected Testing for Etiologies More Likely Based on Risk Factors | 152 | ||
| Host factors | 154 | ||
| Epidemiologic factors | 154 | ||
| Exposures | 155 | ||
| Findings on physical examination | 155 | ||
| Findings on diagnostic studies | 155 | ||
| Tier 2: Broader, More Invasive Testing | 156 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC APPROACH | 156 | ||
| PREVENTION | 157 | ||
| DISEASE COURSE, PROGNOSIS, AND OUTCOMES | 158 | ||
| REFERENCES | 158 | ||
| Fever in the Returning Traveler | 163 | ||
| Key points | 163 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 163 | ||
| GENERAL APPROACH | 164 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT | 164 | ||
| Fever | 164 | ||
| Malaria | 167 | ||
| Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) | 167 | ||
| Dengue fever | 168 | ||
| Other causes of fever | 168 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Symptoms | 169 | ||
| Respiratory Symptoms | 169 | ||
| Urinary Symptoms | 169 | ||
| Dermatologic Symptoms | 185 | ||
| SUMMARY | 185 | ||
| REFERENCES | 185 | ||
| Malaria in Children | 189 | ||
| Key points | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE PATHOGEN | 190 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 190 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF MALARIA | 191 | ||
| MALARIA PREVENTION FOR TRAVELERS: AWARENESS AND BITES | 193 | ||
| MALARIA PREVENTION FOR TRAVELERS: CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS | 193 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA INFECTION | 195 | ||
| TREATMENT OF MALARIA INFECTION | 195 | ||
| Summary | 197 | ||
| REFERENCES | 198 | ||
| Management of Ebola Virus Disease in Children | 201 | ||
| Key points | 201 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 201 | ||
| ROUTES OF INFECTION | 202 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF CARE | 202 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND ISOLATION CRITERIA | 202 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC CRITERIA | 203 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL CARE | 203 | ||
| INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT | 203 | ||
| FLUID RESUSCITATION | 204 | ||
| Oral Rehydration | 205 | ||
| Parenteral Rehydration | 206 | ||
| ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENTATION | 207 | ||
| Potassium | 207 | ||
| Magnesium | 207 | ||
| Zinc | 207 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY | 207 | ||
| Empiric Antibacterials | 207 | ||
| Empiric Antimalarials | 208 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT | 208 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL THERAPIES | 209 | ||
| DISCHARGE | 209 | ||
| SUMMARY | 210 | ||
| REFERENCES | 210 | ||
| Zika Virus Infection in Children | 215 | ||
| Key points | 215 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 215 | ||
| TRANSMISSION | 216 | ||
| Arthropod Vectors | 216 | ||
| Sexual Transmission | 217 | ||
| Other Modes of Transmission | 217 | ||
| Vertical Transmission | 217 | ||
| Transfusion-Associated Transmission | 217 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 218 | ||
| Congenital Infection | 218 | ||
| Postnatal Infection in Children Younger than 18 Years | 219 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 219 | ||
| Congenital Infection | 219 | ||
| Postnatal Infection in Children Younger Than 18 Years | 220 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 220 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 220 | ||
| PREVENTION | 220 | ||
| SUMMARY | 221 | ||
| REFERENCES | 221 | ||
| Infections in Children on Biologics | 225 | ||
| Key points | 225 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 225 | ||
| BIOLOGIC TARGETS AND ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS | 226 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors | 226 | ||
| Interleukin Inhibitors | 229 | ||
| Interleukin-1 inhibitors | 229 | ||
| Interleukin-6 inhibitors | 229 | ||
| Interleukin-2 inhibitors | 230 | ||
| Interleukins 12, 17, and 23 | 230 | ||
| Noninterleukin Targets | 230 | ||
| SUMMARY | 232 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 232 | ||
| Overview of Infections Complicating Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation | 237 | ||
| Key points | 237 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 237 | ||
| THE RISK FOR INFECTION IN CHILDREN AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION | 237 | ||
| INFECTIONS BEFORE HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION | 239 | ||
| TIMING OF INFECTION AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION | 242 | ||
| INFECTIONS OCCURRING BEFORE NEUTROPHIL ENGRAFTMENT | 242 | ||
| INFECTIONS OCCURRING AFTER NEUTROPHIL ENGRAFTMENT | 244 | ||
| INFECTIONS OCCURRING LATE AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION | 246 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 247 | ||
| SUMMARY | 247 | ||
| REFERENCES | 247 |