BOOK
Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology E-Book
David Maggs | Paul Miller | Ron Ofri
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn to recognize, diagnose, and manage a wide range of common ocular conditions with Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6th Edition. This thoroughly updated text provides the latest, most practical information on structure and function of the eye, the ophthalmic examination and diagnostic techniques, medical and surgical management of ocular disease, and management of ocular emergencies. Enhanced and logically organized coverage includes dogs, cats, horses, livestock, birds, and exotic pets. In addition, over 1,000 color photos and illustrations accurately depict ocular conditions encountered in practice and demonstrate diagnostic and surgical techniques. Edited by three of the most revered authorities in the field of veterinary ophthalmology, this reference is an essential aid to successful veterinary practice and education.
- Clinical Tips boxes such as "The Controversy Remains", "Did You Know?", "Look Again", and "Note" offer helpful practice advice and facts.
- UPDATED Additional species added to the exotics chapter include birds, small mammals, and others.
- A team of internationally respected veterinary ophthalmologists provide comprehensive, clinical expertise in all areas needed to evaluate, diagnose, manage, and monitor a patient with ophthalmic disease.
- Practical, clinically focused coverage provides a one-stop diagnostic guide to ophthalmic disease in small and large animals including dogs, cats, horses, livestock (cows, sheep, goats), birds, and exotic pets.
- Chapters on equine, livestock, and exotic pet ophthalmology written by specialists in these fields for the most clinically relevant coverage.
- NEW! Chapter on ophthalmic surgical techniques describes instrument and suture choice, patient positioning, surgical preparation, and general techniques.
- NEW! Additional drawings depict ophthalmic surgeries.
- NEW! In-depth equine and livestock ophthalmology content
- NEW! Suggested reading lists included at the end of each chapter.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | v | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| 1 The Eye and Vision | 1 | ||
| Evolution of the Eye | 1 | ||
| Development of the Eye | 1 | ||
| Basic Anatomy of the Eye | 2 | ||
| Fundamentals of Vision | 4 | ||
| Luminance | 4 | ||
| Motion | 6 | ||
| Depth Perception | 7 | ||
| Texture (Visual Acuity) | 8 | ||
| Optical Factors in Visual Acuity | 9 | ||
| Retinal Factors in Visual Acuity | 12 | ||
| Estimates of Visual Acuity | 13 | ||
| Color Vision | 14 | ||
| Central Visual Pathways | 16 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 16 | ||
| 2 The Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Testing | 18 | ||
| Collecting a Complete Ophthalmic History | 18 | ||
| The Ophthalmic Examination Procedure | 19 | ||
| Assessment From a Distance, Retropulsion, and Behavioral Visual Testing | 21 | ||
| Neuroophthalmic Testing | 21 | ||
| Menace Response | 22 | ||
| Palpebral Reflex | 22 | ||
| Oculocephalic Reflexes | 22 | ||
| Assessment of Pupil Symmetry Using Retroillumination | 23 | ||
| Pupillary Light Reflexes | 23 | ||
| The Swinging Flashlight Test | 24 | ||
| Dazzle Reflex | 24 | ||
| Examination of the Anterior Segment | 24 | ||
| Eyelids | 27 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 27 | ||
| Third Eyelid | 27 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Apparatus | 28 | ||
| Sclera | 28 | ||
| Clinical Differentiation of Episcleral and Conjunctival Hyperemia (or “Injection”) | 29 | ||
| Cornea | 30 | ||
| Anterior Chamber | 30 | ||
| Iris and Pupil | 31 | ||
| Lens | 31 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopy | 32 | ||
| Indirect Ophthalmoscopy | 33 | ||
| Direct Ophthalmoscopy | 34 | ||
| Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy | 35 | ||
| Examination of the Posterior Segment | 35 | ||
| Vitreous | 35 | ||
| The Fundus | 35 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Testing | 36 | ||
| Three Essential Tests in Most Ophthalmic Patients | 36 | ||
| Tear Film Testing | 36 | ||
| Assessment of Basal and Reflex Aqueous Tear Production (STT-1) | 37 | ||
| Assessment of Basal Aqueous Tear Production (STT-2 and the Phenol Red Thread Test) | 37 | ||
| Assessment of Tear Film Stability | 37 | ||
| Tonometry | 38 | ||
| Indentation Tonometry | 38 | ||
| Applanation Tonometry | 39 | ||
| Rebound Tonometry | 39 | ||
| Normal Intraocular Pressure | 40 | ||
| Application of Ocular Stains (Fluorescein, Rose Bengal, and Lissamine Green) | 40 | ||
| Fluorescein | 40 | ||
| Rose Bengal and Lissamine Green | 42 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Testing in General Practice | 43 | ||
| Ocular Surface Sampling | 43 | ||
| Cytologic Samples | 43 | ||
| Microbiological Samples | 44 | ||
| Assessment of the Nasolacrimal Apparatus (Jones Test and Nasolacrimal Flushing) | 44 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 46 | ||
| Radiography | 47 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Testing Typically Done in Specialty Practice | 47 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 47 | ||
| Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials | 47 | ||
| Retinoscopy | 48 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 48 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 49 | ||
| Ophthalmic Examination Techniques | 49 | ||
| Tear Testing | 49 | ||
| Tonometry | 50 | ||
| Ocular Surface Sampling | 50 | ||
| Retinoscopy | 50 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 50 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Techniques | 50 | ||
| 3 Ophthalmic Medications and Therapeutics | 51 | ||
| Routes of Ocular Drug Administration | 51 | ||
| Topical Formulations | 52 | ||
| Solutions, Suspensions, and Gels (“Eye Drops”) | 54 | ||
| Ointments | 54 | ||
| Subconjunctival, Sub-Tenon’s, Peribulbar, and Retrobulbar Injections | 55 | ||
| Systemic Drug Administration | 56 | ||
| Antibacterial Drugs | 57 | ||
| Selection and Administration of Antibiotics | 57 | ||
| Penicillins | 58 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 59 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 60 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 60 | ||
| Neomycin | 60 | ||
| Gentamicin and Tobramycin | 60 | ||
| Amikacin | 61 | ||
| Cyclic Polypeptides | 61 | ||
| Bacitracin | 61 | ||
| Polymyxin B | 61 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 61 | ||
| Azithromycin | 61 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 62 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 62 | ||
| Enrofloxacin, Orbifloxacin, and Pradofloxacin | 62 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and Others | 62 | ||
| Fusidic Acid | 63 | ||
| Antifungal Drugs | 63 | ||
| Natamycin | 63 | ||
| Azoles | 63 | ||
| Amphotericin B | 64 | ||
| Antiviral Drugs | 64 | ||
| Idoxuridine | 64 | ||
| Ganciclovir | 65 | ||
| Penciclovir and Famciclovir | 65 | ||
| Trifluridine (Trifluorothymidine) | 65 | ||
| Cidofovir | 66 | ||
| Vidarabine | 66 | ||
| Acyclovir and Valacyclovir | 66 | ||
| Lysine | 67 | ||
| Interferons | 67 | ||
| Antiparasitic Agents | 67 | ||
| Intraocular Inflammation and Mechanisms of Action of Antiinflammatory Agents | 67 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 68 | ||
| Indications for Corticosteroid Use | 68 | ||
| Ophthalmic Corticosteroids | 69 | ||
| Cautions and Contraindications With Corticosteroid Use | 69 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 70 | ||
| Indications for NSAID Use | 71 | ||
| Ophthalmic NSAIDs | 71 | ||
| Cautions and Contraindications With NSAID Use | 71 | ||
| Mast Cell Stabilizers and Antihistamines | 72 | ||
| 4 Principles of Ophthalmic Surgery | 89 | ||
| Introduction | 89 | ||
| Instruments, Suture Materials, and Sutures | 89 | ||
| Basic Instruments for Extraocular Procedures | 91 | ||
| Instruments for Handling of 7/0 Suture and Smaller | 93 | ||
| Instrument and Suture Handling for Ophthalmic Surgeries | 95 | ||
| Additional Supplies for Ophthalmic Surgeries | 96 | ||
| Anesthesia of the Ophthalmic Patient | 97 | ||
| Preparation of the Surgical Site for Ophthalmic Surgeries | 97 | ||
| Positioning for Ophthalmic Surgeries | 98 | ||
| Surgical Exposure for Ophthalmic Surgeries | 99 | ||
| General Principles During Surgery | 99 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 100 | ||
| Postoperative Corneal Protection | 100 | ||
| General Postoperative Management and Recovery of the Ophthalmic Patient | 100 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 100 | ||
| 5 Diseases of the Orbit | 101 | ||
| Embryology | 101 | ||
| Anatomy | 101 | ||
| Orbital Bones | 101 | ||
| Extraocular Muscles | 102 | ||
| Lacrimal Gland, Base of Third Eyelid, and Ventral Orbital Fat Pad | 103 | ||
| Orbital Blood Vessels | 103 | ||
| Orbital Nerves | 104 | ||
| Orbital Fascia | 104 | ||
| Structures Surrounding the Orbit | 105 | ||
| Pathological Mechanisms | 107 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 107 | ||
| Enophthalmos | 109 | ||
| Strabismus | 109 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 109 | ||
| History | 109 | ||
| Physical Examination | 109 | ||
| Hematology and Serum Biochemistry | 110 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 110 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 110 | ||
| Radiography | 111 | ||
| Advanced Imaging Techniques | 111 | ||
| Fine-Needle Aspiration, Biopsy, and Orbitotomy | 112 | ||
| Orbital Diseases | 112 | ||
| Orbital Cellulitis, Abscessation, and Foreign Body | 113 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 114 | ||
| Workup and treatment. | 114 | ||
| Cystic Orbital and Periocular Lesions | 115 | ||
| Zygomatic Mucocele | 115 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 115 | ||
| Treatment. | 115 | ||
| Neoplasia | 116 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 116 | ||
| Treatment. | 117 | ||
| Feline Restrictive Orbital Myofibroblastic Sarcoma | 118 | ||
| Periorbital Fractures | 119 | ||
| Treatment. | 119 | ||
| Orbital Emphysema | 119 | ||
| Masticatory Muscle Myositis | 120 | ||
| Extraocular Muscle Myositis | 120 | ||
| Proptosis of the Globe | 120 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 120 | ||
| Enucleation | 120 | ||
| Indications. | 120 | ||
| Lateral Subconjunctival Enucleation Technique | 122 | ||
| Insertion of an Intraorbital Prosthesis | 122 | ||
| Transpalpebral Enucleation–Exenteration Technique | 122 | ||
| Exenteration | 124 | ||
| Ocular Prostheses | 124 | ||
| Intrascleral Prosthesis | 124 | ||
| Systemic Causes of Orbital Disease in the Dog and Cat | 124 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 125 | ||
| 6 Diseases of the Eyelids | 127 | ||
| Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology | 127 | ||
| Eyelid Opening and Closing | 128 | ||
| General Pathologic Responses | 129 | ||
| Premature or Delayed Opening of the Eyelids in Neonates | 129 | ||
| Eyelid Agenesis (Coloboma) | 131 | ||
| Prominent Nasal Skin Folds | 131 | ||
| Disorders of the Cilia | 132 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Cilia Disorders | 133 | ||
| Treatment of Distichiasis | 134 | ||
| Cryoepilation | 134 | ||
| Electroepilation | 135 | ||
| Treatment of Ectopic Cilia | 135 | ||
| Treatment of Trichiasis | 136 | ||
| Entropion | 136 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Entropion | 137 | ||
| Treatment of Entropion | 137 | ||
| Temporary “Tacking” Techniques | 138 | ||
| Wedge Resection | 139 | ||
| Hotz-Celsus Procedure | 139 | ||
| Combined Hotz-Celsus and Lateral Wedge Resection | 140 | ||
| Lateral Arrowhead Procedure and Tenotomy for Lateral Entropion | 140 | ||
| Medial Canthoplasty for Lower Medial Entropion and Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome | 141 | ||
| Upper Eyelid Entropion | 142 | ||
| Ectropion | 142 | ||
| Treatment of Ectropion | 143 | ||
| Wedge Resection | 143 | ||
| “V-to-Y” Blepharoplasty | 143 | ||
| Eyelid Injuries | 143 | ||
| Treatment of Eyelid Injuries | 144 | ||
| Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Meibomian and Other Eyelid Glands | 144 | ||
| Chalazia | 144 | ||
| Hordeolum and Meibomian Adenitis | 145 | ||
| Eyelid Neoplasia | 146 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 148 | ||
| Meibomian Adenoma | 149 | ||
| Feline Multiple Apocrine Hidrocystoma | 149 | ||
| Viral Papillomatosis | 149 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors | 149 | ||
| Histiocytoma | 150 | ||
| Histiocytosis | 150 | ||
| Skin Diseases Affecting the Eyelids | 150 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Periocular Alopecia as the Major Clinical Sign | 151 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Erythema, Scales, and Crusts as the Major Clinical Sign | 152 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Periocular Pruritus as the Major Clinical Sign | 153 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Eyelid Margin Hyperpigmentation as the Major Clinical Sign | 154 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Eyelid Margin Depigmentation as the Major Clinical Sign | 154 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Eyelid Margin Erosion or Ulceration as the Major Clinical Sign | 155 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Blepharitis as the Major Clinical Sign | 155 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Periocular Papules as the Major Clinical Sign | 155 | ||
| Skin Disease Presenting With Solitary Nodules as the Major Clinical Sign | 156 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 156 | ||
| Disorders of the Cilia and Meibomian Glands | 156 | ||
| Entropion/Ectropion | 156 | ||
| Eyelid Neoplasia | 157 | ||
| Skin Diseases Affecting the Eyelids | 157 | ||
| 7 Diseases of the Conjunctiva | 158 | ||
| Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology | 158 | ||
| Conjunctival Wound Healing | 159 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Conjunctival Disease | 159 | ||
| Conjunctival Hyperemia | 160 | ||
| Chemosis (Conjunctival Edema) | 160 | ||
| Ocular Discharge | 160 | ||
| Conjunctival Ulceration | 160 | ||
| Conjunctival Swelling, Thickening, or Mass Formation | 160 | ||
| Pruritus | 161 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 162 | ||
| Classification | 162 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 162 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 162 | ||
| Bacterial Culturing | 162 | ||
| Conjunctival Scrapings | 163 | ||
| Conjunctival Biopsy | 163 | ||
| General Treatment Considerations for Conjunctivitis | 163 | ||
| Antibiotics | 164 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 165 | ||
| Cleansing Agents and Warm-Packing | 165 | ||
| Topical Mast Cell Stabilizers and Antihistamines | 165 | ||
| Vasoconstrictive Agents | 165 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 165 | ||
| Chlamydial Conjunctivitis | 165 | ||
| Treatment | 166 | ||
| Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis | 166 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 166 | ||
| Feline Viral Conjunctivitis | 166 | ||
| Diagnostic testing. | 168 | ||
| Treatment of herpetic disease in cats. | 168 | ||
| Canine Viral Conjunctivitis | 171 | ||
| Treatment of herpetic disease in dogs. | 172 | ||
| Mycotic Conjunctivitis | 172 | ||
| Parasitic Conjunctivitis | 172 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 172 | ||
| Onchocerciasis | 172 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Conjunctivitis | 173 | ||
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | 173 | ||
| Treatment. | 173 | ||
| Feline Epitheliotropic Mastocytic Conjunctivitis | 173 | ||
| Other Conjunctival Disorders | 174 | ||
| Drug Plaques | 174 | ||
| Conjunctival Lacerations | 174 | ||
| Ligneous Conjunctivitis | 174 | ||
| Lipogranulomatous Conjunctivitis | 174 | ||
| Conjunctival Neoplasia | 175 | ||
| Conjunctival Dermoid | 175 | ||
| Canine Conjunctival Papillomatosis | 175 | ||
| Canine Mast Cell Tumors | 175 | ||
| Canine and Feline Conjunctival Vascular Tumors | 175 | ||
| Canine and Feline Melanocytic Tumors | 176 | ||
| Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumors | 176 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 176 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 176 | ||
| Chlamydia and Mycoplasma | 176 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis and Antiviral Drugs | 177 | ||
| Lysine and the Interferons | 177 | ||
| Parasitic Conjunctivitis | 177 | ||
| Other Conjunctivitides | 177 | ||
| Conjunctival Neoplasia | 177 | ||
| 8 Diseases of the Third Eyelid | 178 | ||
| Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology | 178 | ||
| Placement of Third Eyelid Flaps | 179 | ||
| Examination of the Third Eyelid | 179 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Third Eyelid Disease | 179 | ||
| Structural Abnormalities of the Third Eyelid | 180 | ||
| Lack of Pigment on the Leading Edge of the Third Eyelid | 180 | ||
| Scrolling of the Third Eyelid | 180 | ||
| Treatment | 180 | ||
| Hyperplastic Lymphoid Follicles on the Bulbar Surface of the Third Eyelid | 180 | ||
| Prolapse of the Gland of the Third Eyelid (“Cherry Eye”) | 181 | ||
| Treatment | 182 | ||
| Complications Following Third Eyelid Gland Replacement | 182 | ||
| Neoplasms Affecting the Third Eyelid | 183 | ||
| Trauma to the Third Eyelid | 183 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders of the Third Eyelid | 184 | ||
| Foreign Bodies and Parasites Under the Third Eyelid | 184 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 185 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 185 | ||
| Scrolled and Everted Third Eyelid Cartilage | 185 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders of the Third Eyelid | 185 | ||
| Neoplasia of the Third Eyelid | 185 | ||
| Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid | 185 | ||
| Other Third Eyelid Surgeries | 185 | ||
| 9 Diseases of the Lacrimal System | 186 | ||
| Introduction | 186 | ||
| Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Examination | 186 | ||
| Embryology | 186 | ||
| Anatomy | 187 | ||
| Physiology | 188 | ||
| Tear Film | 188 | ||
| The lipid layer. | 189 | ||
| The aqueous–mucin layer. | 189 | ||
| Blinking, Evaporation, and Nasolacrimal Drainage | 189 | ||
| Tear Film Examination Methods | 190 | ||
| Disorders of the Lacrimal Secretory System | 191 | ||
| Quantitative Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 191 | ||
| Etiology | 191 | ||
| Congenital keratoconjunctivitis sicca. | 191 | ||
| Autoimmune keratoconjunctivitis sicca. | 192 | ||
| Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca. | 192 | ||
| Endocrinologic diseases. | 192 | ||
| Systemic infectious diseases. | 192 | ||
| Toxic or drug-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca. | 192 | ||
| Other causes of secondary keratoconjunctivitis sicca. | 193 | ||
| Clinical Features | 193 | ||
| Mucoid or mucopurulent ocular discharge. | 193 | ||
| Blepharospasm. | 193 | ||
| Conjunctival hyperemia. | 193 | ||
| Corneal vascularization and pigmentation. | 193 | ||
| Dry and lusterless cornea. | 193 | ||
| Dry ipsilateral nostril. | 193 | ||
| Corneal ulceration. | 194 | ||
| Reduced vision. | 194 | ||
| Diagnosis | 194 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 194 | ||
| Nonspecific topical treatment for quantitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca | 195 | ||
| Eyewash and removal of excess mucus. | 195 | ||
| Artificial tears (lacrimomimetics). | 195 | ||
| Specific topical and systemic treatment for quantitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca (lacrimostimulants). | 197 | ||
| Immunomodulating agents. | 197 | ||
| Pilocarpine. | 197 | ||
| Reducing ocular surface inflammation. | 197 | ||
| Controlling secondary infection. | 198 | ||
| Other medications. | 198 | ||
| Follow-up and reevaluation protocol. | 198 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Quantitative Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 198 | ||
| Parotid duct transposition. | 198 | ||
| Preoperative considerations. | 198 | ||
| Surgical preparation. | 198 | ||
| Surgery. | 199 | ||
| Intraoperative complications. | 199 | ||
| Postoperative treatment. | 199 | ||
| Success rate and postoperative complications. | 199 | ||
| Lacrimal punctal occlusion. | 201 | ||
| Cyclosporine A subconjunctival implants. | 201 | ||
| Qualitative Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 202 | ||
| Etiology | 202 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 202 | ||
| Diagnosis | 202 | ||
| Treatment | 203 | ||
| Mucin-deficiency keratoconjunctivitis sicca treatment. | 203 | ||
| Lipid-deficiency keratoconjunctivitis sicca treatment. | 203 | ||
| Neoplasia of the Lacrimal Glands | 203 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Drainage System | 203 | ||
| Examination Methods | 204 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of the Nasolacrimal Drainage System | 205 | ||
| Congenital Punctal Atresia or Micropunctum | 205 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 205 | ||
| Treatment. | 205 | ||
| Displacement of the Puncta and Canaliculus | 206 | ||
| 10 Diseases of the Cornea and Sclera | 213 | ||
| Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology | 213 | ||
| Cornea | 213 | ||
| Sclera | 215 | ||
| Normal Corneal Healing | 216 | ||
| Epithelium | 216 | ||
| Stroma | 216 | ||
| Endothelium and Descemet’s Membrane | 216 | ||
| Effects of Corticosteroids on Corneal Healing | 217 | ||
| Pathologic Responses | 217 | ||
| Stromal Malacia (or “Melting”) | 218 | ||
| Corneal Edema | 219 | ||
| Corneal Vascularization | 220 | ||
| Corneal Fibrosis | 222 | ||
| Corneal Melanosis | 222 | ||
| Stromal Infiltration With White Blood Cells | 223 | ||
| Anterior Stromal Deposition of Lipid and/or Mineral | 224 | ||
| Corneal Ulcers in All Species | 225 | ||
| Common Causes of Corneal Ulceration | 226 | ||
| Simple Versus Complicated Ulcers | 227 | ||
| General Principles of Corneal Ulcer Treatment | 228 | ||
| Antibiotics | 228 | ||
| Atropine | 229 | ||
| Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Agents | 229 | ||
| Prevention of Self-Trauma | 230 | ||
| Temporary Tarsorrhaphy Versus Third Eyelid Flap | 230 | ||
| Treatment of Uncomplicated (Simple) Corneal Ulcers | 230 | ||
| Treatment of Deep Corneal Ulcers and Descemetoceles | 231 | ||
| Medical Treatment of Deep Ulcers | 232 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 232 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Deep Ulcers | 233 | ||
| Cyanoacrylate Adhesives (Tissue Glue) | 235 | ||
| Treatment of Indolent Corneal Ulcers in Dogs | 235 | ||
| Corneal Trauma and Foreign Bodies | 238 | ||
| Corneal Lacerations | 238 | ||
| Removal of Corneal Foreign Bodies | 240 | ||
| Epithelial Inclusion Cysts | 240 | ||
| Corneal Diseases Seen Most Commonly in Dogs | 241 | ||
| Corneal Lipid/Mineral Dystrophy | 241 | ||
| Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy | 241 | ||
| Superficial Punctate Keratitis | 242 | ||
| Pigmentary Keratitis/Keratopathy | 242 | ||
| “Pannus” or Chronic Immune-Mediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis | 243 | ||
| Canine Herpesvirus | 244 | ||
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis | 245 | ||
| Corneal Diseases Seen Most Commonly in Cats | 245 | ||
| Feline Herpetic Keratitis | 245 | ||
| Feline Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis | 246 | ||
| Feline Corneal Sequestration | 247 | ||
| Acute Bullous Keratopathy | 247 | ||
| Ulcerative Mycoplasmal Keratitis | 248 | ||
| Mycobacterial Keratitis | 248 | ||
| “Florida Keratopathy” or “Florida Spots” or “Tropical Keratopathy” | 249 | ||
| Congenital Corneal Diseases | 249 | ||
| Dermoid | 249 | ||
| Persistent Pupillary Membranes | 249 | ||
| Corneal Epithelial Dysmaturation or “Puppy Dystrophy” | 249 | ||
| Scleral and Limbal Disorders | 250 | ||
| Colobomatous Defects | 250 | ||
| Scleritis and Episcleritis | 250 | ||
| Scleral Trauma | 251 | ||
| Limbal Neoplasia | 251 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 252 | ||
| Anatomy | 252 | ||
| Pathologic Responses | 252 | ||
| Corneal Ulcers and Trauma | 252 | ||
| Corneal Diseases Specific to Dogs | 252 | ||
| Corneal Diseases Specific to Cats | 253 | ||
| Scleral and Limbal Disorders | 253 | ||
| 11 Diseases of the Uvea | 254 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 254 | ||
| Iris | 254 | ||
| Ciliary Body | 256 | ||
| Choroid | 257 | ||
| Blood–Ocular Barrier | 258 | ||
| Pathologic Reactions | 259 | ||
| Definitions | 259 | ||
| Immune Mechanisms | 259 | ||
| Congenital Uveal Abnormalities | 261 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Pupil | 261 | ||
| Persistent Pupillary Membrane | 261 | ||
| Coloboma | 262 | ||
| Anterior Segment Dysgenesis | 262 | ||
| Disorders of Pigmentation | 263 | ||
| Heterochromia | 263 | ||
| Waardenburg Syndrome | 263 | ||
| Iris Nevi | 263 | ||
| Uveitis | 263 | ||
| Sequelae of Uveitis | 264 | ||
| Posterior Synechiae | 264 | ||
| Peripheral Anterior Synechiae | 265 | ||
| Cataract | 265 | ||
| Glaucoma | 265 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 265 | ||
| Atrophy | 265 | ||
| Preiridal Fibrovascular Membranes | 265 | ||
| Cyclitic Membranes | 265 | ||
| Diagnosis of Uveitis | 265 | ||
| General Therapeutic Principles | 266 | ||
| 1. Make an Etiologic Diagnosis | 266 | ||
| 2. Control Inflammation | 266 | ||
| Corticosteroids. | 266 | ||
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. | 268 | ||
| Immunosuppressive agents. | 268 | ||
| 3. Prevent Undesirable Sequelae | 268 | ||
| Mydriatics and cycloplegics. | 268 | ||
| Antiglaucoma drugs. | 268 | ||
| 4. Relieve Pain | 268 | ||
| Specific Forms of Uveitis | 268 | ||
| Infectious Uveitis | 268 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Uveitis | 268 | ||
| Uveodermatologic syndrome. | 269 | ||
| Lens-induced uveitis. | 269 | ||
| Leakage through the intact lens capsule. | 269 | ||
| Penetrating lens injuries. | 269 | ||
| Uveitis associated with dental disease. | 270 | ||
| Pigmentary uveitis of golden retrievers. | 270 | ||
| Feline uveitis. | 270 | ||
| Toxic uveitis. | 271 | ||
| Trauma | 271 | ||
| Traumatic Uveitis | 271 | ||
| Iris Prolapse | 271 | ||
| Signs | 271 | ||
| Hyphema | 272 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 272 | ||
| Diagnosis | 272 | ||
| Treatment | 272 | ||
| Additional Therapy for Mild Hyphema | 272 | ||
| Additional Therapy for Severe Hyphema | 272 | ||
| Uveal Cysts and Neoplasms | 273 | ||
| Uveal Cysts | 273 | ||
| Primary Tumors | 273 | ||
| Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma | 273 | ||
| Canine Uveal Melanocytoma and Melanoma | 274 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 274 | ||
| Treatment. | 274 | ||
| Ocular Melanosis of Cairn Terriers | 274 | ||
| Feline Diffuse Iris Melanoma | 275 | ||
| Primary Feline Ocular Sarcomas | 276 | ||
| Secondary Tumors | 276 | ||
| Lymphosarcoma | 276 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 276 | ||
| Iris Hypoplasia | 276 | ||
| Iris Atrophy | 276 | ||
| Primary or Senile Iris Atrophy | 276 | ||
| Secondary Iris Atrophy | 277 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 277 | ||
| 12 The Glaucomas | 279 | ||
| Aqueous Production and Drainage | 279 | ||
| Balancing Aqueous Production and Outflow | 280 | ||
| Causes of Variations in Intraocular Pressure | 281 | ||
| Diurnal Variation | 281 | ||
| Age | 281 | ||
| Blood Flow | 281 | ||
| Drugs | 281 | ||
| Ocular Inflammation | 281 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 281 | ||
| Tonometry | 281 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopy | 281 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 281 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 281 | ||
| Increased Intraocular Pressure | 283 | ||
| Pain, Blepharospasm, and Altered Behavior | 283 | ||
| Engorged Episcleral Vessels | 284 | ||
| Corneal and Scleral Changes | 284 | ||
| Edema | 284 | ||
| Buphthalmos and Descemet’s Streaks | 284 | ||
| Changes in Anterior Chamber Depth | 285 | ||
| Fixed Dilated Pupil | 285 | ||
| Lens Changes | 285 | ||
| Fundus Changes | 286 | ||
| Impaired Vision | 286 | ||
| Optic Disc Cupping | 287 | ||
| Retinal Degeneration | 287 | ||
| Classification | 289 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 292 | ||
| Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 292 | ||
| Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 292 | ||
| Secondary Glaucomas | 295 | ||
| Obstruction of the Iridocorneal Angle | 295 | ||
| Pupillary Block | 295 | ||
| Ciliary Body–Vitreous–Lens Block | 296 | ||
| Combined-Mechanism Glaucoma | 296 | ||
| Treatment | 296 | ||
| Emergency Treatment of Acute Glaucoma | 297 | ||
| Long-Term Management of Glaucoma | 298 | ||
| Surgical Therapy for Glaucoma | 299 | ||
| Surgery to Increase Aqueous Humor Outflow | 300 | ||
| Surgery to Reduce Aqueous Humor Production | 300 | ||
| Cyclocryotherapy | 300 | ||
| Laser Cyclophotocoagulation | 301 | ||
| Combined Procedures | 301 | ||
| Lens Luxation | 302 | ||
| Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis | 302 | ||
| Glaucoma Secondary to Intraocular Neoplasia | 302 | ||
| Absolute Glaucoma | 302 | ||
| Evisceration With Intrascleral Prosthesis | 303 | ||
| Enucleation | 303 | ||
| Feline Glaucoma | 303 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 304 | ||
| 13 Diseases of the Lens | 306 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 306 | ||
| Embryology | 306 | ||
| Gross Anatomy and Function | 306 | ||
| Lens Components | 309 | ||
| Capsule | 309 | ||
| Lens Epithelium | 309 | ||
| Lens Fibers | 309 | ||
| Metabolism and Composition | 310 | ||
| Nuclear Sclerosis | 311 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 312 | ||
| Cataract | 312 | ||
| Molecular and Cellular Pathogenesis of Cataracts | 312 | ||
| Classification | 313 | ||
| Degree of Opacity and Maturation | 315 | ||
| Lens-Induced Uveitis | 316 | ||
| Causes of Cataracts | 316 | ||
| Hereditary Cataracts | 316 | ||
| Diabetic Cataracts | 317 | ||
| Senile Cataracts | 319 | ||
| Secondary and Acquired Cataracts | 319 | ||
| Cataracts secondary to ocular disease. | 319 | ||
| Traumatic cataracts. | 319 | ||
| Nutritional cataracts. | 320 | ||
| Cataracts secondary to infection. | 321 | ||
| Cataracts secondary to radiation and toxicity. | 321 | ||
| Developmental Cataracts | 322 | ||
| Diagnosis of Cataracts | 322 | ||
| History | 322 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 323 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 323 | ||
| Treatment of Cataract | 323 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 323 | ||
| Surgical Case Selection | 324 | ||
| Surgical Correction | 325 | ||
| Discission and aspiration. | 325 | ||
| Intracapsular extraction. | 325 | ||
| Extracapsular extraction. | 325 | ||
| Phacoemulsification. | 325 | ||
| Postoperative Vision and Intraocular Lens Implantation | 325 | ||
| Medical Care, Complications, and Prognosis | 326 | ||
| Lens Luxation | 327 | ||
| Etiology | 327 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Progression | 328 | ||
| Treatment | 331 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 332 | ||
| 14 Diseases of the Vitreous | 334 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 334 | ||
| Embryology and Anatomy | 334 | ||
| Composition | 335 | ||
| Function | 337 | ||
| Pathologic Reactions | 337 | ||
| Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitreal Disorders | 337 | ||
| Diagnosis | 337 | ||
| Hyalocentesis and Intravitreal Injections | 338 | ||
| Drug Delivery | 339 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 339 | ||
| Vitrectomy | 339 | ||
| Advanced Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques | 339 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities (Persistent Fetal Vasculature) | 340 | ||
| Persistent Hyaloid Artery | 340 | ||
| Persistent Tunica Vasculosa Lentis | 340 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Tunica Vasculosa Lentis/Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous | 340 | ||
| Acquired Disorders | 341 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 341 | ||
| Inflammation and Infection | 341 | ||
| Vitreous Degeneration | 342 | ||
| Vitreous Opacities (Floaters) | 342 | ||
| Asteroid Hyalosis and Synchysis Scintillans | 342 | ||
| Vitreous Mass | 342 | ||
| Role of the Vitreous in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases | 343 | ||
| Vitreous and Lens Luxation | 343 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 344 | ||
| Aqueous Humor Misdirection Syndrome | 344 | ||
| Canine Ocular Gliovascular Syndrome | 344 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 345 | ||
| 15 Diseases of the Retina | 347 | ||
| Embryology and Cellular Anatomy | 347 | ||
| Embryology | 347 | ||
| Cellular Anatomy | 347 | ||
| Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 350 | ||
| Blood Supply | 351 | ||
| Physiology and Biochemistry | 352 | ||
| Rods and Cones | 352 | ||
| Visual Photopigments | 356 | ||
| Photochemistry | 356 | ||
| Dark and Light Adaptation | 357 | ||
| Normal Ophthalmoscopic Variations (Applied Anatomy) | 357 | ||
| Sensory Neuroretina | 357 | ||
| Tapetum | 357 | ||
| Nontapetal Fundus | 359 | ||
| Optic Disc (Optic Nerve Head, Optic Papilla) | 360 | ||
| Myelination of Nerve Fiber Layer | 361 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 361 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopic Signs of Fundic Diseases and Their Underlying Pathologic Mechanisms | 362 | ||
| Primary Photoreceptor Disease | 362 | ||
| Inflammations | 363 | ||
| Retina–Choroid Interaction | 363 | ||
| Reactions of Pigment Epithelium | 363 | ||
| Perivascular Cuffing | 364 | ||
| Gliosis | 364 | ||
| Retinal Hemorrhages | 364 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 367 | ||
| Retina–Optic Nerve Interaction | 367 | ||
| Ischemia | 367 | ||
| Congenital Retinal Disorders | 368 | ||
| Retinal Dysplasia | 368 | ||
| Collie Eye Anomaly | 369 | ||
| Coloboma | 371 | ||
| Retinopathy | 371 | ||
| Inherited Retinopathies | 371 | ||
| Classification of Inherited Retinopathies | 371 | ||
| Age of onset. | 371 | ||
| Affected cells. | 371 | ||
| Mode of inheritance. | 372 | ||
| Genetic and molecular pathogenesis. | 372 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 372 | ||
| Progressive loss of vision. | 372 | ||
| Tapetal hyperreflectivity. | 372 | ||
| Changes in retinal vasculature. | 372 | ||
| Additional clinical signs. | 373 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Testing | 373 | ||
| Referral. | 373 | ||
| Electroretinography. | 373 | ||
| Genetic testing. | 374 | ||
| Treatment | 375 | ||
| Specific Forms of Inherited Retinopathy | 376 | ||
| Day Blindness (Achromatopsia, Hemeralopia) | 376 | ||
| Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dystrophy | 376 | ||
| Congenital Stationary Night Blindness | 377 | ||
| Canine Multifocal Retinopathy | 377 | ||
| Retinal Dystrophy in Briards | 378 | ||
| Inherited Retinal Degenerations in Cats | 378 | ||
| Retinopathies Associated With Storage Diseases | 378 | ||
| Acquired Retinopathies | 379 | ||
| Retinopathy Secondary to Infectious Diseases | 379 | ||
| Clinical signs of chorioretinitis. | 379 | ||
| Treatment. | 379 | ||
| Chorioretinal scarring. | 380 | ||
| Retinopathy Secondary to Cardiovascular Diseases | 381 | ||
| Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome | 382 | ||
| Feline Central Retinal Degeneration | 383 | ||
| Toxic Retinopathies | 384 | ||
| Ivermectin toxicity. | 384 | ||
| Enrofloxacin toxicity in cats. | 384 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 385 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 385 | ||
| Signs | 386 | ||
| Therapy | 387 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 388 | ||
| 16 Neuroophthalmic Diseases | 390 | ||
| Cranial Nerves of Ophthalmic Significance | 390 | ||
| Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve [CN] II) | 390 | ||
| Decussation and Visual Field Projections in the Visual Cortex | 390 | ||
| Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | 391 | ||
| Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) | 391 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) | 391 | ||
| Abducens Nerve (CN VI) | 392 | ||
| Facial Nerve (CN VII) | 392 | ||
| Autonomic Innervation of the Eye and Adnexa | 393 | ||
| Sympathetic Innervation | 394 | ||
| Parasympathetic Innervation | 396 | ||
| Neuroophthalmic Examination | 396 | ||
| Vision | 397 | ||
| Menace Response | 397 | ||
| Tracking Moving Objects | 399 | ||
| Maze Test | 399 | ||
| Visual Placing Reflex | 400 | ||
| Pupil Size and the Pupillary Light Reflex | 400 | ||
| Testing the Pupillary Light Reflex | 400 | ||
| Additional Tests | 401 | ||
| Swinging Flashlight Test | 401 | ||
| Dazzle Reflex | 401 | ||
| Electrophysiology | 401 | ||
| Imaging | 401 | ||
| Lesions in Patients With Visual and/or PLR Deficits | 402 | ||
| Lesions in Blind Patients With Normal Pupillary Light Reflex | 402 | ||
| Lesions in Blind Patients With Abnormal Pupillary Light Reflex | 403 | ||
| Pupils in Patients With an Intracranial Lesion | 405 | ||
| Lesions Causing Pupillary Light Reflex Abnormalities in Visual Patients | 406 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus and Orbital Fissure Syndromes | 406 | ||
| Additional Causes of Pupillary Light Reflex Abnormalities | 407 | ||
| Diseases of the Autonomic Nervous System | 407 | ||
| Horner’s Syndrome | 407 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 407 | ||
| Etiologic factors. | 408 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 409 | ||
| Treatment. | 409 | ||
| Dysautonomia (Key–Gaskell Syndrome) | 410 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 410 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 410 | ||
| Demonstration of parasympathetic denervation. | 410 | ||
| Demonstration of sympathetic denervation. | 410 | ||
| Treatment. | 410 | ||
| Extraocular Muscles and Lesions Causing Strabismus | 411 | ||
| Function of the Extraocular Muscles | 411 | ||
| Lesions Causing Strabismus | 411 | ||
| Strabismus Caused by Disorders of the Vestibular System | 412 | ||
| Strabismus Caused by Lesions in Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles | 412 | ||
| Oculomotor paralysis. | 412 | ||
| Trochlear paralysis. | 413 | ||
| Abducens paralysis. | 413 | ||
| Consequences and Treatment of Strabismus | 413 | ||
| Lesions of Additional Cranial Nerves | 414 | ||
| Facial Nerve Paralysis | 414 | ||
| Causes of Facial Nerve Paralysis and Other Associated Signs | 414 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 415 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve Dysfunction | 416 | ||
| Lesions Causing Eyelid Abnormalities | 416 | ||
| Protrusion of the Third Eyelid | 416 | ||
| Horner’s Syndrome | 416 | ||
| Tetanus | 416 | ||
| Haw’s Syndrome | 417 | ||
| Dysautonomia | 417 | ||
| Nonneurogenic Causes | 417 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Palpebral Fissure | 417 | ||
| Innervation of the Upper Eyelid | 417 | ||
| Lesions Increasing the Size of the Palpebral Opening | 417 | ||
| Lesions Causing Ptosis | 417 | ||
| The Vestibular System and Nystagmus | 418 | ||
| Physiologic Vestibular Nystagmus | 418 | ||
| Signs of Vestibular Disease | 418 | ||
| Eye Position in Vestibular Disease | 418 | ||
| Loss of Physiologic Nystagmus | 419 | ||
| Pathologic Nystagmus | 419 | ||
| Causes of Vestibular Disease | 419 | ||
| Otitis Media and Otitis Interna | 419 | ||
| Idiopathic Vestibular Disease (Feline Vestibular Syndrome, Idiopathic Benign Vestibular Disease, Old Dog Vestibular Disease) | 420 | ||
| Central Disorders | 420 | ||
| Congenital and Neonatal Nystagmus | 420 | ||
| Diseases of the Central Visual Pathways | 420 | ||
| Diseases of the Optic Nerve | 420 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 420 | ||
| Aplasia and hypoplasia. | 420 | ||
| Colobomas. | 420 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 421 | ||
| Etiologic factors. | 421 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 422 | ||
| Differential diagnosis. | 422 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 422 | ||
| Neoplasms | 423 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 423 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment. | 424 | ||
| Optic Neuropathy | 424 | ||
| Etiologic factors. | 424 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 424 | ||
| Treatment. | 424 | ||
| Papilledema | 424 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 425 | ||
| Diseases of the Optic Chiasm | 425 | ||
| Postchiasma Diseases | 426 | ||
| Unilateral Disease | 426 | ||
| Neoplastic lesions. | 426 | ||
| Traumatic lesions. | 426 | ||
| Unilateral infectious lesions. | 426 | ||
| Feline ischemic encephalopathy. | 426 | ||
| Bilateral Disease | 427 | ||
| Space-occupying lesions. | 427 | ||
| Metabolic diseases. | 427 | ||
| Ischemic necrosis of cerebrum. | 428 | ||
| Distemper. | 428 | ||
| Hydrocephalus. | 428 | ||
| Additional Neuroophthalmic Diseases | 428 | ||
| Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis | 428 | ||
| Storage Diseases | 428 | ||
| Cerebellar Disease | 429 | ||
| Systemic Diseases | 430 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 430 | ||
| 17 Ophthalmic Emergencies | 432 | ||
| Basic Materials Required to Address Ocular Emergencies | 432 | ||
| Basic Diagnostic Instruments and Supplies | 432 | ||
| Surgical Instruments | 432 | ||
| Medications | 432 | ||
| Proptosis of the Globe | 432 | ||
| Prognosis | 433 | ||
| Avulsion of Extraocular Muscles | 433 | ||
| Hyphema | 433 | ||
| Pupils | 433 | ||
| Skull Conformation | 433 | ||
| Postoperative Therapy | 433 | ||
| Severe Ocular and Adnexal Contusions and Concussion | 435 | ||
| Common Clinical Signs Associated With Ocular Trauma | 435 | ||
| Penetrating/Perforating Injuries of the Globe | 436 | ||
| Lid Lacerations | 437 | ||
| Treatment | 437 | ||
| Important Facts | 437 | ||
| Corneal Lacerations | 437 | ||
| Severe Corneal Ulceration | 438 | ||
| Glaucoma | 438 | ||
| Interim Therapy | 439 | ||
| Hyphema | 439 | ||
| Acute Anterior Uveitis | 439 | ||
| Acute Anterior Lens Luxation | 440 | ||
| Sudden Blindness | 440 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 441 | ||
| 18 Equine Ophthalmology | 442 | ||
| Ocular Examination | 442 | ||
| Treating the Equine Eye | 445 | ||
| Supplies Needed to Place an SPL | 445 | ||
| Protecting the Equine Eye | 446 | ||
| Eyelid and Nictitans Disease | 446 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 447 | ||
| Equine Sarcoid | 448 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Disease | 448 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 449 | ||
| Equine Viral Conjunctivitis | 449 | ||
| Parasitic Conjunctivitis | 449 | ||
| Equine Conjunctival Angiosarcoma | 449 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 450 | ||
| Uncomplicated Corneal Ulcers | 450 | ||
| Corneal Lacerations | 450 | ||
| Complicated Corneal Ulcers | 451 | ||
| Equine Fungal Keratitis | 452 | ||
| Stromal Abscess | 454 | ||
| Nonhealing Ulcers | 455 | ||
| Equine Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis | 456 | ||
| Calcific Band Keratopathy | 457 | ||
| Nonulcerative Keratitis | 457 | ||
| Friesian Stromal Loss | 457 | ||
| Endotheliitis | 457 | ||
| Corneal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 457 | ||
| Uveal Disease | 458 | ||
| Uveal Cysts | 459 | ||
| Uveitis | 460 | ||
| Equine Recurrent Uveitis | 461 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 461 | ||
| Diagnosis | 461 | ||
| Treatment | 461 | ||
| Outcome | 463 | ||
| Lens Disease | 463 | ||
| Glaucoma | 464 | ||
| Chorioretinal Disease | 466 | ||
| Ocular Manifestation of Systemic Disease | 467 | ||
| Orbital Disease | 467 | ||
| Enucleation | 468 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 469 | ||
| 19 Livestock Ophthalmology | 471 | ||
| Ophthalmic Examination | 471 | ||
| Ophthalamic Medication Administration | 473 | ||
| Orbital Anatomy and Nerve Blocks | 473 | ||
| Transpalpebral Enucleation Surgical Technique | 474 | ||
| Bovine Ophthalmology | 475 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 475 | ||
| Orbital Disease | 475 | ||
| Orbital Neoplasia | 475 | ||
| Orbital Inflammation | 476 | ||
| Dexamethasone-Induced Exophthalmos | 476 | ||
| Eyelid Diseases | 476 | ||
| Entropion | 476 | ||
| Eyelid Trauma | 476 | ||
| Blepharitis | 477 | ||
| Nasolacrimal System Diseases | 477 | ||
| Conjunctival and Corneal Diseases | 477 | ||
| Dermoids | 477 | ||
| Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis | 478 | ||
| Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 480 | ||
| Etiology | 480 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 480 | ||
| Diagnosis | 482 | ||
| Treatment | 482 | ||
| Uvea | 482 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of Uvea | 482 | ||
| Uveitis | 482 | ||
| Uveal Tumors | 483 | ||
| Glaucoma | 483 | ||
| Cataracts | 484 | ||
| Diseases of the Fundus | 484 | ||
| Congenital Diseases | 484 | ||
| Acquired Diseases | 484 | ||
| Ophthalmic Diseases of Sheep and Goats | 485 | ||
| Eyelid Diseases | 485 | ||
| Entropion | 485 | ||
| Eyelid Coloboma | 485 | ||
| Blepharitis | 485 | ||
| Conjunctival and Corneal Diseases | 486 | ||
| Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis | 486 | ||
| Uveitis | 488 | ||
| Glaucoma | 488 | ||
| Cataracts | 488 | ||
| Diseases of the Fundus | 488 | ||
| Ophthalmic Diseases of Pigs | 488 | ||
| Anatomy | 488 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 488 | ||
| Eyelid Diseases | 489 | ||
| Entropion | 489 | ||
| Blepharitis | 489 | ||
| Conjunctival and Corneal Diseases | 490 | ||
| Uvea | 490 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of Uvea | 490 | ||
| Uveitis | 490 | ||
| Cataracts | 490 | ||
| Diseases of the Fundus | 491 | ||
| Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in Livestock Animals | 491 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 491 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 491 | ||
| Listeriosis. | 491 | ||
| Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. | 491 | ||
| Mannheimia (pasteurella) pneumonia. | 491 | ||
| Tuberculosis. | 491 | ||
| Septicemia. | 492 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 492 | ||
| Arthrogryposis–hydranencephaly. | 492 | ||
| Bluetongue. | 492 | ||
| Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. | 492 | ||
| Malignant catarrhal fever. | 493 | ||
| Bovine viral diarrhea. | 493 | ||
| Protozoal Diseases | 493 | ||
| Babesiosis. | 493 | ||
| Trypanosomiasis. | 493 | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii infection. | 493 | ||
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum. | 493 | ||
| Besnoitia. | 493 | ||
| Other Infectious Diseases | 493 | ||
| Scrapie. | 493 | ||
| Miscellaneous Diseases | 494 | ||
| Hypovitaminosis A | 494 | ||
| Polioencephalomalacia | 494 | ||
| Toxic Plants | 494 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 495 | ||
| 20 Exotic Pet and Avian Ophthalmology | 496 | ||
| Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Testing | 496 | ||
| Rabbits | 498 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 498 | ||
| Orbital Disease | 498 | ||
| Adnexal Disease | 499 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 500 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Disease | 501 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 501 | ||
| Cataract | 502 | ||
| Glaucoma | 503 | ||
| Guinea Pigs | 503 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 503 | ||
| Adnexal Disease | 503 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 504 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 504 | ||
| Cataract | 504 | ||
| Heterotopic Bone | 505 | ||
| Chinchillas | 505 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 505 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 505 | ||
| Hamsters | 506 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 506 | ||
| Orbital Diseases of the Globe and Orbit | 506 | ||
| Entropion | 506 | ||
| Corneal and Conjunctival Disease | 506 | ||
| Cataracts | 507 | ||
| Glaucoma | 507 | ||
| Mice and Rats | 507 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 507 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 507 | ||
| Diseases of the Lacrimal System and Conjunctiva | 507 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 508 | ||
| Cataract | 508 | ||
| Diseases of the Fundus | 508 | ||
| Ferrets | 508 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 508 | ||
| Orbital Disease | 509 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 509 | ||
| Cataract | 509 | ||
| Avian Species | 510 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 510 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 511 | ||
| Trauma | 511 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 511 | ||
| Lizards, Turtles, Tortoises, and Crocodilians | 513 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 513 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 514 | ||
| Snakes | 515 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 515 | ||
| Diseases of the Spectacle | 515 | ||
| Amphibians | 517 | ||
| Appendix Breed Predisposition to Eye Disorders | 523 | ||
| Dogs | 523 | ||
| Afghan Hound | 523 | ||
| Airedale | 523 | ||
| Akbash | 523 | ||
| Akita | 523 | ||
| Alaskan Malamute | 523 | ||
| American Bulldog | 523 | ||
| American Cocker Spaniel | 523 | ||
| American Eskimo Dog | 524 | ||
| American Hairless (Rat) Terrier | 524 | ||
| American Pit Bull Terrier | 524 | ||
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 524 | ||
| American Water Spaniel | 524 | ||
| Australian Cattle Dog (Queensland Heeler or Blue Heeler) | 524 | ||
| Australian Shepherd | 524 | ||
| Australian Terrier | 524 | ||
| Basenji | 524 | ||
| Basset Hound | 524 | ||
| Beagle | 524 | ||
| Bearded Collie | 524 | ||
| Bedlington Terrier | 525 | ||
| Belgian Malinois | 525 | ||
| Belgian Sheepdog (Belgian Shepherd—Groenendael) | 525 | ||
| Belgian Tervuren | 525 | ||
| Bernese Mountain Dog | 525 | ||
| Bichon Frise | 525 | ||
| Black and Tan Coonhound | 525 | ||
| Bloodhound | 525 | ||
| Border Collie | 525 | ||
| Border Terrier | 525 | ||
| Borzoi | 525 | ||
| Boston Terrier | 525 | ||
| Bouvier des Flandres | 526 | ||
| Boxer | 526 | ||
| Boykin Spaniel | 526 | ||
| Briard | 526 | ||
| Brittany Spaniel | 526 | ||
| Brussels Griffon | 526 | ||
| Bull Mastiff | 526 | ||
| Bull Terrier | 526 | ||
| Cairn Terrier | 526 | ||
| Cane Corso | 526 | ||
| Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 526 | ||
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 527 | ||
| Chesapeake Bay Retriever | 527 | ||
| Chihuahua | 527 | ||
| Chinese Crested | 527 | ||
| Chow Chow | 527 | ||
| Clumber Spaniel | 527 | ||
| Collie (Rough and Smooth) | 527 | ||
| Coonhound | 527 | ||
| Corgi | 527 | ||
| Coton de Tulear | 527 | ||
| Curly Coated Retriever | 527 | ||
| Dachshund (All Varieties) | 528 | ||
| Dalmatian | 528 | ||
| Dandie Dinmont Terrier | 528 | ||
| Doberman Pinscher | 528 | ||
| Dogue de Bordeaux (French Mastiff) | 528 | ||
| English Bulldog | 528 | ||
| English Cocker Spaniel | 528 | ||
| English Setter | 528 | ||
| English Springer Spaniel | 528 | ||
| English Toy Spaniel (King Charles, Prince Charles, Ruby, Blenheim) | 529 | ||
| Entlebucher | 529 | ||
| Field Spaniel | 529 | ||
| Flat Coated Retriever | 529 | ||
| Fox Terrier (Smooth) | 529 | ||
| Fox Terrier (Wirehaired) | 529 | ||
| French Bulldog | 529 | ||
| German Shepherd | 529 | ||
| German Shorthaired Pointer | 529 | ||
| German Wirehaired Pointer | 529 | ||
| Giant Schnauzer | 529 | ||
| Golden Retriever | 529 | ||
| Gordon Setter | 530 | ||
| Great Dane | 530 | ||
| Great Pyrenees | 530 | ||
| Greater Swiss Mountain Dog | 530 | ||
| Greyhound | 530 | ||
| Havanese | 530 | ||
| Irish Setter | 530 | ||
| Irish Water Spaniel | 530 | ||
| Irish Wolfhound | 530 | ||
| Italian Greyhound | 530 | ||
| Jack Russell Terrier | 531 | ||
| Jagdterrier | 531 | ||
| Japanese Chin | 531 | ||
| Keeshond | 531 | ||
| Kerry Blue Terrier | 531 | ||
| Komondor | 531 | ||
| Kuvasz | 531 | ||
| Labrador Retriever | 531 | ||
| Lakeland Terrier | 531 | ||
| Lancashire Heelers | 531 | ||
| Leonberger | 531 | ||
| Lhasa Apso | 531 | ||
| Löwchen | 532 | ||
| Maltese Terrier | 532 | ||
| Manchester Terrier | 532 | ||
| Mastiff | 532 | ||
| Miniature Australian Shepherd | 532 | ||
| Miniature Bull Terrier | 532 | ||
| Miniature Pinscher | 532 | ||
| Miniature Schnauzer | 532 | ||
| Newfoundland | 532 | ||
| Norfolk Terrier | 532 | ||
| Norwegian Buhund | 532 | ||
| Norwegian Elkhound | 532 | ||
| Norwich Terrier | 532 | ||
| Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 533 | ||
| Old English Sheepdog | 533 | ||
| Papillon | 533 | ||
| Parson Russell Terrier | 533 | ||
| Patterdale Terrier | 533 | ||
| Pekingese | 533 | ||
| Pembroke Welsh Corgi | 533 | ||
| Perro de Presa Canario | 533 | ||
| Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen | 533 | ||
| Pointer | 533 | ||
| Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 533 | ||
| Pomeranian | 533 | ||
| Poodle (All Varieties) | 533 | ||
| Portuguese Water Dog | 534 | ||
| Pug | 534 | ||
| Puli | 534 | ||
| Queensland Blue Heeler | 534 | ||
| Rat Terrier | 534 | ||
| Redbone Coonhound | 534 | ||
| Rhodesian Ridgeback | 534 | ||
| Rottweiler | 534 | ||
| Saint Bernard | 534 | ||
| Saluki | 534 | ||
| Samoyed | 534 | ||
| Schipperke | 535 | ||
| Scottish Terrier | 535 | ||
| Sealyham Terrier | 535 | ||
| Shar-Pei | 535 | ||
| Shetland Sheepdog (Sheltie) | 535 | ||
| Shiba Inu | 535 | ||
| Shih Tzu | 535 | ||
| Siberian Husky | 535 | ||
| Silky Terrier | 535 | ||
| Skye Terrier | 535 | ||
| Smooth Fox Terrier | 535 | ||
| Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier | 535 | ||
| Spinone Italiano | 536 | ||
| Spitz | 536 | ||
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 536 | ||
| Standard Schnauzer | 536 | ||
| Sussex Spaniel | 536 | ||
| Swedish Vallhund | 536 | ||
| Tenterfield Terrier | 536 | ||
| Tibetan Spaniel | 536 | ||
| Tibetan Terrier | 536 | ||
| Toy Fox Terrier | 536 | ||
| Toy Havanese | 536 | ||
| Vizsla | 536 | ||
| Volipino Italiano | 536 | ||
| Weimaraner | 536 | ||
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | 536 | ||
| Welsh Terrier | 536 | ||
| West Highland White Terrier | 537 | ||
| Whippet | 537 | ||
| Wire Fox Terrier | 537 | ||
| Yorkshire Terrier | 537 | ||
| Cats | 537 | ||
| Abyssinian | 537 | ||
| Albinotic Felidae | 537 | ||
| Birman | 537 | ||
| Burmese | 537 | ||
| Domestic Shorthair | 537 | ||
| Himalayan | 537 | ||
| Korat | 537 | ||
| Manx | 537 | ||
| Persian | 537 | ||
| Siamese | 537 | ||
| Cattle | 537 | ||
| Angus | 537 | ||
| Ayrshire | 537 | ||
| Beef Master | 537 | ||
| Brahman | 537 | ||
| Brown Swiss | 537 | ||
| Charolais | 538 | ||
| Devon | 538 | ||
| Friesian (Holstein) | 538 | ||
| German Brown | 538 | ||
| German Fleckvieh | 538 | ||
| German Spotted | 538 | ||
| Guernsey | 538 | ||
| Hereford | 538 | ||
| Jersey | 538 | ||
| Romagnola | 538 | ||
| Shorthorn | 538 | ||
| Simmental | 538 | ||
| Sheep | 538 | ||
| Corriedale | 538 | ||
| Hampshire Downs | 538 | ||
| New Zealand Romney | 538 | ||
| Piebald | 538 | ||
| Shropshire | 538 | ||
| Southdown | 538 | ||
| South Hampshire | 538 | ||
| Suffolk | 538 | ||
| Horses | 538 | ||
| Appaloosa | 538 | ||
| Arabian | 538 | ||
| Belgian | 538 | ||
| Clydesdale | 538 | ||
| Friesian | 538 | ||
| Haflinger | 538 | ||
| Lipizzaner | 539 | ||
| Morgan | 539 | ||
| Quarter Horse | 539 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Horse | 539 | ||
| Shire | 539 | ||
| Thoroughbred | 539 | ||
| Goat | 539 | ||
| Angora | 539 | ||
| Pigs | 539 | ||
| Miniature Swine | 539 | ||
| Pot-Bellied | 539 | ||
| Yorkshire | 539 | ||
| Glossary | 540 | ||
| A | 540 | ||
| B | 540 | ||
| C | 540 | ||
| D | 541 | ||
| E | 542 | ||
| F | 542 | ||
| G | 542 | ||
| H | 542 | ||
| I | 543 | ||
| J | 543 | ||
| K | 543 | ||
| L | 543 | ||
| M | 543 | ||
| N | 543 | ||
| O | 544 | ||
| P | 544 | ||
| R | 545 | ||
| S | 545 | ||
| T | 545 | ||
| U | 546 | ||
| V | 546 | ||
| W | 546 | ||
| X | 546 | ||
| Z | 546 | ||
| Index | 547 | ||
| A | 547 | ||
| B | 548 | ||
| C | 548 | ||
| D | 551 | ||
| E | 552 | ||
| F | 553 | ||
| G | 554 | ||
| H | 554 | ||
| I | 555 | ||
| J | 556 | ||
| K | 556 | ||
| L | 556 | ||
| M | 557 | ||
| N | 558 | ||
| O | 558 | ||
| P | 559 | ||
| R | 560 | ||
| S | 561 | ||
| T | 563 | ||
| U | 564 | ||
| V | 564 | ||
| W | 564 | ||
| X | 565 | ||
| Y | 565 | ||
| Z | 565 |