BOOK
Imaging of Salivary Glands, An Issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America focuses on Imaging of Salivary Glands, and is edited by Dr. Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek. Articles will include: Cross sectional imaging techniques and normal anatomy of the salivary glands; Imaging of benign salivary gland tumors; Imaging of cancer salivary glands; Imaging of Sjögren's syndrome and immunoglobulin g4-related disorder of salivary glands; Imaging of post treatment of salivary glands; Imaging of pediatric salivary glands; Imaging of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands; Scintigraphy and PET of salivary glands; Imaging of inflammatory disorders of salivary glands; Routine and advanced ultrasound of salivary glands; and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Imaging of Salivary\rGlands | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iii | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iii | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iii | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | v | ||
| EDITOR | v | ||
| AUTHORS | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Imaging of Salivary Glands | vii | ||
| Preface: State-of-the-Art Imaging of Salivary Glands Disorders | vii | ||
| Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques and Normal Anatomy of the Salivary Glands | vii | ||
| Imaging of Benign Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Salivary Gland Tumors | vii | ||
| A Review of Salivary Gland Malignancies: Common Histologic Types, Anatomic Considerations, and Imaging Strategies | vii | ||
| Imaging of Sjögren Syndrome and Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease of the Salivary Glands | vii | ||
| Imaging of Posttreatment Salivary Gland Tumors | viii | ||
| Imaging of Pediatric Salivary Glands | viii | ||
| Imaging of Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary Glands | viii | ||
| Routine and Advanced Diffusion Imaging Modules of the Salivary Glands | viii | ||
| Imaging of Inflammatory Disorders of Salivary Glands | ix | ||
| Routine and Advanced Ultrasound of Major Salivary Glands | ix | ||
| Imaging of Minor Salivary Glands | ix | ||
| State-of-the-Art Imaging of Salivary Gland Tumors | ix | ||
| Foreword: Imaging of Salivary Glands | xi | ||
| Preface:State-of-the-Art Imaging of Salivary Glands Disorders | xiii | ||
| Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques and Normal Anatomy of the Salivary Glands | 137 | ||
| Key points | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| SALIVARY GLAND FUNCTION | 138 | ||
| SALIVARY GLAND EMBRYOLOGY | 139 | ||
| CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES, INDICATIONS, AND GENERAL APPROACH TO SALIVARY GLAND IMAGING | 139 | ||
| Computed Tomography Scanning | 139 | ||
| PET/Computed Tomography | 140 | ||
| Advanced Computed Tomography Techniques | 141 | ||
| MR Imaging | 141 | ||
| MR Sialography | 142 | ||
| Sialography technique | 142 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 143 | ||
| Advanced MR Imaging Techniques | 145 | ||
| Ultrasound Imaging | 145 | ||
| SALIVARY ANATOMY ON CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING | 145 | ||
| Parotid Gland | 145 | ||
| The deep and superficial parotid lobes | 146 | ||
| The parotid tail | 147 | ||
| Stensen’s duct | 148 | ||
| The facial nerve | 148 | ||
| The auriculotemporal nerve | 150 | ||
| Intraparotid lymph nodes | 150 | ||
| Blood supply to the parotid gland | 151 | ||
| Normal anatomic variants | 151 | ||
| Submandibular Gland | 151 | ||
| Wharton’s duct | 152 | ||
| Blood supply and innervation | 152 | ||
| Normal anatomic variants | 153 | ||
| Sublingual Gland | 153 | ||
| Sublingual drainage | 154 | ||
| Blood supply and innervation of the sublingual gland | 154 | ||
| Normal anatomic variants | 154 | ||
| Minor Salivary Glands | 154 | ||
| SUMMARY | 155 | ||
| REFERENCES | 155 | ||
| Imaging of Benign Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Salivary Gland Tumors | 159 | ||
| Key points | 159 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 159 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 160 | ||
| Neoplastic Tumors | 160 | ||
| Pleomorphic adenoma | 160 | ||
| Warthin tumor | 161 | ||
| Oncocytoma | 162 | ||
| Peripheral nerve sheath tumors | 162 | ||
| Lipoma or sialolipoma | 162 | ||
| Hemangioma or hemangioendothelioma | 164 | ||
| Nonneoplastic Tumors | 164 | ||
| Ranulas | 164 | ||
| Benign lymphoepithelial lesions | 166 | ||
| Kimura disease | 167 | ||
| Vascular malformations | 167 | ||
| SUMMARY | 168 | ||
| REFERENCES | 168 | ||
| A Review of Salivary Gland Malignancies | 171 | ||
| Key points | 171 | ||
| TUMOR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PRESENTATION | 171 | ||
| TUMOR HISTOLOGY | 172 | ||
| IMAGING AND STAGING OF SALIVARY GLAND MALIGNANCIES | 172 | ||
| Ultrasound | 173 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 173 | ||
| Dual-Energy Computed Tomography | 174 | ||
| MR Imaging | 174 | ||
| PET-Computed Tomography | 175 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC TYPES OF SALIVARY GLAND MALIGNANCIES | 175 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 175 | ||
| Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma | 176 | ||
| Acinic Cell Carcinoma | 176 | ||
| Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma | 177 | ||
| Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma | 177 | ||
| Mammary Analog Secretory Carcinoma | 179 | ||
| Lymphoma | 179 | ||
| Metastasis to Intraparotid Lymph Nodes | 179 | ||
| Other Considerations | 180 | ||
| SUMMARY | 181 | ||
| REFERENCES | 181 | ||
| Imaging of Sjögren Syndrome and Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease of the Salivary Glands | 183 | ||
| Key points | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| SJÖGREN SYNDROME | 183 | ||
| Background | 183 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 184 | ||
| Histopathology | 184 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 184 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 184 | ||
| Imaging Modality for Diagnosis | 184 | ||
| MR Imaging | 184 | ||
| Ultrasound | 186 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 187 | ||
| Radionuclide Scintigraphy | 187 | ||
| Secondary Lymphoma Associated with Sjögren Syndrome | 187 | ||
| SUMMARY OF SJÖGREN SYNDROME | 188 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4-RELATED DISEASE | 188 | ||
| Background | 188 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 190 | ||
| Histopathology | 190 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 191 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 191 | ||
| Imaging Modalities for Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Diffuse Multiglandular Disease | 191 | ||
| Localized Disease | 191 | ||
| MR Imaging | 192 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 193 | ||
| Radionuclide Scintigraphy | 193 | ||
| SUMMARY OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4-RELATED DISEASE | 194 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SALIVARY GLAND ENLARGEMENT | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 195 | ||
| Imaging of Posttreatment Salivary Gland Tumors | 199 | ||
| Key points | 199 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 199 | ||
| METHODS OF EXAMINATION | 199 | ||
| MR Imaging | 199 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 199 | ||
| METHODS OF TREATMENT | 200 | ||
| Surgery | 200 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 200 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 200 | ||
| NORMAL POSTOPERATIVE | 200 | ||
| Parotidectomy | 200 | ||
| Reconstructive Surgery | 200 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT COMPLICATION | 201 | ||
| Recurrence of Pleomorphic Adenoma | 201 | ||
| Recurrence of Salivary Gland Cancer | 201 | ||
| Locoregional recurrence | 202 | ||
| Perineural spread | 203 | ||
| Nodal metastasis | 204 | ||
| Distant metastasis | 204 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 205 | ||
| Sialocele | 205 | ||
| Hematoma and abscess | 205 | ||
| Pseudoaneurysm and graft stenosis | 205 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Sialadenitis | 206 | ||
| Radioactive Iodine–Induced Sialadenitis | 206 | ||
| SUMMARY | 206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 207 | ||
| Imaging of Pediatric Salivary Glands | 209 | ||
| Key points | 209 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| NORMAL ANATOMY AND IMAGING TECHNIQUE | 209 | ||
| SALIVARY GLAND EMBRYOLOGY | 210 | ||
| CONGENITAL LESIONS | 210 | ||
| Aplasia and Hypoplasia | 210 | ||
| First Branchial Cleft Cyst | 210 | ||
| INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY SIALADENITIS | 212 | ||
| Juvenile Recurrent Parotitis | 212 | ||
| Imaging of Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary Glands | 227 | ||
| Key points | 227 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE SUBLINGUAL AND SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND AND SPACES | 227 | ||
| IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR THE EVALUATION OF SUBMANDIBULAR AND THE SUBLINGUAL GLANDS | 228 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY DISEASES | 230 | ||
| Acute Sialadenitis | 231 | ||
| Chronic Sialadenitis | 231 | ||
| Ludwig Angina | 232 | ||
| SIALOLITHIASIS | 233 | ||
| GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS | 233 | ||
| VASCULAR LESIONS | 233 | ||
| Low-Flow Lesions | 233 | ||
| High-Flow Lesions | 234 | ||
| CYSTIC LESIONS | 234 | ||
| Ranula | 234 | ||
| Dermoid/Epidermoid Cyst | 235 | ||
| SYSTEMIC DISORDERS OF THE MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS | 235 | ||
| Sialosis | 235 | ||
| Postirradiative Sialadenitis | 235 | ||
| Sjogen Syndrome | 236 | ||
| NEOPLASMS | 236 | ||
| BENIGN NEOPLASMS | 238 | ||
| Pleomorphic Adenomas | 238 | ||
| Other Benign Neoplasms | 239 | ||
| MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS | 239 | ||
| PSEUDOTUMORS | 240 | ||
| SUMMARY | 241 | ||
| REFERENCES | 241 | ||
| Routine and Advanced Diffusion Imaging Modules of the Salivary Glands | 245 | ||
| Key points | 245 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 245 | ||
| TECHNIQUES | 245 | ||
| Monoexponential | 245 | ||
| Biexponential Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (Microvascularity) | 246 | ||
| Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (Intravoxel Heterogeneity) | 246 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (Anisotropy) | 246 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Tractography | 246 | ||
| IMAGE ANALYSIS | 246 | ||
| Visual Assessment | 246 | ||
| Region of Interest Analysis | 246 | ||
| Histogram Analysis | 246 | ||
| Texture Analysis | 247 | ||
| Machine Learning Analysis | 247 | ||
| Diffusion Imaging of Normal Salivary Glands and Gustatory Stimulation | 247 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 247 | ||
| Differentiation Malignant from Benign Tumors | 247 | ||
| Benign Salivary Gland Tumors | 248 | ||
| Pleomorphic adenomas | 248 | ||
| Warthin tumor | 248 | ||
| Other benign salivary gland tumors | 249 | ||
| Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors | 249 | ||
| Post-Treatment of Salivary Glands | 249 | ||
| Recurrent salivary cancer | 249 | ||
| Radiation-induced sialadenitis | 249 | ||
| Radioiodine therapy–induced sialadenitis | 251 | ||
| Immunologic Disorders | 251 | ||
| Sjögren syndrome | 251 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G4–related sialadenitis | 251 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders | 251 | ||
| SUMMARY | 252 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 252 | ||
| REFERENCES | 252 | ||
| Imaging of Inflammatory Disorders of Salivary Glands | 255 | ||
| Key points | 255 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 255 | ||
| IMAGING APPROACH OF SALIVARY GLAND INFLAMMATION | 255 | ||
| Conventional Radiograph | 255 | ||
| Ultrasound | 256 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Imaging | 256 | ||
| Imaging Approach | 256 | ||
| ACUTE SIALADENITIS | 257 | ||
| Acute Infectious Sialadenitis | 257 | ||
| Acute suppurative sialadenitis | 258 | ||
| Acute viral sialadenitis | 259 | ||
| Trauma | 260 | ||
| CHRONIC SIALADENITIS | 260 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 260 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Salivary Gland Disease | 261 | ||
| Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy | 261 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus–associated benign lymphoepithelial lesion | 261 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus–associated benign lymphoepithelial cyst | 262 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis) | 262 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 263 | ||
| Eosinophilic Lymphogranuloma (Kimura Disease) | 263 | ||
| Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis | 264 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Infectious Sialadenitis | 264 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 264 | ||
| Postirradiation Sialadenitis | 265 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE SIALADENITIS | 265 | ||
| Sialolithiasis | 265 | ||
| Chronic Sialadenitis of the Parotid Gland | 266 | ||
| Sialodochitis Fibrinosa | 266 | ||
| Ductal Foreign Bodies | 269 | ||
| SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES DUE TO UNIQUE REPARATIVE PROCESS | 269 | ||
| Necrotizing Sialometaplasia | 269 | ||
| Adenomatoid Hyperplasia | 270 | ||
| Sclerosing Polycystic Adenosis | 270 | ||
| NONINFLAMMATORY NONNEOPLASTIC SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES | 270 | ||
| Sialosis | 270 | ||
| REFERENCES | 271 | ||
| Routine and Advanced Ultrasound of Major Salivary Glands | 273 | ||
| Key points | 273 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| ULTRASOUND SCANNING TECHNIQUE | 274 | ||
| Routine Ultrasound Technique | 274 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration/Biopsy | 274 | ||
| NORMAL ANATOMY OF SALIVARY GLANDS | 274 | ||
| Parotid Glands | 275 | ||
| Submandibular Glands | 275 | ||
| Sublingual Glands | 276 | ||
| Lymph Nodes and Lacrimal Glands | 276 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AND ROLE OF ULTRASOUND | 277 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS | 277 | ||
| Infective Sialadenitis | 277 | ||
| Obstructive Sialadenitis | 277 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Sialadenitis | 279 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 280 | ||
| IgG4-Related Disease | 280 | ||
| Sialadenosis | 281 | ||
| Miscellaneous Inflammatory Conditions | 281 | ||
| NEOPLASMS AND TUMOR-LIKE MASSES | 282 | ||
| Benign Epithelial Neoplasms | 282 | ||
| Other Benign Neoplasms or Masses | 283 | ||
| Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms | 283 | ||
| Lymphoma | 285 | ||
| Metastases | 285 | ||
| Salivary Cysts | 287 | ||
| ADVANCED TECHNIQUES | 287 | ||
| Ultrasound Elastography | 287 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound | 288 | ||
| SUMMARY | 291 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 291 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 291 | ||
| Imaging of Minor Salivary Glands | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 295 | ||
| METHODS OF EXAMINATION | 295 | ||
| Neoplastic Lesions | 296 | ||
| Malignant tumors | 296 | ||
| Adenoid cystic carcinoma | 296 | ||
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | 296 | ||
| Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma | 296 | ||
| Acinic cell carcinoma | 296 | ||
| Myeopetholial carcinoma | 297 | ||
| Malignant lymphoma | 297 | ||
| Benign tumors | 297 | ||
| Pleomorphic adenoma | 297 | ||
| Myoepithelioma | 298 | ||
| Warthin tumor | 298 | ||
| Oncocytoma | 299 | ||
| Ductal papilloma | 299 | ||
| Non-neoplastic Lesions | 299 | ||
| Sjogrene syndrome | 299 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G4-related disease | 299 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 300 | ||
| Necrotizing sialometaplasia | 300 | ||
| Subacute necrotizing sialadenitis | 300 | ||
| Stones | 301 | ||
| Mucocele | 301 | ||
| SUMMARY | 301 | ||
| REFERENCES | 301 | ||
| State-of-the-Art Imaging of Salivary Gland Tumors | 303 | ||
| Key points | 303 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 303 | ||
| Epidemiology | 303 | ||
| Methods of Examination | 303 | ||
| ROLE OF IMAGING IN SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS | 304 | ||
| Localization of Salivary Gland Tumors | 304 | ||
| Identification of Intraparotid Course of Facial Nerve | 304 | ||
| Malignancy Versus Benignity | 304 | ||
| Routine MR imaging | 304 | ||
| Diffusion-weighted MR imaging | 305 | ||
| Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging | 305 | ||
| Advanced MR imaging | 306 | ||
| Computed tomography | 306 | ||
| Characterization of Benign Salivary Gland Tumors | 307 | ||
| Pleomorphic adenomas versus Warthin tumors | 307 | ||
| Other epithelial and mesenchymal benign salivary gland tumors | 307 | ||
| Characterization of Malignant Salivary Tumors | 308 | ||
| Grading of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors | 308 | ||
| Spread (Staging) of Salivary Gland Cancer | 312 | ||
| Locoregional staging | 312 | ||
| Perineural spread | 312 | ||
| Nodal staging | 313 | ||
| Distant metastases | 313 | ||
| Prediction of Malignant Transformation | 314 | ||
| Malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenomas | 314 | ||
| Lymphomas of Sjögren syndrome | 314 | ||
| Differentiation of Neoplastic from Simulating Lesions | 315 | ||
| Inflammatory lesions | 315 | ||
| Autoimmune disorders | 315 | ||
| Post-treatment of Salivary Tumors | 315 | ||
| SUMMARY | 315 | ||
| REFERENCES | 315 |