BOOK
Digestive Disorders in Ruminants, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book
Robert J. Callan | Meredyth L. Jones
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice focuses on Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines, with topics including: Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen; Herd level management of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle; Abomasal Ulcers in Ruminants; Control and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis; Herd Based Assessment and Control of Salmonella; Enteric Immunity: An Evidence Based Review; Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease; Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants; Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Contro; and Coccidiosis in Ruminants.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines | vii | ||
| Enteric Immunity: Happy Gut, Healthy Animal | vii | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen | vii | ||
| Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids | vii | ||
| Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease | vii | ||
| Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle | viii | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants | viii | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants | viii | ||
| Salmonella in Dairy Cattle | viii | ||
| Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants | ix | ||
| Gastrointestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Control | ix | ||
| Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants | ix | ||
| Paratuberculosis in Cattle | ix | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA:\rFOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| July 2018 | xi | ||
| November 2018 | xi | ||
| March 2019 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2017 | xi | ||
| July 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rDigestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines | xiii | ||
| Enteric Immunity | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| ONTOGENY AND ORGANIZATION OF ENTERIC MUCOSAL SYSTEM | 2 | ||
| COLOSTRUM AND ENTERIC IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT | 4 | ||
| FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTERIC IMMUNITY | 4 | ||
| MICROBIOME AND ENTERIC IMMUNITY | 9 | ||
| MAXIMIZING ENTERIC IMMUNITY: PASSIVE IMMUNITY, VACCINES, AND DIRECT-FED MICROBIALS | 12 | ||
| SUMMARY | 13 | ||
| REFERENCES | 14 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen | 19 | ||
| Key points | 19 | ||
| BACKGROUND INFORMATION | 19 | ||
| DEFINITION | 20 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 20 | ||
| ABDOMINAL PAIN IN RUMINANTS | 20 | ||
| RAPID EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT | 20 | ||
| HISTORY | 21 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 21 | ||
| Hemodynamic State | 21 | ||
| Profile, Auscultation | 21 | ||
| Pain Origin | 22 | ||
| Transrectal Palpation | 22 | ||
| Fecal Output and Appearance | 22 | ||
| MEDICAL TREATMENT | 22 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 23 | ||
| Pain Control | 23 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 23 | ||
| Prokinetic Drugs | 24 | ||
| USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES | 24 | ||
| Blood Lactate Concentration | 24 | ||
| Blood Gas Analysis, Electrolytes, and Serum Biochemistry Profile | 24 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 25 | ||
| Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Evaluation | 25 | ||
| Medical Imaging: Ultrasound Examination, Laparoscopic Procedures, and Cranial Abdominal Radiography | 25 | ||
| Reticulum | 26 | ||
| Omasum | 26 | ||
| Abomasum | 26 | ||
| Duodenum | 27 | ||
| Jejunum | 28 | ||
| Cecum and colon | 29 | ||
| WHEN SURGERY IS PART OF THE SOLUTION | 30 | ||
| OTHER MEDICAL AND SUPPORTIVE TREATMENTS | 31 | ||
| MONITORING | 31 | ||
| SUMMARY | 31 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids | 35 | ||
| Key points | 35 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 35 | ||
| Types of Ulcers and Location in Cattle | 35 | ||
| Specific Characteristics of the Digestive Tract of South American Camelids | 37 | ||
| Types of Ulcers and Location in South American Camelids | 37 | ||
| CAUSES OF ULCERATION | 37 | ||
| Calves and Youngstock | 38 | ||
| Feeding | 38 | ||
| Trauma | 38 | ||
| Management | 38 | ||
| Copper | 38 | ||
| Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease | 55 | ||
| Key points | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE TREATMENTS | 56 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL PREPARATION AND ANESTHESIA | 56 | ||
| Patient (Cattle) | 56 | ||
| Local anesthesia | 57 | ||
| Proximal paravertebral block | 57 | ||
| Distal paravertebral | 57 | ||
| Segmental epidural block | 58 | ||
| Surgeon | 58 | ||
| Drapes | 59 | ||
| ABOMASAL PROBLEMS/DISEASES | 59 | ||
| ABOMASAL SURGERIES | 59 | ||
| Surgical Techniques Performed Through Laparotomy | 59 | ||
| Right or left paramedian (abomasopexy) | 59 | ||
| Abdominal surgical approach | 60 | ||
| Abdominal exploration and abomasopexy | 60 | ||
| Abdominal surgical closure | 60 | ||
| Left para-lumbar fossa (abomasopexy) | 61 | ||
| Surgical approach | 61 | ||
| Abdominal exploration and abomasopexy | 61 | ||
| Abdominal surgical closure and specific postoperative care | 62 | ||
| Right para-lumbar fossa (omentopexy/pyloropexy) | 62 | ||
| Abdominal surgical approach | 62 | ||
| Abdominal exploration and omentopexy | 62 | ||
| Pyloropexy | 63 | ||
| Abomasal volvulus | 64 | ||
| Para-costal flank approach (abomasopexy or abomasotomy) | 64 | ||
| Surgical Techniques Performed Through Laparoscopy | 64 | ||
| Two-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement (Janowitz) | 65 | ||
| One-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement standing procedure (Christiansen) | 65 | ||
| One-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement dorsal procedure (Newman) | 66 | ||
| Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy (Babkine) | 66 | ||
| Laparotomy Versus Laparoscopy | 67 | ||
| INTESTINAL SURGERIES | 67 | ||
| Small Intestines | 67 | ||
| Duodenum | 67 | ||
| Duodenum sigmoid flexure volvulus | 67 | ||
| Gallbladder malposition | 69 | ||
| Jejunum | 69 | ||
| Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome | 69 | ||
| Volvulus | 71 | ||
| Intussusception | 71 | ||
| RESECTION AND END-TO-END JEJUNAL ANASTOMOSIS | 73 | ||
| Internal herniation | 73 | ||
| Ileum | 73 | ||
| Impaction | 73 | ||
| Cecum | 74 | ||
| Cecum dislocation | 74 | ||
| TYPHLOTOMY AND PARTIAL TYPHLECTOMY | 74 | ||
| Colon | 76 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENTS | 77 | ||
| REFERENCES | 78 | ||
| Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle | 83 | ||
| Key points | 83 | ||
| NONNUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR DISPLACED ABOMASUM | 84 | ||
| Disturbances of the Abomasal Motor Activity | 84 | ||
| Collection of Gas and Dilation of the Abomasum | 85 | ||
| Mechanical and Anatomic Aspects Determining the Displacement of the Abomasum | 86 | ||
| ETIOLOGIC NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DISPLACED ABOMASUM | 86 | ||
| Ration Formulation and Physical Form: Early Lactation Nutrition | 86 | ||
| Ration Formulation and Physical Form: Dry Cow Nutrition | 87 | ||
| Feeding and Bunk Management | 87 | ||
| Assessing Ration Physical Form: Penn State Particle Separator | 88 | ||
| MONITORING DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS OCCURRENCE | 89 | ||
| Displaced Abomasum Alarm Levels | 90 | ||
| Infectious Diseases and Endotoxemia | 91 | ||
| Mineral and Energy Deficiencies | 91 | ||
| Body Condition Score | 92 | ||
| Automated Health-Monitoring Systems | 93 | ||
| PREVENTION OF DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS OCCURRENCE | 93 | ||
| Mineral and Energy Deficiencies | 94 | ||
| Diet, Transition Cow Management, and Cow Comfort | 94 | ||
| SUMMARY | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 95 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants | 101 | ||
| Key points | 101 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 101 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY | 102 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 103 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 105 | ||
| BACTERIAL ENTERITIS | 105 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 105 | ||
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 105 | ||
| Attaching and effacing /Shiga toxin–producing, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli | 106 | ||
| Salmonella | 106 | ||
| Clostridium perfringens | 106 | ||
| VIRAL ENTERITIS | 108 | ||
| Rotavirus | 108 | ||
| Coronavirus | 108 | ||
| BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA | 108 | ||
| Other Viruses | 109 | ||
| PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS | 109 | ||
| Protozoa | 109 | ||
| Cryptosporidium | 109 | ||
| Giardia | 110 | ||
| Coccidiosis | 110 | ||
| NONINFECTIOUS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ENTERITIS | 111 | ||
| DIAGNOSTICS | 111 | ||
| Packed Cell Volume and Serum Total Protein | 111 | ||
| Blood Gas Analysis | 111 | ||
| Complete Blood Count and Serum Biochemical Analysis | 112 | ||
| TREATMENT | 112 | ||
| Principles of Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal Ruminants | 112 | ||
| Intravenous Crystalloid Fluids | 113 | ||
| Colloids | 114 | ||
| Antimicrobial and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Therapy | 114 | ||
| Prevention | 114 | ||
| SUMMARY | 115 | ||
| REFERENCES | 115 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS ENTERITIS IN ADULT RUMINANTS | 119 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY | 120 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 120 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 121 | ||
| Bacterial Enteritis | 122 | ||
| Salmonellosis | 122 | ||
| Paratuberculosis | 122 | ||
| Clostridium perfringens type A | 122 | ||
| Viral Enteritis | 123 | ||
| Bovine viral diarrhea | 123 | ||
| Malignant catarrhal fever | 123 | ||
| Winter dysentery | 123 | ||
| Parasitic Gastroenteritis | 124 | ||
| Nematodiasis | 124 | ||
| Coccidiosis | 125 | ||
| NONINFECTIOUS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ENTERITIS IN ADULT RUMINANTS | 125 | ||
| DIAGNOSTICS | 125 | ||
| Fecal Flotation | 125 | ||
| Packed Cell Volume and Serum Total Protein | 126 | ||
| Other Ancillary Diagnostics | 126 | ||
| Complete blood cell count and serum biochemical analysis | 126 | ||
| Plasma pepsinogen levels | 126 | ||
| TREATMENT | 127 | ||
| Principles of Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants | 127 | ||
| Crystalloids | 127 | ||
| Colloids | 127 | ||
| Antimicrobial and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy | 127 | ||
| SPECIFIC TREATMENTS | 128 | ||
| Bacterial Pathogens | 128 | ||
| Salmonellosis | 128 | ||
| Paratuberculosis | 128 | ||
| Clostridium perfringens type A | 128 | ||
| Viral Pathogens | 129 | ||
| Parasitic pathogens | 129 | ||
| Helminths and coccidiosis | 129 | ||
| SUMMARY | 130 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Salmonella in Dairy Cattle | 133 | ||
| Key points | 133 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 133 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY | 134 | ||
| PREVALENT SEROTYPES IN DAIRY CATTLE | 134 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 135 | ||
| DIAGNOSTICS | 137 | ||
| Live Animal | 137 | ||
| Post Mortem Sampling | 139 | ||
| Environmental Sampling | 140 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing for Salmonella Dublin | 140 | ||
| TREATMENT | 140 | ||
| PREVENTION AND CONTROL | 142 | ||
| Adult Cows | 142 | ||
| Calves | 145 | ||
| COMMENTS REGARDING SALMONELLA DUBLIN CONTROL | 146 | ||
| Herd Biosecurity? | 148 | ||
| PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS WITH SALMONELLA AND THE DAIRY INDUSTRY | 148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 150 | ||
| Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants | 155 | ||
| Key points | 155 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 155 | ||
| CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS EXOTOXINS | 158 | ||
| Alpha Toxin | 158 | ||
| Beta Toxin | 158 | ||
| Epsilon Toxin | 158 | ||
| Iota Toxin | 159 | ||
| Enterotoxin | 159 | ||
| Beta-2 Toxin | 160 | ||
| Novel Pore-forming Toxins | 160 | ||
| CLINICAL DISEASE | 160 | ||
| Clostridial Abomasitis | 160 | ||
| Clostridial Enteritis | 162 | ||
| Type A | 163 | ||
| Type B | 164 | ||
| Type C | 164 | ||
| Type D | 165 | ||
| Type E | 166 | ||
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS | 166 | ||
| CLINICAL PATHOLOGY | 167 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 167 | ||
| TREATMENT | 169 | ||
| PREVENTION | 172 | ||
| Vaccination | 172 | ||
| Feeding and Environmental Management | 174 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 175 | ||
| SUMMARY | 178 | ||
| REFERENCES | 178 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Control | 185 | ||
| Key points | 185 | ||
| TRANSMISSION | 186 | ||
| DISEASE | 187 | ||
| IMMUNITY | 187 | ||
| CATTLE NEMATODES | 188 | ||
| SMALL RUMINANT NEMATODES | 188 | ||
| IMPORTANT GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITES | 189 | ||
| Ostertagia | 189 | ||
| Haemonchus | 190 | ||
| Trichostrongylus | 190 | ||
| Cooperia | 191 | ||
| Nematodirus | 191 | ||
| Bunostomum | 191 | ||
| Strongyloides | 192 | ||
| Toxocara (Neoascaris) | 192 | ||
| Oesophagostomum | 192 | ||
| Trichuris | 193 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES | 193 | ||
| CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF CATTLE | 194 | ||
| GRAZING MANAGEMENT | 196 | ||
| REFERENCES | 198 | ||
| Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants | 201 | ||
| Key points | 201 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 201 | ||
| LIFE CYCLE | 201 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 203 | ||
| HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 203 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 204 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS | 204 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS | 206 | ||
| SUMMARY | 206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 206 | ||
| Paratuberculosis in Cattle | 209 | ||
| Key points | 209 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 209 | ||
| TRANSMISSION OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 210 | ||
| Routes of Transmission | 210 | ||
| Susceptibility to Infection | 211 | ||
| Introduction into the Herd | 211 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND STAGES OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION | 212 | ||
| Entry of the Organism | 212 | ||
| Stage I: Silent Infection | 212 | ||
| Stage II: The Infection Progresses | 212 | ||
| Stage III: Clinical Disease Begins | 213 | ||
| Stage IV: Advanced Clinical Disease | 213 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 213 | ||
| Immune-Based Tests | 214 | ||
| Organism-Detection Tests | 214 | ||
| Testing Strategies | 214 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing in a Known-Infected Herd | 215 | ||
| Diagnostic testing to determine herd Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis status (surveillance) | 216 | ||
| Diagnostic testing for eradication | 216 | ||
| Diagnostic testing for individual animals | 216 | ||
| CONTROL OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 217 | ||
| Prevent New Infections | 217 | ||
| Manage Infected Cattle | 217 | ||
| Improve Resistance | 218 | ||
| SUMMARY | 218 | ||
| REFERENCES | 218 |