BOOK
Digestive Disorders in Ruminants, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book
Robert J. Callan | Meredyth L. Jones
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice focuses on Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines, with topics including: Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen; Herd level management of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle; Abomasal Ulcers in Ruminants; Control and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis; Herd Based Assessment and Control of Salmonella; Enteric Immunity: An Evidence Based Review; Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease; Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants; Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Contro; and Coccidiosis in Ruminants.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines\r | i | ||
Copyright\r | ii | ||
Contributors | iii | ||
CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
EDITORS | iii | ||
AUTHORS | iii | ||
Contents | vii | ||
Preface: Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines | vii | ||
Enteric Immunity: Happy Gut, Healthy Animal | vii | ||
Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen | vii | ||
Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids | vii | ||
Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease | vii | ||
Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle | viii | ||
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants | viii | ||
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants | viii | ||
Salmonella in Dairy Cattle | viii | ||
Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants | ix | ||
Gastrointestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Control | ix | ||
Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants | ix | ||
Paratuberculosis in Cattle | ix | ||
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA:\rFOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE\r | xi | ||
FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
July 2018 | xi | ||
November 2018 | xi | ||
March 2019 | xi | ||
RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
November 2017 | xi | ||
July 2017 | xi | ||
March 2017 | xi | ||
Preface:\rDigestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines | xiii | ||
Enteric Immunity | 1 | ||
Key points | 1 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
ONTOGENY AND ORGANIZATION OF ENTERIC MUCOSAL SYSTEM | 2 | ||
COLOSTRUM AND ENTERIC IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT | 4 | ||
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTERIC IMMUNITY | 4 | ||
MICROBIOME AND ENTERIC IMMUNITY | 9 | ||
MAXIMIZING ENTERIC IMMUNITY: PASSIVE IMMUNITY, VACCINES, AND DIRECT-FED MICROBIALS | 12 | ||
SUMMARY | 13 | ||
REFERENCES | 14 | ||
Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen | 19 | ||
Key points | 19 | ||
BACKGROUND INFORMATION | 19 | ||
DEFINITION | 20 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 20 | ||
ABDOMINAL PAIN IN RUMINANTS | 20 | ||
RAPID EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT | 20 | ||
HISTORY | 21 | ||
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 21 | ||
Hemodynamic State | 21 | ||
Profile, Auscultation | 21 | ||
Pain Origin | 22 | ||
Transrectal Palpation | 22 | ||
Fecal Output and Appearance | 22 | ||
MEDICAL TREATMENT | 22 | ||
Fluid Therapy | 23 | ||
Pain Control | 23 | ||
Antimicrobial Therapy | 23 | ||
Prokinetic Drugs | 24 | ||
USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES | 24 | ||
Blood Lactate Concentration | 24 | ||
Blood Gas Analysis, Electrolytes, and Serum Biochemistry Profile | 24 | ||
Complete Blood Count | 25 | ||
Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Evaluation | 25 | ||
Medical Imaging: Ultrasound Examination, Laparoscopic Procedures, and Cranial Abdominal Radiography | 25 | ||
Reticulum | 26 | ||
Omasum | 26 | ||
Abomasum | 26 | ||
Duodenum | 27 | ||
Jejunum | 28 | ||
Cecum and colon | 29 | ||
WHEN SURGERY IS PART OF THE SOLUTION | 30 | ||
OTHER MEDICAL AND SUPPORTIVE TREATMENTS | 31 | ||
MONITORING | 31 | ||
SUMMARY | 31 | ||
REFERENCES | 32 | ||
Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids | 35 | ||
Key points | 35 | ||
INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 35 | ||
Types of Ulcers and Location in Cattle | 35 | ||
Specific Characteristics of the Digestive Tract of South American Camelids | 37 | ||
Types of Ulcers and Location in South American Camelids | 37 | ||
CAUSES OF ULCERATION | 37 | ||
Calves and Youngstock | 38 | ||
Feeding | 38 | ||
Trauma | 38 | ||
Management | 38 | ||
Copper | 38 | ||
Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease | 55 | ||
Key points | 55 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
PREOPERATIVE TREATMENTS | 56 | ||
PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL PREPARATION AND ANESTHESIA | 56 | ||
Patient (Cattle) | 56 | ||
Local anesthesia | 57 | ||
Proximal paravertebral block | 57 | ||
Distal paravertebral | 57 | ||
Segmental epidural block | 58 | ||
Surgeon | 58 | ||
Drapes | 59 | ||
ABOMASAL PROBLEMS/DISEASES | 59 | ||
ABOMASAL SURGERIES | 59 | ||
Surgical Techniques Performed Through Laparotomy | 59 | ||
Right or left paramedian (abomasopexy) | 59 | ||
Abdominal surgical approach | 60 | ||
Abdominal exploration and abomasopexy | 60 | ||
Abdominal surgical closure | 60 | ||
Left para-lumbar fossa (abomasopexy) | 61 | ||
Surgical approach | 61 | ||
Abdominal exploration and abomasopexy | 61 | ||
Abdominal surgical closure and specific postoperative care | 62 | ||
Right para-lumbar fossa (omentopexy/pyloropexy) | 62 | ||
Abdominal surgical approach | 62 | ||
Abdominal exploration and omentopexy | 62 | ||
Pyloropexy | 63 | ||
Abomasal volvulus | 64 | ||
Para-costal flank approach (abomasopexy or abomasotomy) | 64 | ||
Surgical Techniques Performed Through Laparoscopy | 64 | ||
Two-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement (Janowitz) | 65 | ||
One-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement standing procedure (Christiansen) | 65 | ||
One-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement dorsal procedure (Newman) | 66 | ||
Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy (Babkine) | 66 | ||
Laparotomy Versus Laparoscopy | 67 | ||
INTESTINAL SURGERIES | 67 | ||
Small Intestines | 67 | ||
Duodenum | 67 | ||
Duodenum sigmoid flexure volvulus | 67 | ||
Gallbladder malposition | 69 | ||
Jejunum | 69 | ||
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome | 69 | ||
Volvulus | 71 | ||
Intussusception | 71 | ||
RESECTION AND END-TO-END JEJUNAL ANASTOMOSIS | 73 | ||
Internal herniation | 73 | ||
Ileum | 73 | ||
Impaction | 73 | ||
Cecum | 74 | ||
Cecum dislocation | 74 | ||
TYPHLOTOMY AND PARTIAL TYPHLECTOMY | 74 | ||
Colon | 76 | ||
POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENTS | 77 | ||
REFERENCES | 78 | ||
Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle | 83 | ||
Key points | 83 | ||
NONNUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR DISPLACED ABOMASUM | 84 | ||
Disturbances of the Abomasal Motor Activity | 84 | ||
Collection of Gas and Dilation of the Abomasum | 85 | ||
Mechanical and Anatomic Aspects Determining the Displacement of the Abomasum | 86 | ||
ETIOLOGIC NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DISPLACED ABOMASUM | 86 | ||
Ration Formulation and Physical Form: Early Lactation Nutrition | 86 | ||
Ration Formulation and Physical Form: Dry Cow Nutrition | 87 | ||
Feeding and Bunk Management | 87 | ||
Assessing Ration Physical Form: Penn State Particle Separator | 88 | ||
MONITORING DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS OCCURRENCE | 89 | ||
Displaced Abomasum Alarm Levels | 90 | ||
Infectious Diseases and Endotoxemia | 91 | ||
Mineral and Energy Deficiencies | 91 | ||
Body Condition Score | 92 | ||
Automated Health-Monitoring Systems | 93 | ||
PREVENTION OF DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS OCCURRENCE | 93 | ||
Mineral and Energy Deficiencies | 94 | ||
Diet, Transition Cow Management, and Cow Comfort | 94 | ||
SUMMARY | 94 | ||
REFERENCES | 95 | ||
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants | 101 | ||
Key points | 101 | ||
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 101 | ||
PATIENT HISTORY | 102 | ||
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 103 | ||
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 105 | ||
BACTERIAL ENTERITIS | 105 | ||
Escherichia coli | 105 | ||
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 105 | ||
Attaching and effacing /Shiga toxin–producing, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli | 106 | ||
Salmonella | 106 | ||
Clostridium perfringens | 106 | ||
VIRAL ENTERITIS | 108 | ||
Rotavirus | 108 | ||
Coronavirus | 108 | ||
BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA | 108 | ||
Other Viruses | 109 | ||
PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS | 109 | ||
Protozoa | 109 | ||
Cryptosporidium | 109 | ||
Giardia | 110 | ||
Coccidiosis | 110 | ||
NONINFECTIOUS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ENTERITIS | 111 | ||
DIAGNOSTICS | 111 | ||
Packed Cell Volume and Serum Total Protein | 111 | ||
Blood Gas Analysis | 111 | ||
Complete Blood Count and Serum Biochemical Analysis | 112 | ||
TREATMENT | 112 | ||
Principles of Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal Ruminants | 112 | ||
Intravenous Crystalloid Fluids | 113 | ||
Colloids | 114 | ||
Antimicrobial and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Therapy | 114 | ||
Prevention | 114 | ||
SUMMARY | 115 | ||
REFERENCES | 115 | ||
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants | 119 | ||
Key points | 119 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS ENTERITIS IN ADULT RUMINANTS | 119 | ||
PATIENT HISTORY | 120 | ||
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 120 | ||
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 121 | ||
Bacterial Enteritis | 122 | ||
Salmonellosis | 122 | ||
Paratuberculosis | 122 | ||
Clostridium perfringens type A | 122 | ||
Viral Enteritis | 123 | ||
Bovine viral diarrhea | 123 | ||
Malignant catarrhal fever | 123 | ||
Winter dysentery | 123 | ||
Parasitic Gastroenteritis | 124 | ||
Nematodiasis | 124 | ||
Coccidiosis | 125 | ||
NONINFECTIOUS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ENTERITIS IN ADULT RUMINANTS | 125 | ||
DIAGNOSTICS | 125 | ||
Fecal Flotation | 125 | ||
Packed Cell Volume and Serum Total Protein | 126 | ||
Other Ancillary Diagnostics | 126 | ||
Complete blood cell count and serum biochemical analysis | 126 | ||
Plasma pepsinogen levels | 126 | ||
TREATMENT | 127 | ||
Principles of Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants | 127 | ||
Crystalloids | 127 | ||
Colloids | 127 | ||
Antimicrobial and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy | 127 | ||
SPECIFIC TREATMENTS | 128 | ||
Bacterial Pathogens | 128 | ||
Salmonellosis | 128 | ||
Paratuberculosis | 128 | ||
Clostridium perfringens type A | 128 | ||
Viral Pathogens | 129 | ||
Parasitic pathogens | 129 | ||
Helminths and coccidiosis | 129 | ||
SUMMARY | 130 | ||
REFERENCES | 130 | ||
Salmonella in Dairy Cattle | 133 | ||
Key points | 133 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 133 | ||
ETIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY | 134 | ||
PREVALENT SEROTYPES IN DAIRY CATTLE | 134 | ||
PATHOGENESIS | 135 | ||
DIAGNOSTICS | 137 | ||
Live Animal | 137 | ||
Post Mortem Sampling | 139 | ||
Environmental Sampling | 140 | ||
Diagnostic Testing for Salmonella Dublin | 140 | ||
TREATMENT | 140 | ||
PREVENTION AND CONTROL | 142 | ||
Adult Cows | 142 | ||
Calves | 145 | ||
COMMENTS REGARDING SALMONELLA DUBLIN CONTROL | 146 | ||
Herd Biosecurity? | 148 | ||
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS WITH SALMONELLA AND THE DAIRY INDUSTRY | 148 | ||
REFERENCES | 150 | ||
Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants | 155 | ||
Key points | 155 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 155 | ||
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS EXOTOXINS | 158 | ||
Alpha Toxin | 158 | ||
Beta Toxin | 158 | ||
Epsilon Toxin | 158 | ||
Iota Toxin | 159 | ||
Enterotoxin | 159 | ||
Beta-2 Toxin | 160 | ||
Novel Pore-forming Toxins | 160 | ||
CLINICAL DISEASE | 160 | ||
Clostridial Abomasitis | 160 | ||
Clostridial Enteritis | 162 | ||
Type A | 163 | ||
Type B | 164 | ||
Type C | 164 | ||
Type D | 165 | ||
Type E | 166 | ||
PREDISPOSING FACTORS | 166 | ||
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY | 167 | ||
DIAGNOSIS | 167 | ||
TREATMENT | 169 | ||
PREVENTION | 172 | ||
Vaccination | 172 | ||
Feeding and Environmental Management | 174 | ||
Clostridium difficile | 175 | ||
SUMMARY | 178 | ||
REFERENCES | 178 | ||
Gastrointestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Control | 185 | ||
Key points | 185 | ||
TRANSMISSION | 186 | ||
DISEASE | 187 | ||
IMMUNITY | 187 | ||
CATTLE NEMATODES | 188 | ||
SMALL RUMINANT NEMATODES | 188 | ||
IMPORTANT GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITES | 189 | ||
Ostertagia | 189 | ||
Haemonchus | 190 | ||
Trichostrongylus | 190 | ||
Cooperia | 191 | ||
Nematodirus | 191 | ||
Bunostomum | 191 | ||
Strongyloides | 192 | ||
Toxocara (Neoascaris) | 192 | ||
Oesophagostomum | 192 | ||
Trichuris | 193 | ||
DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES | 193 | ||
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF CATTLE | 194 | ||
GRAZING MANAGEMENT | 196 | ||
REFERENCES | 198 | ||
Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants | 201 | ||
Key points | 201 | ||
INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 201 | ||
LIFE CYCLE | 201 | ||
EPIDEMIOLOGY | 203 | ||
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 203 | ||
DIAGNOSIS | 204 | ||
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS | 204 | ||
NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS | 206 | ||
SUMMARY | 206 | ||
REFERENCES | 206 | ||
Paratuberculosis in Cattle | 209 | ||
Key points | 209 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
PREVALENCE OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 209 | ||
TRANSMISSION OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 210 | ||
Routes of Transmission | 210 | ||
Susceptibility to Infection | 211 | ||
Introduction into the Herd | 211 | ||
PATHOGENESIS AND STAGES OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION | 212 | ||
Entry of the Organism | 212 | ||
Stage I: Silent Infection | 212 | ||
Stage II: The Infection Progresses | 212 | ||
Stage III: Clinical Disease Begins | 213 | ||
Stage IV: Advanced Clinical Disease | 213 | ||
DIAGNOSIS OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 213 | ||
Immune-Based Tests | 214 | ||
Organism-Detection Tests | 214 | ||
Testing Strategies | 214 | ||
Diagnostic Testing in a Known-Infected Herd | 215 | ||
Diagnostic testing to determine herd Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis status (surveillance) | 216 | ||
Diagnostic testing for eradication | 216 | ||
Diagnostic testing for individual animals | 216 | ||
CONTROL OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE | 217 | ||
Prevent New Infections | 217 | ||
Manage Infected Cattle | 217 | ||
Improve Resistance | 218 | ||
SUMMARY | 218 | ||
REFERENCES | 218 |