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Digestive Disorders in Ruminants, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book

Digestive Disorders in Ruminants, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book

Robert J. Callan | Meredyth L. Jones

(2018)

Abstract

This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice focuses on Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines, with topics including: Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen; Herd level management of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle; Abomasal Ulcers in Ruminants; Control and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis; Herd Based Assessment and Control of Salmonella; Enteric Immunity: An Evidence Based Review; Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease; Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants; Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Contro; and Coccidiosis in Ruminants.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines\r i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Preface: Digestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines vii
Enteric Immunity: Happy Gut, Healthy Animal vii
Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen vii
Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids vii
Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease vii
Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle viii
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants viii
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants viii
Salmonella in Dairy Cattle viii
Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants ix
Gastrointestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Control ix
Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants ix
Paratuberculosis in Cattle ix
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA:\rFOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE\r xi
FORTHCOMING ISSUES xi
July 2018 xi
November 2018 xi
March 2019 xi
RECENT ISSUES xi
November 2017 xi
July 2017 xi
March 2017 xi
Preface:\rDigestive Disorders of the Abomasum and Intestines xiii
Enteric Immunity 1
Key points 1
INTRODUCTION 1
ONTOGENY AND ORGANIZATION OF ENTERIC MUCOSAL SYSTEM 2
COLOSTRUM AND ENTERIC IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT 4
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTERIC IMMUNITY 4
MICROBIOME AND ENTERIC IMMUNITY 9
MAXIMIZING ENTERIC IMMUNITY: PASSIVE IMMUNITY, VACCINES, AND DIRECT-FED MICROBIALS 12
SUMMARY 13
REFERENCES 14
Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen 19
Key points 19
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 19
DEFINITION 20
INTRODUCTION 20
ABDOMINAL PAIN IN RUMINANTS 20
RAPID EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT 20
HISTORY 21
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 21
Hemodynamic State 21
Profile, Auscultation 21
Pain Origin 22
Transrectal Palpation 22
Fecal Output and Appearance 22
MEDICAL TREATMENT 22
Fluid Therapy 23
Pain Control 23
Antimicrobial Therapy 23
Prokinetic Drugs 24
USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 24
Blood Lactate Concentration 24
Blood Gas Analysis, Electrolytes, and Serum Biochemistry Profile 24
Complete Blood Count 25
Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Evaluation 25
Medical Imaging: Ultrasound Examination, Laparoscopic Procedures, and Cranial Abdominal Radiography 25
Reticulum 26
Omasum 26
Abomasum 26
Duodenum 27
Jejunum 28
Cecum and colon 29
WHEN SURGERY IS PART OF THE SOLUTION 30
OTHER MEDICAL AND SUPPORTIVE TREATMENTS 31
MONITORING 31
SUMMARY 31
REFERENCES 32
Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids 35
Key points 35
INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 35
Types of Ulcers and Location in Cattle 35
Specific Characteristics of the Digestive Tract of South American Camelids 37
Types of Ulcers and Location in South American Camelids 37
CAUSES OF ULCERATION 37
Calves and Youngstock 38
Feeding 38
Trauma 38
Management 38
Copper 38
Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease 55
Key points 55
INTRODUCTION 55
PREOPERATIVE TREATMENTS 56
PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL PREPARATION AND ANESTHESIA 56
Patient (Cattle) 56
Local anesthesia 57
Proximal paravertebral block 57
Distal paravertebral 57
Segmental epidural block 58
Surgeon 58
Drapes 59
ABOMASAL PROBLEMS/DISEASES 59
ABOMASAL SURGERIES 59
Surgical Techniques Performed Through Laparotomy 59
Right or left paramedian (abomasopexy) 59
Abdominal surgical approach 60
Abdominal exploration and abomasopexy 60
Abdominal surgical closure 60
Left para-lumbar fossa (abomasopexy) 61
Surgical approach 61
Abdominal exploration and abomasopexy 61
Abdominal surgical closure and specific postoperative care 62
Right para-lumbar fossa (omentopexy/pyloropexy) 62
Abdominal surgical approach 62
Abdominal exploration and omentopexy 62
Pyloropexy 63
Abomasal volvulus 64
Para-costal flank approach (abomasopexy or abomasotomy) 64
Surgical Techniques Performed Through Laparoscopy 64
Two-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement (Janowitz) 65
One-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement standing procedure (Christiansen) 65
One-step laparoscopic toggle pin placement dorsal procedure (Newman) 66
Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy (Babkine) 66
Laparotomy Versus Laparoscopy 67
INTESTINAL SURGERIES 67
Small Intestines 67
Duodenum 67
Duodenum sigmoid flexure volvulus 67
Gallbladder malposition 69
Jejunum 69
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome 69
Volvulus 71
Intussusception 71
RESECTION AND END-TO-END JEJUNAL ANASTOMOSIS 73
Internal herniation 73
Ileum 73
Impaction 73
Cecum 74
Cecum dislocation 74
TYPHLOTOMY AND PARTIAL TYPHLECTOMY 74
Colon 76
POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENTS 77
REFERENCES 78
Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle 83
Key points 83
NONNUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR DISPLACED ABOMASUM 84
Disturbances of the Abomasal Motor Activity 84
Collection of Gas and Dilation of the Abomasum 85
Mechanical and Anatomic Aspects Determining the Displacement of the Abomasum 86
ETIOLOGIC NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DISPLACED ABOMASUM 86
Ration Formulation and Physical Form: Early Lactation Nutrition 86
Ration Formulation and Physical Form: Dry Cow Nutrition 87
Feeding and Bunk Management 87
Assessing Ration Physical Form: Penn State Particle Separator 88
MONITORING DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS OCCURRENCE 89
Displaced Abomasum Alarm Levels 90
Infectious Diseases and Endotoxemia 91
Mineral and Energy Deficiencies 91
Body Condition Score 92
Automated Health-Monitoring Systems 93
PREVENTION OF DISPLACED ABOMASUM AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS OCCURRENCE 93
Mineral and Energy Deficiencies 94
Diet, Transition Cow Management, and Cow Comfort 94
SUMMARY 94
REFERENCES 95
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants 101
Key points 101
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 101
PATIENT HISTORY 102
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 103
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES 105
BACTERIAL ENTERITIS 105
Escherichia coli 105
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 105
Attaching and effacing /Shiga toxin–producing, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 106
Salmonella 106
Clostridium perfringens 106
VIRAL ENTERITIS 108
Rotavirus 108
Coronavirus 108
BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA 108
Other Viruses 109
PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS 109
Protozoa 109
Cryptosporidium 109
Giardia 110
Coccidiosis 110
NONINFECTIOUS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ENTERITIS 111
DIAGNOSTICS 111
Packed Cell Volume and Serum Total Protein 111
Blood Gas Analysis 111
Complete Blood Count and Serum Biochemical Analysis 112
TREATMENT 112
Principles of Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal Ruminants 112
Intravenous Crystalloid Fluids 113
Colloids 114
Antimicrobial and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Therapy 114
Prevention 114
SUMMARY 115
REFERENCES 115
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants 119
Key points 119
INTRODUCTION 119
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS ENTERITIS IN ADULT RUMINANTS 119
PATIENT HISTORY 120
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 120
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES 121
Bacterial Enteritis 122
Salmonellosis 122
Paratuberculosis 122
Clostridium perfringens type A 122
Viral Enteritis 123
Bovine viral diarrhea 123
Malignant catarrhal fever 123
Winter dysentery 123
Parasitic Gastroenteritis 124
Nematodiasis 124
Coccidiosis 125
NONINFECTIOUS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ENTERITIS IN ADULT RUMINANTS 125
DIAGNOSTICS 125
Fecal Flotation 125
Packed Cell Volume and Serum Total Protein 126
Other Ancillary Diagnostics 126
Complete blood cell count and serum biochemical analysis 126
Plasma pepsinogen levels 126
TREATMENT 127
Principles of Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Adult Ruminants 127
Crystalloids 127
Colloids 127
Antimicrobial and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy 127
SPECIFIC TREATMENTS 128
Bacterial Pathogens 128
Salmonellosis 128
Paratuberculosis 128
Clostridium perfringens type A 128
Viral Pathogens 129
Parasitic pathogens 129
Helminths and coccidiosis 129
SUMMARY 130
REFERENCES 130
Salmonella in Dairy Cattle 133
Key points 133
INTRODUCTION 133
ETIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY 134
PREVALENT SEROTYPES IN DAIRY CATTLE 134
PATHOGENESIS 135
DIAGNOSTICS 137
Live Animal 137
Post Mortem Sampling 139
Environmental Sampling 140
Diagnostic Testing for Salmonella Dublin 140
TREATMENT 140
PREVENTION AND CONTROL 142
Adult Cows 142
Calves 145
COMMENTS REGARDING SALMONELLA DUBLIN CONTROL 146
Herd Biosecurity? 148
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS WITH SALMONELLA AND THE DAIRY INDUSTRY 148
REFERENCES 150
Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants 155
Key points 155
INTRODUCTION 155
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS EXOTOXINS 158
Alpha Toxin 158
Beta Toxin 158
Epsilon Toxin 158
Iota Toxin 159
Enterotoxin 159
Beta-2 Toxin 160
Novel Pore-forming Toxins 160
CLINICAL DISEASE 160
Clostridial Abomasitis 160
Clostridial Enteritis 162
Type A 163
Type B 164
Type C 164
Type D 165
Type E 166
PREDISPOSING FACTORS 166
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 167
DIAGNOSIS 167
TREATMENT 169
PREVENTION 172
Vaccination 172
Feeding and Environmental Management 174
Clostridium difficile 175
SUMMARY 178
REFERENCES 178
Gastrointestinal Nematodes, Diagnosis and Control 185
Key points 185
TRANSMISSION 186
DISEASE 187
IMMUNITY 187
CATTLE NEMATODES 188
SMALL RUMINANT NEMATODES 188
IMPORTANT GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITES 189
Ostertagia 189
Haemonchus 190
Trichostrongylus 190
Cooperia 191
Nematodirus 191
Bunostomum 191
Strongyloides 192
Toxocara (Neoascaris) 192
Oesophagostomum 192
Trichuris 193
DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES 193
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF CATTLE 194
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 196
REFERENCES 198
Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants 201
Key points 201
INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 201
LIFE CYCLE 201
EPIDEMIOLOGY 203
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 203
DIAGNOSIS 204
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 204
NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 206
SUMMARY 206
REFERENCES 206
Paratuberculosis in Cattle 209
Key points 209
INTRODUCTION 209
PREVALENCE OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE 209
TRANSMISSION OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE 210
Routes of Transmission 210
Susceptibility to Infection 211
Introduction into the Herd 211
PATHOGENESIS AND STAGES OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION 212
Entry of the Organism 212
Stage I: Silent Infection 212
Stage II: The Infection Progresses 212
Stage III: Clinical Disease Begins 213
Stage IV: Advanced Clinical Disease 213
DIAGNOSIS OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE 213
Immune-Based Tests 214
Organism-Detection Tests 214
Testing Strategies 214
Diagnostic Testing in a Known-Infected Herd 215
Diagnostic testing to determine herd Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis status (surveillance) 216
Diagnostic testing for eradication 216
Diagnostic testing for individual animals 216
CONTROL OF PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE 217
Prevent New Infections 217
Manage Infected Cattle 217
Improve Resistance 218
SUMMARY 218
REFERENCES 218