BOOK
Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in Exotic Animal Medicine, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, E-Book
Nicola Di Girolamo | Alexandra L. Winter
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Edited by Drs. Nicola Di Girolamo and Alexandra Winter, focuses on Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in Exotic Animal Medicine. Topics include: Why should we direct our efforts toward evidence-based practice and knowledge creation?; Practical application of evidence-based practice; Evidence-based advances in avian medicine; Evidence-based advances in reptile medicine; Evidence-based advances in rabbit medicine; Evidence-based advances in ferret medicine; Evidence-based advances in rodent medicine; Evidence-based advances in fish and aquatic animal medicine; Evidence-based analgesia in exotic animals; Evidence-based anesthesia in exotic animals; Evidence-based reptile housing and nutrition; Evidence-based rabbit housing and nutrition; Basic statistics for the exotic animal practitioner (numerical outcomes, P values, t-test, anova); Advanced statistics for the exotic animal practitioner (categorical data, logistic regression, confidence intervals); Basics of systematic review and meta-analysis for the exotic animal practitioner; Evidence-based information resources for the exotic animal practitioner; and How to report exotic animal research.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Evidence-Based ClinicalPractice in Exotic AnimalMedicine\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Why Should We Direct Our Efforts Toward Evidence-Based Knowledge Creation? | vii | ||
| Practical Application of Evidence-Based Practice | vii | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Rabbit Medicine | vii | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Ferret Medicine | vii | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Rodent Medicine | viii | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Avian Medicine | viii | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Aquatic Animal Medicine | viii | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Reptile Medicine | viii | ||
| Evidence-Based Rabbit Housing and Nutrition | ix | ||
| Evidence-Based Reptile Housing and Nutrition | ix | ||
| Advancements in Evidence-Based Analgesia in Exotic Animals | ix | ||
| Advancements in Evidence-Based Anesthesia of Exotic Animals | x | ||
| Information Resources for the Exotic Animal Practitioner | x | ||
| Basic Statistics for the Exotic Animal Practitioner | x | ||
| Advanced Statistics for Exotic Animal Practitioners | x | ||
| An Introduction to Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Exotic Animal Practitioners | x | ||
| How to Report Exotic Animal Research | xi | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
| January 2018 | xii | ||
| May 2018 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| May 2017 | xii | ||
| January 2017 | xii | ||
| September 2016 | xii | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Why Should We Direct Our Efforts Toward Evidence-Based Knowledge Creation? | 733 | ||
| Key points | 733 | ||
| REFERENCES | 734 | ||
| Practical Application of Evidence-Based Practice | 737 | ||
| Key points | 737 | ||
| ASKING A QUESTION | 738 | ||
| ACQUIRING INFORMATION | 738 | ||
| APPRAISING THE EVIDENCE | 741 | ||
| Clinical Research Basics | 741 | ||
| Chance | 743 | ||
| Bias | 743 | ||
| Selection bias | 744 | ||
| Information bias | 744 | ||
| Confounding | 745 | ||
| Generalizability | 746 | ||
| APPLYING THE FINDINGS TO THE PATIENT | 746 | ||
| SUMMARY | 747 | ||
| REFERENCES | 747 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Rabbit Medicine | 749 | ||
| Key points | 749 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 749 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS | 750 | ||
| Otitis | 750 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 750 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 756 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASE ADVANCES IN THERAPEUTICS | 757 | ||
| Antibacterial Drugs | 757 | ||
| Digestive Motility | 757 | ||
| Toxicosis | 758 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN PROGNOSIS | 759 | ||
| Resuscitation | 759 | ||
| Glucose | 759 | ||
| Lactate | 760 | ||
| Temperature | 760 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN COMMON DISORDERS | 760 | ||
| Liver Lobe Torsion | 760 | ||
| Thymoma | 761 | ||
| Dental Disease | 762 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND CLINICAL TOPICS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE | 764 | ||
| Pain Assessment | 764 | ||
| Probiotics | 766 | ||
| NEW IDEAS | 766 | ||
| REFERENCES | 767 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Ferret Medicine | 773 | ||
| Key points | 773 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 773 | ||
| CLINICAL EXAMINATION | 773 | ||
| CLINICAL PATHOLOGY | 774 | ||
| Coagulation | 775 | ||
| Urinalysis | 775 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | 775 | ||
| Ophthalmic Data | 775 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 775 | ||
| Radiograph | 775 | ||
| Ultrasound | 778 | ||
| Abdominal ultrasound | 778 | ||
| Echocardiography | 778 | ||
| SPECIFIC DISEASES | 778 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Disease | 778 | ||
| Cause | 778 | ||
| Epidemiology | 782 | ||
| Diagnosis | 784 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 784 | ||
| Hormones | 784 | ||
| Treatment | 784 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 784 | ||
| Medical treatment | 787 | ||
| Insulinoma | 788 | ||
| Cause | 788 | ||
| Epidemiology | 789 | ||
| Diagnosis | 789 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 789 | ||
| Lymphoma | 791 | ||
| Cause | 791 | ||
| Epidemiology | 791 | ||
| Diagnosis | 792 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 792 | ||
| Influence of immunohistochemistry type and mitotic index | 796 | ||
| Influence of extension | 796 | ||
| Influence of treatment | 796 | ||
| SUMMARY | 797 | ||
| REFERENCES | 797 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Rodent Medicine | 805 | ||
| Key points | 805 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 805 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS | 806 | ||
| Diagnosis of Hyperadrenocorticism in Guinea Pigs | 806 | ||
| Dental imaging | 807 | ||
| Pituitary tumor imaging | 807 | ||
| Mineral Composition of Urinary Stones | 808 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN THERAPEUTICS | 809 | ||
| Peristalsis | 809 | ||
| Use of Surgical Laser Devices | 809 | ||
| The use of laser devices during surgery | 809 | ||
| Contraceptive Medications | 810 | ||
| Deslorelin acetate | 810 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN COMMON DISORDERS | 810 | ||
| Dental Disease in Guinea Pigs and Degus | 810 | ||
| Mammary Gland Tumors in Rats | 811 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND CLINICAL TOPICS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE | 812 | ||
| REFERENCES | 812 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Avian Medicine | 817 | ||
| Key points | 817 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 817 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS | 818 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 818 | ||
| Imaging | 823 | ||
| Cardiology and Vascular Medicine | 823 | ||
| Ophthalmology | 824 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN THERAPEUTICS | 824 | ||
| Antimicrobial Drugs | 824 | ||
| Antifungal Drugs | 826 | ||
| Cardiovascular Drugs | 828 | ||
| Anticonvulsant Drugs | 828 | ||
| Psychotropic Drugs | 830 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN COMMON DISORDERS | 830 | ||
| Advances in Avian Bornavirus | 830 | ||
| Advances in Atherosclerosis | 831 | ||
| Advances in Reproductive Inhibition | 832 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND CLINICAL TOPICS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE | 833 | ||
| Blood Glucometer Use | 833 | ||
| Statistical Analysis | 833 | ||
| NEW IDEAS | 833 | ||
| REFERENCES | 833 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Aquatic Animal Medicine | 839 | ||
| Key points | 839 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 839 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Diagnosis | 839 | ||
| HEMATOLOGY AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS | 840 | ||
| MICROBIOLOGY | 840 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 840 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Therapeutics | 840 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Common Disorders | 844 | ||
| Carp edema virus | 844 | ||
| Chytrid fungi in crustaceans | 845 | ||
| Fish nutrition: example of advances in seahorse nutrition | 845 | ||
| Current Controversies and Clinical Topics Requiring Additional Evidence | 846 | ||
| Gas bubble disease: the example of seahorses | 846 | ||
| Sea star wasting disease and densovirus | 847 | ||
| Antinociception in fish and aquatic invertebrates | 847 | ||
| New Ideas | 850 | ||
| Oncologic treatments | 850 | ||
| Fish euthanasia ethics | 850 | ||
| SUMMARY | 850 | ||
| REFERENCES | 850 | ||
| Evidence-Based Advances in Reptile Medicine | 857 | ||
| Key points | 857 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 857 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSTICS | 858 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN THERAPEUTICS | 860 | ||
| Rehydrating Reptiles | 860 | ||
| Novel Forms of Treatment | 861 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCES IN COMMON DISORDERS | 862 | ||
| Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism/Hypovitaminosis D | 862 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 863 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES | 865 | ||
| NEW IDEAS | 866 | ||
| SUMMARY | 867 | ||
| REFERENCES | 867 | ||
| Evidence-Based Rabbit Housing and Nutrition | 871 | ||
| Key points | 871 | ||
| HOUSING | 872 | ||
| Climate | 872 | ||
| Space and Structure | 872 | ||
| Sociality | 873 | ||
| Enrichment | 873 | ||
| Other Aspects of Housing | 874 | ||
| WATER PROVISION | 874 | ||
| NUTRITION | 874 | ||
| Digestive Tract Physiology | 874 | ||
| General Recommendations | 875 | ||
| The Relevance of a High-Fiber Diet | 875 | ||
| Forage Feeding | 876 | ||
| Fresh Food: Green Leafy Vegetables Versus Fruits | 877 | ||
| Pelleted/Extruded Complete Feeds Versus “Rabbit Mixes” | 877 | ||
| Specific Issues Related to Rabbit Nutrition | 878 | ||
| Diet transitions | 878 | ||
| Tooth wear and overgrowth | 878 | ||
| Calcium metabolism and urolithiasis | 879 | ||
| Obesity | 879 | ||
| REFERENCES | 879 | ||
| Evidence-Based Reptile Housing and Nutrition | 885 | ||
| Key points | 885 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 885 | ||
| HOUSING AND LIGHTING | 885 | ||
| HOUSING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT | 887 | ||
| HOUSING AND TEMPERATURE | 888 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED INFORMATION ON DISEASES RELATED TO HOUSING CONDITIONS | 889 | ||
| NUTRITION | 889 | ||
| Evidence-Based Information on Nutrition | 889 | ||
| Herbivorous species | 889 | ||
| Insectivorous species | 890 | ||
| Carnivorous species | 891 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND CLINICAL TOPICS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE | 891 | ||
| NEW IDEAS | 891 | ||
| REFERENCES | 892 | ||
| Advancements in Evidence-Based Analgesia in Exotic Animals | 899 | ||
| Key points | 899 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 899 | ||
| ANALGESIC DRUG CATEGORIES | 900 | ||
| Opioids | 900 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs | 904 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 904 | ||
| ANALGESIC THERAPY: SPECIES-SPECIFIC ADVANCES | 905 | ||
| Avians | 905 | ||
| Small Mammals | 908 | ||
| Reptiles and Amphibians | 909 | ||
| SUMMARY | 911 | ||
| REFERENCES | 911 | ||
| Advancements in Evidence-Based Anesthesia of Exotic Animals | 917 | ||
| Key points | 917 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 917 | ||
| ADVANCES IN ANESTHETIC PHARMACOLOGY | 918 | ||
| Avian | 918 | ||
| Small Mammal | 921 | ||
| Reptile and Amphibian | 922 | ||
| RECENT ADVANCES IN ANESTHETIC PHYSIOLOGY AND MONITORING | 923 | ||
| Temperature Monitoring | 923 | ||
| Lung Volume and Body Position | 924 | ||
| Tracheal Intubation in Birds | 924 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 925 | ||
| SUMMARY | 925 | ||
| REFERENCES | 925 | ||
| Information Resources for the Exotic Animal Practitioner | 929 | ||
| Key points | 929 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 929 | ||
| What Sources Do Veterinarians Use to Find Information? | 929 | ||
| Do Veterinarians Feel There Is Information Available on Exotic Animals? | 930 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED INFORMATION RESOURCES | 930 | ||
| What Are Evidence-Based Information Resources? | 930 | ||
| What Are the Barriers to Finding and Using Evidence-Based Information Resources? | 931 | ||
| CHOOSING AN EVIDENCE-BASED INFORMATION RESOURCE | 932 | ||
| What Resources Do You Have Access to? | 932 | ||
| Where, or by Whom, Is Information About Your Question Likely to Be Published? | 932 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES | 934 | ||
| Step 1: Develop a Focused Clinical Question | 934 | ||
| Step 2: Identify the Key Concepts of Your Question | 939 | ||
| Step 3: Generate a List of Keywords and Standardized Terms to Describe Each Concept | 939 | ||
| Step 4: Search Each Concept Separately, Then Combine Using AND, OR, and NOT | 940 | ||
| Step 5: Apply Filters to Limit Results | 943 | ||
| Tips for Finding Exotic Animal Literature in a Bibliographic Database | 943 | ||
| Include terms for related species | 944 | ||
| Check the controlled vocabulary terms applied to an article | 944 | ||
| View similar or related articles | 944 | ||
| View citing and cited articles | 944 | ||
| Restrict your search to a specific journal | 944 | ||
| OTHER RESOURCES | 944 | ||
| Google Scholar | 944 | ||
| Veterinary Information Network | 944 | ||
| SUMMARY | 945 | ||
| REFERENCES | 945 | ||
| Basic Statistics for the Exotic Animal Practitioner | 947 | ||
| Key points | 947 | ||
| DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS | 948 | ||
| Central Tendency: Numbers that Describe the Middle of the Data Set | 948 | ||
| Variability: Spread of the Data Around the Central Value | 948 | ||
| Descriptive Statistics in Study Results | 950 | ||
| Limitations of Descriptive Statistics | 950 | ||
| INFERENTIAL STATISTICS | 951 | ||
| Classical Hypothesis Testing | 951 | ||
| P Values | 952 | ||
| Test Procedures | 952 | ||
| Common Parametric Tests of Hypotheses | 953 | ||
| Common Nonparametric Tests of Hypotheses | 954 | ||
| Common Hypothesis Tests for Categorical Data | 955 | ||
| Inferential Statistics in Study Results | 956 | ||
| Limitations of Hypothesis Testing | 957 | ||
| CONFIDENCE INTERVALS | 957 | ||
| SUMMARY | 958 | ||
| REFERENCES | 958 | ||
| Advanced Statistics for Exotic Animal Practitioners | 961 | ||
| Key points | 961 | ||
| VISUALISING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 VARIABLES | 961 | ||
| CORRELATION | 962 | ||
| SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION | 964 | ||
| Binary and Categorical Variables | 966 | ||
| Assumptions of Linear Regression | 967 | ||
| MULTIPLE REGRESSION | 968 | ||
| Multicollinearity | 969 | ||
| Overfitting | 969 | ||
| LOGISTIC REGRESSION | 969 | ||
| Odds Ratios | 970 | ||
| Logistic Regression in Practice: Interpreting Model Parameters | 970 | ||
| Estimating a Logistic Regression Model | 971 | ||
| Overall Model Fit and Model Assumptions | 971 | ||
| SUMMARY | 971 | ||
| REFERENCES | 971 | ||
| An Introduction to Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Exotic Animal Practitioners | 973 | ||
| Key points | 973 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES | 973 | ||
| Introduction | 973 | ||
| Systematic Reviews Versus Narrative Reviews | 974 | ||
| Why Systematic Reviews Are Important and for Whom | 974 | ||
| Types of Systematic Reviews in the Health Care Sciences | 976 | ||
| What Are Meta-Analyses, Why They Are Important, and for Whom | 976 | ||
| Criteria for Conducting Meta-Analyses | 976 | ||
| Limitations of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses | 981 | ||
| DEVELOPING, CONDUCTING, AND REPORTING OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES | 981 | ||
| Phase 1. Preparing of the Review | 981 | ||
| The review team | 981 | ||
| Prioritizing research questions | 981 | ||
| Formulating research questions and defining eligibility criteria | 981 | ||
| Assessing the need for undertaking a systematic review | 982 | ||
| Sponsors of systematic reviews | 983 | ||
| Phase 2: Developing, Registering, and Publishing the Systematic Review Protocol | 983 | ||
| Rationale for developing a review protocol | 983 | ||
| Rationale for registering and publishing a review protocol | 983 | ||
| Developing and reporting of a review protocol | 983 | ||
| The review questions and the eligibility criteria | 984 | ||
| Information sources | 984 | ||
| Search strategy | 984 | ||
| Study records and data items | 984 | ||
| Outcomes and prioritization | 985 | ||
| Risk of bias individual studies | 985 | ||
| Data synthesis | 985 | ||
| Meta-biases | 985 | ||
| Confidence in cumulative estimate | 986 | ||
| Phase 3. Undertaking the Systematic Review Process | 989 | ||
| Phase 4. Reporting of the Systematic Review | 990 | ||
| APPLYING THE FINDINGS OF A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TO INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS | 990 | ||
| SUMMARY | 991 | ||
| REFERENCES | 991 | ||
| How to Report Exotic Animal Research | 997 | ||
| Key points | 997 | ||
| IMPROVING THE REPORTING OF RESEARCH: THE USE OF REPORTING GUIDELINES | 998 | ||
| TITLE | 998 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 999 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 999 | ||
| METHODS | 1000 | ||
| Study Design | 1000 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Outcomes | 1000 | ||
| Power Calculation | 1002 | ||
| Randomization Procedures | 1003 | ||
| Allocation Concealment | 1004 | ||
| BLINDING | 1004 | ||
| Blinding of Participants/Owners | 1005 | ||
| Blinding of Personnel | 1005 | ||
| Blinding of Outcome Assessors | 1005 | ||
| RESULTS | 1006 | ||
| Participant Flow | 1006 | ||
| Main Results: Use of Effect Size Estimation Methods | 1006 | ||
| Diagnostic accuracy studies | 1006 | ||
| Other Results: Subgroup and Sensitivity Analyses | 1008 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 1008 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1009 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1009 |