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Book Details
Abstract
Get a quick, expert overview of all types of addiction – from substance use disorders to behavioral addictions and more. This practical resource presents a focused summary of today’s current knowledge on topics of interest to all health care professionals who work with those who suffer from this wide-ranging problem. It provides current, relevant information on emerging findings, best practices, and treatment challenges, covering a variety of assessment and treatment strategies and making it a one-stop resource for staying up to date in this critical area.
- Discusses precision health in addiction; the latest trend of electronic cigarettes; state-of-the-art treatments for opioid use disorder and cannabis use disorder; best practices for chronic pain; prevention among adolescents; the role of physicians in the prescription drug epidemic; and the role of integrative interventions in addiction treatment.
- Includes coverage of behavioral addictions such as internet, sex, and gambling; food addiction; PTSD and substance use disorders; preventing relapse; the neurobiology of addiction; and more.
- Consolidates today’s available information on this timely topic into one convenient resource.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| The Assessment and Treatment of Addiction | i | ||
| The Assessment and Treatment of Addiction: Best Practices and New Frontiers | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| List of Contributors | v | ||
| Managing Challenges in the Assessment and Treatment of Addiction | ix | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| I - EMERGING FINDINGS | 1 | ||
| 1 - Neurochemical Imaging in Addiction: How Science Informs Practice | 1 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 1 | ||
| NEUROANATOMICAL STRUCTURES | 1 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 1 | ||
| NEUROCHEMICAL IMAGING | 2 | ||
| COCAINE | 3 | ||
| Cocaine and Dopamine | 3 | ||
| Dopamine Receptors | 3 | ||
| Dopamine Transmission | 4 | ||
| Clinical Significance | 4 | ||
| Other Dopamine Studies | 4 | ||
| Other Neurotransmitters | 5 | ||
| Summary | 5 | ||
| METHAMPHETAMINE | 5 | ||
| ALCOHOL | 6 | ||
| Dopamine Receptors | 6 | ||
| Presynaptic Dopamine | 6 | ||
| GABA | 7 | ||
| Other Neurotransmitters | 7 | ||
| OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE | 8 | ||
| SCIENCE INFORMING TREATMENT | 8 | ||
| Biomarkers for Treatment Prediction | 8 | ||
| Dopamine Transmission and Cocaine Use Disorder–Psychostimulant Substitution | 8 | ||
| Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists | 10 | ||
| κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonists | 13 | ||
| SUMMARY | 13 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| 2 - The Role of Nutrition in Addiction Recovery: What We Know and What We Don't | 21 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| ALCOHOL | 22 | ||
| STIMULANTS | 24 | ||
| OPIOIDS | 26 | ||
| CO-OCCURRING SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER AND EATING DISORDER | 27 | ||
| FOOD ADDICTION | 29 | ||
| CAFFEINE AND NICOTINE | 30 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS | 31 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 31 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 33 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| 3 - E-Cigarettes | 43 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 43 | ||
| Background of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems | 43 | ||
| Reasons for Use of E-Cigarettes | 44 | ||
| E-Cigarette Prevalence Trends in the Global Population | 44 | ||
| Generations of E-Cigarettes | 46 | ||
| Risks Associated With Use of E-Cigarettes | 47 | ||
| Potential Benefits Associated With Use of E-Cigarettes | 50 | ||
| Harm reduction and smoking cessation evidence-based treatment for tobacco use disorder | 50 | ||
| Harm reduction and smoking cessation using e-cigarette in mental health populations | 52 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 53 | ||
| REFERENCES | 53 | ||
| 4 - The Neuropsychoendocrinology of Substance Use Disorders | 57 | ||
| CHAPTER INTRO | 57 | ||
| APPETITE REGULATING HORMONES | 57 | ||
| GHRELIN | 57 | ||
| GHRELIN AND ALCOHOL | 57 | ||
| GHRELIN AND STIMULANTS | 58 | ||
| GHRELIN AND NICOTINE | 58 | ||
| GHRELIN AND OPIOIDS | 58 | ||
| GHRELIN AND CANNABIS | 58 | ||
| LEPTIN | 59 | ||
| LEPTIN AND ALCOHOL | 59 | ||
| LEPTIN AND STIMULANTS | 59 | ||
| LEPTIN AND NICOTINE | 59 | ||
| LEPTIN AND OPIOIDS | 59 | ||
| LEPTIN AND CANNABIS | 59 | ||
| GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) | 59 | ||
| GLP-1 AND ALCOHOL | 59 | ||
| GLP-1 AND STIMULANTS | 60 | ||
| GLP-1 AND NICOTINE | 60 | ||
| VOLUME REGULATING HORMONES | 60 | ||
| VOLUME REGULATING HORMONES AND ALCOHOL | 60 | ||
| STRESS HORMONES | 61 | ||
| STRESS HORMONES AND ALCOHOL | 62 | ||
| STRESS HORMONES AND STIMULANTS | 62 | ||
| STRESS HORMONES AND NICOTINE | 62 | ||
| STRESS HORMONES AND OPIOIDS | 62 | ||
| STRESS HORMONES AND CANNABIS | 62 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES | 63 | ||
| ESTROGEN | 63 | ||
| ESTROGEN AND STIMULANTS | 63 | ||
| PROGESTERONE | 63 | ||
| PROGESTERONE AND NICOTINE | 63 | ||
| PROGESTERONE AND STIMULANTS | 64 | ||
| ALLOPREGNANOLONE (ALLO) | 64 | ||
| ALLO AND STIMULANTS | 64 | ||
| ALLO AND ALCOHOL | 64 | ||
| BIOMARKERS | 64 | ||
| OREXIN | 64 | ||
| OREXIN AND ALCOHOL | 64 | ||
| OREXIN AND CANNABIS | 65 | ||
| OREXIN AND OPIOIDS | 65 | ||
| OREXIN AND STIMULANTS | 65 | ||
| BIOMARKERS | 65 | ||
| OXYTOCIN | 66 | ||
| OXYTOCIN AND STIMULANTS | 66 | ||
| OXYTOCIN AND CANNABIS | 66 | ||
| OXYTOCIN AND ALCOHOL | 66 | ||
| OXYTOCIN AND OPIOIDS | 67 | ||
| BIOMARKERS | 67 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 67 | ||
| REFERENCES | 67 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 73 | ||
| 5 - Technological Innovations in Addiction Treatment | 75 | ||
| HOW CAN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ENHANCE CARE FOR SUDS? | 75 | ||
| Advantages and Value of Digital Health Technologies for SUDs | 77 | ||
| EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE POSITIVE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL HEALTH FOR SUDS | 78 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS | 78 | ||
| DIGITAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT | 79 | ||
| Digital Treatment Interventions | 79 | ||
| Digital interventions within clinical settings | 79 | ||
| Self-help Internet-Based Applications | 80 | ||
| FDA and Digital Health | 81 | ||
| CAVEATS TO TRANSLATION, UPTAKE, AND EFFICACY | 82 | ||
| Adoption by Community Clinics | 82 | ||
| Characteristics of Clinicians and Providers | 82 | ||
| Organization Characteristics | 82 | ||
| External Contexts | 82 | ||
| Obsolescence, Quality Control, and Adherence | 83 | ||
| Adherence | 84 | ||
| IT IS JUST THE BEGINNING | 84 | ||
| REFERENCES | 85 | ||
| II - BEST PRACTICES | 91 | ||
| 6 - State-of-The-Art Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder | 91 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 91 | ||
| METHADONE FOR OPIOID USE DISORDER | 91 | ||
| Characteristics of Methadone | 91 | ||
| Clinical Use of Methadone | 92 | ||
| BUPRENORPHINE FOR OPIOID USE DISORDER | 93 | ||
| Characteristics of Buprenorphine | 93 | ||
| Clinical Use of Buprenorphine | 94 | ||
| MANAGING SIDE EFFECTS OF METHADONE AND BUPRENORPHINE | 95 | ||
| WITHDRAWAL FROM METHADONE OR BUPRENORPHINE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION | 96 | ||
| NALTREXONE FOR OPIOID USE DISORDER | 96 | ||
| Clinical Use of Naltrexone | 97 | ||
| EFFICACY AND CLINICAL UTILITY OF THE THREE MEDICATIONS FOR OPIOID USE DISORDER | 97 | ||
| NALOXONE FOR OVERDOSE PREVENTION | 98 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FOR OPIOID USE DISORDER | 98 | ||
| DISORDERS CO-OCCURRING WITH OUD | 99 | ||
| Other Substance Use Disorders | 99 | ||
| Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders | 99 | ||
| Co-occurring Medical Disorders | 99 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 99 | ||
| REFERENCES | 100 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 103 | ||
| 7 - The Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 107 | ||
| Cannabis Intoxication | 107 | ||
| Cannabis Withdrawal | 107 | ||
| Cannabis Use Disorder | 108 | ||
| Experimental Pharmacological Targets | 109 | ||
| Cannabis Use Disorder With Psychiatric Comorbidity | 110 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL (NONPHARMACOLOGICAL) TREATMENTS | 111 | ||
| Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) | 112 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 112 | ||
| Contingency Management (CM) | 112 | ||
| Supportive-Expressive Psychotherapy (SEP) | 113 | ||
| Family and Systems Interventions | 113 | ||
| 12-Step Facilitation | 113 | ||
| Electronic Technology | 114 | ||
| Psychosocial Treatments for CUD With Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders | 114 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 115 | ||
| REFERENCES | 115 | ||
| 8 - State-of-the-Art Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder | 123 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 123 | ||
| TREATMENT | 124 | ||
| Psychosocial Treatments | 124 | ||
| Pharmacological Treatment | 127 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications | 127 | ||
| Promising off-label medications | 128 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| 9 - Applying Best Practice Guidelines on Chronic Pain in Clinical Practice—Treating Patients Who Suffer From Pain a ... | 137 | ||
| METHADONE | 139 | ||
| BUPRENORPHINE | 140 | ||
| NALTREXONE | 142 | ||
| ABUSE-DETERRENT OPIOID FORMULATIONS | 142 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC/BEHAVIORAL PAIN TREATMENTS | 143 | ||
| NONOPIOID PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS | 144 | ||
| MEDICAL CANNABIS | 145 | ||
| CLINICAL MONITORING DURING OPIOID PRESCRIBING | 146 | ||
| NALOXONE FOR OPIOID OVERDOSE | 147 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 148 | ||
| III - TREATMENT CHALLENGES | 157 | ||
| 10 - Evidence-based Behavioral Treatments for Substance Use Disorders | 157 | ||
| COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY-BASED APPROACHES | 157 | ||
| CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT | 158 | ||
| MOTIVATIONAL INTERVENTIONS | 159 | ||
| MINDFULNESS-BASED INTERVENTIONS | 160 | ||
| MARITAL AND FAMILY-BASED INTERVENTIONS | 161 | ||
| SELF-HELP ORGANIZATIONS AND MUTUAL HELP GROUPS | 161 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 163 | ||
| RESOURCES FOR CLINICIANS | 163 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| 11 - Substance Use in Adolescents Chapter | 167 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RISKY SUBSTANCE USE, PROBLEM USE, AND ADDICTION | 167 | ||
| ADOLESCENT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT | 168 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of Adolescent Substance Use | 168 | ||
| Accidents; Violence; Assaults | 168 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 169 | ||
| MARIJUANA | 169 | ||
| NICOTINE | 170 | ||
| OPIOIDS | 171 | ||
| Co-occurring Disorders | 171 | ||
| ADHD AND SUD | 171 | ||
| Treatment Needs of SUD Among Adolescents in General | 171 | ||
| Evidenced-Based Treatment: Behavioral Therapies32–37 | 171 | ||
| SAFE PRESCRIBING PRACTICES FOR ADOLESCENT DETOX/TREATMENT | 172 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatments | 173 | ||
| NEEDS OF ADOLESCENTS WHOSE PARENTS OR GUARDIANS ARE ADDICTS | 173 | ||
| Relapse Prevention | 173 | ||
| PREVENTION AND POLICY | 174 | ||
| OFFICE-BASED SCREENING | 174 | ||
| PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER (PCP) MANAGEMENT | 174 | ||
| CONFIDENTIALITY AND SUBSTANCE USE | 175 | ||
| LABORATORY TESTING | 175 | ||
| COUNSELING TIPS FOR ADOLESCENTS | 175 | ||
| SUMMARY | 175 | ||
| APPENDICES | 176 | ||
| Appendix 1: SBIRT Screen | 176 | ||
| Appendix 2: CRAFFT: 2 or More + (Positive) Answers Likely Indicate An SUD | 176 | ||
| Appendix 3: HEADSS Screen | 177 | ||
| REFERENCES | 177 | ||
| 12 - How Healers Became Dealers∗ | 179 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 179 | ||
| WHO IS THE COMPASSIONATE DOCTOR? | 179 | ||
| WHO IS THE DRUG-SEEKING PATIENT? | 180 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE FOUR INVISIBLE FORCES DRIVING OVERPRESCRIBING? | 181 | ||
| The Toyota-ization of Medicine | 182 | ||
| The Co-optation of Medicine by Big Pharma | 182 | ||
| The Medicalization of Poverty | 183 | ||
| New Illness Narratives Promote Pills as Quick-Fixes for Pain | 183 | ||
| The Upshot | 184 | ||
| WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE COMPASSIONATE DOCTOR AND THE DRUG-SEEKING PATIENT MEET? | 184 | ||
| CONCLUSION–HOW CAN WE MOVE FORWARD? | 185 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| 13 - Trauma and Addiction—How to Treat Co-occurring PTSD and Substance Use Disorders | 189 | ||
| TREATMENT | 190 | ||
| Pharmacotherapies | 190 | ||
| Medications used to treat SUD (see Table 13.1) | 190 | ||
| Medications used to treat PTSD (see Table 13.1) | 191 | ||
| CANNABIS AND PTSD | 192 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 192 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS | 193 | ||
| REFERENCES | 193 | ||
| 14 - When Food Is an Addiction | 197 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 197 | ||
| PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE | 198 | ||
| Behavioral Pharmacology | 198 | ||
| Neurotransmitter Systems: Dopamine | 198 | ||
| Neurotransmitter Systems: Opioids | 198 | ||
| Other Neurotransmitter Systems: Endocannabinoids, Orexin (CASA), Ghrelin, and Leptin | 199 | ||
| The Dark Side of Addiction: Revisited | 199 | ||
| CLINICAL EVIDENCE FROM NEUROIMAGING | 199 | ||
| FOOD ADDICTION: A CLINICAL SYNDROME | 199 | ||
| FOOD ADDICTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RELATION TO OBESITY | 200 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER EATING DISORDERS | 200 | ||
| EVALUATION AND TREATMENT | 201 | ||
| Behavioral Therapies | 202 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 202 | ||
| POLICY AND PUBLIC HEALTH | 202 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 203 | ||
| REFERENCES | 203 | ||
| 15 - Quality, Accountability, and Effectiveness in Addiction Treatment: The Measurement-Based Practice Model | 207 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 207 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR MEASUREMENT-BASED PRACTICE | 208 | ||
| Research to Practice Gap and Barriers to Research Implementation | 208 | ||
| The Long Time Lag Between Posing the Clinical Research Question and Finding Out Its Answer Through Standard Clinical Resear ... | 208 | ||
| The Wide Variability Among Addiction Practitioners and Programs in the Adoption and Implementation of EBPs | 209 | ||
| The Poor Fidelity With Which EBPs May Be Actually Delivered in Standard Clinical Care | 209 | ||
| The Lack of Convincing Evidence that Even When EBPs Are Adopted and Implemented With High Fidelity, Patients' Outcomes Are ... | 209 | ||
| MBP AND ITS POTENTIAL BENEFITS FOR PATIENTS, PROVIDERS, PROGRAMS, AND PAYORS | 210 | ||
| Patients and Providers | 211 | ||
| Programs and Systems | 212 | ||
| Continuous Quality Improvement | 212 | ||
| SUMMARY | 213 | ||
| WHAT IS CURRENTLY KNOWN EMPIRICALLY ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MBP APPROACHES IN CLINICAL CARE? | 214 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS OF MBP APPROACHES FOR THE FUTURE OF ADDICTION HEALTH CARE | 215 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 216 | ||
| REFERENCES | 217 | ||
| 16 - Functional Assessment and Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders | 219 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 219 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL TREATMENT DEFINED | 219 | ||
| WHY ARE FUNCTIONAL TREATMENTS IMPORTANT IN AUD | 219 | ||
| THIAMINE | 219 | ||
| N-ACETYLCYSTEINE | 220 | ||
| MAGNESIUM | 221 | ||
| ZINC | 222 | ||
| OTHER FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT | 223 | ||
| General Vitamin and Mineral Support | 223 | ||
| Mood, Anxiety and Stress Support | 223 | ||
| Cognitive and Cholinergic Support | 223 | ||
| Mitochondrial Support | 226 | ||
| Amino Acid Support | 227 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory Support | 227 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Support | 227 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 228 | ||
| REFERENCES | 228 | ||
| Index | 233 | ||
| A | 233 | ||
| B | 234 | ||
| C | 234 | ||
| D | 235 | ||
| E | 235 | ||
| F | 236 | ||
| G | 236 | ||
| H | 236 | ||
| I | 236 | ||
| J | 236 | ||
| K | 236 | ||
| L | 236 | ||
| M | 236 | ||
| N | 237 | ||
| O | 238 | ||
| P | 238 | ||
| Q | 239 | ||
| R | 239 | ||
| S | 239 | ||
| T | 240 | ||
| U | 240 | ||
| V | 240 | ||
| W | 240 | ||
| Y | 240 | ||
| Z | 240 |