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Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition  - E-Book

Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition - E-Book

Sue E. Huether | Kathryn L. McCance | Mohamed Toufic El-Hussein | Kelly Power-Kean | Stephanie Zettel

(2018)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Learn the what, how, and why of pathophysiology within a Canadian context! With easy-to-read, in-depth descriptions of disease, disease etiology, and disease processes, Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition helps you understand the most important and most complex pathophysiology concepts. Including more than 1,000 full-colour illustrations and photographs, this text makes it easier to identify normal anatomy and physiology, as well as alterations of structure and function. With the most accurate information on treatments, manifestations, and mechanisms of disease across the lifespan, this first-edition text gives you the fundamental knowledge you need to succeed in your nursing education and career!

  • Consistent presentation of diseases includes pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment.
  • Lifespan content includes nine separate pediatric chapters and special sections with aging and pediatrics content.
  • Algorithms and flowcharts of diseases and disorders make it easy for you to follow the sequential progression of disease processes.
  • Chapter summary reviews provide concise synopses of the main points of each chapter.
  • Glossary with approximately 1,000 terms familiarizes you with the most difficult and most important terminology.
  • Key terms are blue and bolded throughout the text to provide fast, easy reference.
  • Additional What’s New boxes highlight the most current research and clinical development.
  • Nutrition and Disease boxes explain the link between concepts of health promotion and disease.
  • Quick Check boxes appear at the end of major sections of text and are designed to help you assess your retention of important chapter concepts.
  • Risk Factor boxes illustrate important safety considerations associated with specific diseases.
  • Did You Understand? end-of-chapter summaries provides you with a comprehensive review of the major concepts presented in each chapter.
  • An Introduction to Pathophysiology provides an entrance to the subject of pathophysiology and explains why it is important.
  • NEW! Canadian lab values provide core fundamental information required for practice in Canada
  • NEW! Canadian morbidity statistics provides you with the Canadian context in which you will be practising.
  • NEW! Canadian drug and treatment guidelines familiarize you with aspects of clinical practice you will encounter.
  • NEW! Health Promotion boxes align with the Canadian curriculum.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover cover
Inside Front Cover ifc1
Health Promotion Boxes i
Evolve page ii
Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition iii
Copyright Page iv
Reviewers v
Contributors vi
Preface viii
Organization and Content viii
Part One: Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology viii
Part Two: Body Systems and Diseases viii
Features to Promote Learning ix
Art Program ix
Teaching/Learning Package ix
For Students ix
For Instructors ix
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction to Pathophysiology x
Table of Content xi
One Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology 1
Unit 1 The Cell 1
1 Cellular Biology 1
Chapter Outline 1
Evolve Website 1
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 1
Cellular Functions 2
Structure and Function of Cellular Components 2
Nucleus 2
Cytoplasmic Organelles 2
Plasma Membranes 2
Membrane Composition 2
Lipids. 3
Proteins. 5
Protein regulation in a cell: protein homeostasis. 8
Carbohydrates. 9
Cellular Receptors 9
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions 10
Extracellular Matrix 10
Specialized Cell Junctions 12
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction 12
Cellular Metabolism 14
Role of Adenosine Triphosphate 16
Food and Production of Cellular Energy 16
Oxidative Phosphorylation 16
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output 17
Electrolytes as Solutes 18
Passive Transport: Diffusion, Filtration, and Osmosis 19
Diffusion. 19
Filtration: hydrostatic pressure. 20
Osmosis. 20
Active Transport of Na+ and K 21
Transport by Vesicle Formation 21
Endocytosis and Exocytosis 21
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 23
Caveolae 23
Movement of Electrical Impulses: Membrane Potentials 24
Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle 25
Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis 25
Rates of Cellular Division 26
Growth Factors 26
Tissues 27
Tissue Formation 27
Types of Tissues 27
Did You Understand? 34
Cellular Functions 34
Structure and Function of Cellular Components 34
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions 34
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction 35
Cellular Metabolism 35
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output 35
Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle 35
Tissues 35
Key Terms 36
References 37
2 Genes and Genetic Diseases 38
Chapter Outline 38
Evolve Website 38
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level 38
Definitions 38
Composition and Structure of DNA 38
DNA as the Genetic Code 39
Replication of DNA 39
Mutation 39
From Genes to Proteins 39
Transcription 41
Gene Splicing 41
Translation 42
Chromosomes 42
Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases 42
Polyploidy 42
Aneuploidy 43
Autosomal aneuploidy. 46
Sex chromosome aneuploidy. 46
Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure 46
Deletions. 46
Duplications. 47
Inversions. 47
Translocations. 47
Fragile sites. 49
Elements of Formal Genetics 49
Phenotype and Genotype 49
Dominance and Recessiveness 49
Transmission of Genetic Diseases 50
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 50
Characteristics of Pedigrees 50
Recurrence Risks 50
Delayed Age of Onset 51
Penetrance and Expressivity 51
Epigenetics and Genomic Imprinting 52
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 52
Characteristics of Pedigrees 52
Recurrence Risks 53
Consanguinity 54
X-Linked Inheritance 54
X Inactivation 54
Sex Determination 54
Characteristics of Pedigrees 55
Recurrence Risks 55
Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Traits 56
Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping 56
Classic Pedigree Analysis 56
Complete Human Gene Map: Prospects and Benefits 57
Multifactorial Inheritance 58
Did You Understand? 59
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level 59
Chromosomes 59
Elements of Formal Genetics 60
Transmission of Genetic Diseases 60
Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping 60
Multifactorial Inheritance 60
Key Terms 61
References 61
3 Epigenetics and Disease 62
Chapter Outline 62
Evolve Website 62
Epigenetic Mechanisms 62
DNA Methylation 62
Histone Modifications 63
RNA-Based Mechanisms 64
Epigenetics and Human Development 64
Genomic Imprinting 64
Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes 64
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome 65
Russell-Silver Syndrome 66
Inheritance of Epigenetic States 66
Epigenetics and Nutrition 66
Epigenetics and Maternal Care 66
Epigenetics and Ethanol Exposure During Gestation 67
Epigenetics and Mental Illness 67
Epigenetic Disease in the Context of Genetic Abnormalities 67
Twin Studies Provide Insights on Epigenetic Modification 68
Molecular Approaches to Understand Epigenetic Disease 68
Epigenetics and Cancer 68
DNA Methylation and Cancer 68
microRNAs and Cancer 69
Epigenetic Screening for Cancer 69
Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Epigenetic Disease 69
DNA Demethylating Agents 70
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors 70
microRNA Coding 70
Two Body Systems and Diseases 309
Unit 4 The Neurological System 309
13 Structure and Function of the Neurological System 309
Chapter Outline 309
Evolve Website 309
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System 309
Cells of the Nervous System 309
The Neuron 310
Neuroglia and Schwann Cells 310
Nerve Injury and Regeneration 311
The Nerve Impulse 313
Synapses 313
Neurotransmitters 313
The Central Nervous System 313
The Brain 313
Forebrain 314
Telencephalon. 314
Diencephalon. 317
Midbrain 319
Mesencephalon. 319
Hindbrain 319
Metencephalon. 319
Myelencephalon. 319
The Spinal Cord 320
Motor Pathways 322
Sensory Pathways 322
Protective Structures of the Central Nervous System 323
Cranium 323
Meninges 323
Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System 323
Vertebral Column 324
Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System 325
Blood Supply to the Brain 325
Blood–Brain Barrier 326
Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord 327
The Peripheral Nervous System 327
The Autonomic Nervous System 328
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System 328
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System 331
Neurotransmitters and Neuroreceptors 331
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 331
Geriatric Considerations 335
Did You Understand? 335
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System 335
Cells of the Nervous System 335
The Nerve Impulse 335
The Central Nervous System 335
The Peripheral Nervous System 336
The Autonomic Nervous System 336
Key Terms 336
References 337
14 Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function 338
Chapter Outline 338
Evolve Website 338
Pain 338
Theories of Pain 338
Neuroanatomy of Pain 339
Pain Modulation 340
Neurotransmitters of Pain Modulation 340
Pathways of Modulation 342
Clinical Descriptions of Pain 342
Temperature Regulation 344
Control of Body Temperature 344
Temperature Regulation in Infants and Older Adults 345
Pathogenesis of Fever 346
Benefits of Fever 346
Disorders of Temperature Regulation 346
Hyperthermia 346
Hypothermia 347
Trauma and Temperature 347
Sleep 347
Sleep Disorders 348
Common Dyssomnias 348
Common Parasomnias 349
Restless Legs Syndrome 349
The Special Senses 349
Vision 349
The Eye 349
Visual Dysfunction 350
Alterations in ocular movements. 350
Alterations in visual acuity. 350
Alterations in accommodation. 352
Alterations in refraction. 352
Alterations in colour vision. 352
Neurological disorders causing visual dysfunction. 352
External Eye Structure and Disorders 353
Hearing 354
The Normal Ear 354
Auditory Dysfunction 355
Conductive hearing loss. 355
Sensorineural hearing loss. 355
Mixed and functional hearing loss. 355
Ménière’s disease. 355
Ear Infections 355
Otitis externa. 355
Otitis media. 356
Olfaction and Taste 356
Olfactory and Taste Dysfunctions 356
Somatosensory Function 356
Touch 356
Proprioception 356
Index 1119
A 1119
B 1122
C 1123
D 1128
E 1129
F 1130
G 1131
H 1132
I 1134
J 1136
K 1136
L 1136
M 1137
N 1139
O 1140
P 1141
Q 1144
R 1144
S 1145
T 1147
U 1148
V 1149
W 1149
X 1150
Y 1150
Z 1150
Prefixes and Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology IBC2
Inside Back Cover ibc1