BOOK
Netter's Cardiology E-Book
George Stouffer | Marschall S. Runge | Cam Patterson | Joseph S. Rossi
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Perfect for residents, generalists, anesthesiologists, emergency department physicians, medical students, nurses, and other healthcare professionals who need a practical, working knowledge of cardiology, Netter's Cardiology, 3rd Edition, provides a concise overview of cardiovascular disease highlighted by unique, memorable Netter illustrations. This superb visual resource showcases the well-known work of Frank H. Netter, MD, and his successor, Carlos Machado, MD, a cardiologist who has created clear, full-color illustrations in the Netter tradition. New features and all-new chapters keep you up to date with the latest information in the field.
- Includes 13 all-new chapters: Basic Anatomy and Embryology of the Heart, Stem Cell Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Events, Clinical Presentation of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism, and more.
- Features new coverage of 3-D TEE imaging for structural heart procedures.
- Contains color-coded diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms and clinical pathways.
- Uses an easy-to-follow, templated format, covering etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management/therapy for each topic.
- Offers dependable clinical advice from Drs. George A. Stouffer, Marschall S. Runge, Cam Patterson, and Joseph S. Rossi, as well as many world-renowned chapter contributors.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Netter's Cardiology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| About the Editors | v | ||
| Preface | vi | ||
| About the Artists | viii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Contributors | x | ||
| Online Contents | xvi | ||
| Videos | xvi | ||
| Printable Patient Education Brochures From Ferri’s Netter Patient Advisor, 3rd Edition | xvi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xvii | ||
| I Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1 Basic Anatomy and Embryology of the Heart | 2 | ||
| Origins of Cardiac Precursor Populations | 2 | ||
| Formation of the Primitive Linear Heart Tube | 2 | ||
| Looping of the Linear Heart Tube | 2 | ||
| Chamber Formation | 4 | ||
| Septation | 4 | ||
| Formation of the Cardiac Valves | 5 | ||
| Cardiac Neural Crest | 6 | ||
| Epicardium and Epicardially Derived Cells | 6 | ||
| Additional resources | 7 | ||
| 2 The History and Physical Examination | 8 | ||
| Abstract | 8.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 8.e1 | ||
| The Concept of Previous Probability | 8 | ||
| The History | 8 | ||
| Chest Discomfort | 8 | ||
| Dyspnea, Edema, and Ascites | 11 | ||
| Palpitations and Syncope | 12 | ||
| The Physical Examination | 13 | ||
| General Inspection and Vital Signs | 13 | ||
| Important Components of the Cardiovascular Examination | 13 | ||
| Cardiac Auscultation | 14 | ||
| Maneuvers | 17 | ||
| Future Directions | 17 | ||
| Additional Resources | 17 | ||
| Evidence | 17 | ||
| 3 Genetics in Cardiovascular Disease | 19 | ||
| Abstract | 19.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 19.e1 | ||
| Genetic Evaluation: Selected Examples | 19 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 19 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 19 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic Diseases | 20 | ||
| Long QT Syndrome | 20 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 21 | ||
| Genetics in Pharmacology | 23 | ||
| Future Directions | 23 | ||
| Additional Resources | 24 | ||
| Evidence | 24 | ||
| 4 Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Health | 25 | ||
| Abstract | 25.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 25.e1 | ||
| Definitions | 25 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 25 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 27 | ||
| Limiting Coronary Atherosclerotic Progression | 28 | ||
| Physiology of Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Health | 29 | ||
| Oxygen Supply and Demand | 29 | ||
| Lipids | 29 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes | 29 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 30 | ||
| Role of Exercise Training in Heart Failure | 30 | ||
| Cardiac Rehabilitation | 31 | ||
| Future Directions | 32 | ||
| Evidence | 32 | ||
| 5 Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Risk Prediction Models | 33 | ||
| Abstract | 33.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 33.e1 | ||
| Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease | 33 | ||
| Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 33 | ||
| Hypertension | 33 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia or Dyslipidemia | 33 | ||
| Tobacco Use | 33 | ||
| Diabetes | 34 | ||
| Obesity, Diet, and Physical Activity | 34 | ||
| Efforts at Cardiovascular Disease Prevention | 34 | ||
| Population and High-Risk Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction | 34 | ||
| Introduction to Risk Estimation | 34 | ||
| Defining Risk | 34 | ||
| Risk Score Generation | 35 | ||
| Evaluation of Risk Score Performance | 36 | ||
| Discrimination | 36 | ||
| Calibration | 36 | ||
| Risk Reclassification | 37 | ||
| Innovations and Future Directions of Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology | 37 | ||
| Additional Resources | 37 | ||
| High Risk Versus Population Approach | 37 | ||
| American Heart Association Risk Assessment Guidelines | 37 | ||
| American Heart Association Cholesterol Lowering Guidelines | 37 | ||
| American Heart Association Yearly Statistics Update | 37 | ||
| Evidence | 37 | ||
| Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Mortality | 37 | ||
| Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Events | 37 | ||
| Ideal Cardiovascular Health | 37 | ||
| Validation of 2013 Risk Assessment Estimation Equation | 37 | ||
| Coronary Artery Calcium and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction | 37 | ||
| 6 Stem Cell Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease | 38 | ||
| Abstract | 38.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 38.e1 | ||
| Stem Cells | 38 | ||
| Types of Stem Cells and Mechanisms of Benefit | 38 | ||
| Approaches to Stem Cell Administration, Technical Challenges, and Safety Concerns | 39 | ||
| Clinical Evidence of Stem Cell Therapy | 39 | ||
| Future Directions of Stem Cell Therapy | 40 | ||
| Summary | 40 | ||
| Additional Resources | 40 | ||
| Evidence | 41 | ||
| II Diagnostic Testing | 42 | ||
| 7 Electrocardiography | 43 | ||
| Leads | 43 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Waveform | 43 | ||
| P Wave | 43 | ||
| PR Interval | 44 | ||
| QRS Complex | 44 | ||
| ST Segment and T Wave | 46 | ||
| U Wave | 47 | ||
| QT Abnormalities | 47 | ||
| Acute Ischemia and Infarction | 48 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 48 | ||
| Screening | 50 | ||
| Future Directions | 50 | ||
| Additional Resources | 50 | ||
| Part I | 50 | ||
| Part II | 50 | ||
| Part III | 50 | ||
| Part IV | 50 | ||
| Part V | 50 | ||
| Part VI | 50 | ||
| Consensus Statements on the Use of the ECG to Screen Various Populations for Potentially Lethal Cardiac Diseases | 50 | ||
| Evidence | 51 | ||
| 8 Chest Radiography | 52 | ||
| Abstract | 52.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 52.e1 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 52 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 52 | ||
| Clinical Usefulness | 52 | ||
| Limitations | 54 | ||
| Additional Resources | 54 | ||
| 9 Echocardiography | 55 | ||
| Keywords | 55.e1 | ||
| Imaging Methods and Clinical Applications | 55 | ||
| Transthoracic Echocardiography | 55 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography | 55 | ||
| Stress Echocardiography | 57 | ||
| Contrast Echocardiography | 57 | ||
| Strain Imaging | 57 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound and Intracardiac Echocardiography | 57 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Echocardiography | 58 | ||
| Interventional Echocardiography | 59 | ||
| Limitations | 59 | ||
| Future Directions | 60 | ||
| Additional Resources | 60 | ||
| Evidence | 60 | ||
| 10 Stress Testing and Nuclear Imaging | 62 | ||
| Exercise Stress Testing | 62 | ||
| Cardiac Stress Imaging | 64 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 64 | ||
| Stress With Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 64 | ||
| Radiotracers | 65 | ||
| Image Interpretation | 66 | ||
| Advances and Integration of Cardiac Imaging | 68 | ||
| Other Uses of Cardiac Nuclear Medicine | 68 | ||
| Equilibrium Radionuclide Ventriculography (Multiple-Gated Acquisition Scan) | 68 | ||
| Viability | 69 | ||
| Future Directions in Clinical Cardiac Molecular Imaging | 69 | ||
| Ventricular Dyssynchrony Assessment | 69 | ||
| Ischemic Memory | 69 | ||
| Cardiac Neurotransmission Imaging | 70 | ||
| Sarcoidosis and Other Inflammatory Pathology | 70 | ||
| Cardiac Amyloidosis | 70 | ||
| Appropriate Use Criteria | 70 | ||
| Additional Resources | 70 | ||
| Evidence | 71 | ||
| 11 Cardiac Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 72 | ||
| Abstract | 72.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 72.e1 | ||
| Cardiac Computed Tomography | 72 | ||
| Technology of Cardiac Computed Tomography | 72 | ||
| Data Acquisition Techniques | 72 | ||
| Clinical Indications | 73 | ||
| Coronary Artery Calcium Score | 73 | ||
| Coronary Artery Imaging (Cardiac CT Angiography) | 73 | ||
| Structural Heart Evaluation | 75 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 75 | ||
| Evaluation of Intracardiac and Extracardiac Structures | 75 | ||
| Evaluation of Thoracic Aorta and Pulmonary Artery Disease | 75 | ||
| Cardiac CT Limitations | 76 | ||
| Future Directions | 76 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 76 | ||
| Technology of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance | 76 | ||
| Data Acquisition Sequences and Techniques | 76 | ||
| Clinical Indications | 76 | ||
| Ventricular Function | 76 | ||
| Aortic Disease | 76 | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 77 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 77 | ||
| Pericardial Diseases | 78 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 78 | ||
| Cardiac Masses | 79 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 79 | ||
| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Imaging | 79 | ||
| Safety, Risks, and Contraindications | 79 | ||
| Future Directions | 79 | ||
| Additional Resources | 79 | ||
| Evidence | 80 | ||
| 12 Diagnostic Coronary Angiography | 81 | ||
| Abstract | 81.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 81.e1 | ||
| Coronary Anatomy | 81 | ||
| Coronary Artery Anomalies | 81 | ||
| Preprocedural Evaluation | 81 | ||
| Indications | 81 | ||
| Contraindications | 82 | ||
| Procedural Technique | 82 | ||
| Arterial Access | 82 | ||
| Coronary Artery Cannulation | 83 | ||
| Angiographic Views | 84 | ||
| Angiographic Analysis | 84 | ||
| Limitations | 89 | ||
| Complications | 90 | ||
| Future Directions | 90 | ||
| Additional Resources | 90 | ||
| Evidence | 91 | ||
| 13 Left and Right Heart Catheterization | 92 | ||
| Abstract | 92.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 92.e1 | ||
| Right Heart Catheterization | 92 | ||
| Indications | 92 | ||
| Contraindications | 92 | ||
| Procedural Technique and Data Interpretation | 92 | ||
| Complications | 93 | ||
| Left Heart Catheterization | 93 | ||
| Procedural Technique and Data Interpretation | 94 | ||
| Future Directions | 95 | ||
| Additional Resources | 97 | ||
| Evidence | 97 | ||
| III Vascular Biology and Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease | 98 | ||
| 14 Angiogenesis and Atherosclerosis | 99 | ||
| Abstract | 99.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 99.e1 | ||
| Mechanisms of Angiogenesis | 99 | ||
| Angiogenesis and Atherosclerosis | 99 | ||
| Angiogenesis and Ischemic Heart Disease | 100 | ||
| Vasculogenesis and Arteriogenesis: Alternatives to Angiogenesis | 101 | ||
| Future Directions | 102 | ||
| Additional Resources | 102 | ||
| Evidence | 102 | ||
| 15 Hypertension | 103 | ||
| Abstract | 103.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 103.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 103 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 103 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 104 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 105 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 105 | ||
| Future Directions | 109 | ||
| Additional Resources | 109 | ||
| Evidence | 109 | ||
| 16 Management of Lipid Abnormalities | 111 | ||
| Abstract | 111.e1 | ||
| Assessment | 111 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 112 | ||
| Therapeutic Lifestyle | 112 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 114 | ||
| Practical Considerations | 116 | ||
| Future Directions | 116 | ||
| Evidence | 116 | ||
| 17 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Events | 117 | ||
| Abstract | 117.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 117.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 117 | ||
| Epidemiology | 117 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 118 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 119 | ||
| Sodium/Glucose Cotransport-2 Inhibitors | 120 | ||
| Glucagon-Like Peptide–1 Agonists | 121 | ||
| Hypertension Control | 121 | ||
| Lipid-Lowering Therapy | 121 | ||
| Antiplatelet Medications | 121 | ||
| Future Directions | 122 | ||
| Additional Resources | 122 | ||
| 18 Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants | 123 | ||
| Abstract | 123.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 123.e1 | ||
| History | 123 | ||
| Particulate Matter | 123 | ||
| Sulfur Dioxide | 125 | ||
| Nitrogen Dioxide | 125 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide | 126 | ||
| Ozone | 126 | ||
| Air Pollution Effects on Congenital Heart Disease | 126 | ||
| What Patients Can Do to Protect Against Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollution | 126 | ||
| Future Directions | 126 | ||
| Additional Resources | 127 | ||
| Evidence | 127 | ||
| IV Coronary Heart Disease | 128 | ||
| 19 Stable Coronary Artery Disease | 129 | ||
| Abstract | 129.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 129.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 129 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 129 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 129 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 130 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 132 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 132 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy | 132 | ||
| Beta-Blockade | 133 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 133 | ||
| Nitrates | 134 | ||
| Ranolazine | 134 | ||
| Treatment of Hyperlipidemia | 134 | ||
| Indications for Revascularization | 135 | ||
| Future Directions | 136 | ||
| Evidence | 136 | ||
| 20 Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome | 138 | ||
| Abstract | 138.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 138.e1 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 138 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 138 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis | 138 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 138 | ||
| History and Physical | 138 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 138 | ||
| Biomarkers of Myocardial Damage | 138 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 139 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 139 | ||
| Selection of Overall Management Strategy | 139 | ||
| Immediate Invasive Strategy | 139 | ||
| Early Invasive Strategy | 140 | ||
| Delayed Invasive Strategy | 140 | ||
| Ischemia-Guided Strategy | 141 | ||
| Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy | 141 | ||
| Dual Antiplatelet Therapy | 141 | ||
| Aspirin. | 141 | ||
| P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. | 141 | ||
| Clopidogrel. | 141 | ||
| Prasugrel. | 141 | ||
| Ticagrelor. | 141 | ||
| Intravenous Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibitors | 141 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 141 | ||
| Unfractionated heparin. | 141 | ||
| Low-molecular-weight heparin. | 141 | ||
| Bivalirudin. | 141 | ||
| Fondaparinux. | 141 | ||
| Antiischemic Therapy | 142 | ||
| Nitrates | 142 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 142 | ||
| Non-Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers | 142 | ||
| Future Directions | 142 | ||
| Additional Resources | 142 | ||
| 21 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 143 | ||
| Abstract | 143.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 143.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 143 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 143 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 143 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 143 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Findings | 143 | ||
| Serum Cardiac Markers | 144 | ||
| Other Imaging | 144 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 145 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 145 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 146 | ||
| Hemodynamic Disturbances and Arrhythmias | 147 | ||
| Medical Therapy to Improve Outcomes | 147 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 148 | ||
| Future Directions | 148 | ||
| Additional Resources | 148 | ||
| Evidence | 148 | ||
| 22 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 150 | ||
| Abstract | 150.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 150.e1 | ||
| Performance of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 150 | ||
| Procedure and Equipment | 150 | ||
| Adjunctive Pharmacological Therapy | 150 | ||
| Outcomes With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 150 | ||
| Procedural Complications | 151 | ||
| Adjunctive Devices | 151 | ||
| High-Speed Rotational Atherectomy | 151 | ||
| Orbital Atherectomy | 152 | ||
| Devices to Protect Against Distal Embolization | 152 | ||
| Devices to Remove Thrombus | 152 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound and Optical Coherence Tomography | 152 | ||
| Cutting Balloon | 152 | ||
| Fractional Flow Reserve | 153 | ||
| Indications | 153 | ||
| Patient Selection | 154 | ||
| Coronary Lesion Selection | 154 | ||
| Future Directions | 154 | ||
| Additional Resources | 154 | ||
| 23 Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery | 155 | ||
| Abstract | 155.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 155.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 155 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 155 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 155 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 156 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 156 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 158 | ||
| Future Directions | 158 | ||
| Additional Resources | 159 | ||
| Evidence | 159 | ||
| 24 Cardiogenic Shock After Myocardial Infarction | 160 | ||
| Etiology | 160 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 160 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 160 | ||
| Predominant Left Ventricular Failure | 160 | ||
| Right Ventricular Failure | 160 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 161 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Rupture | 161 | ||
| Free-Wall Rupture | 161 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Approach | 161 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 163 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 163 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 164 | ||
| Future Directions | 165 | ||
| Additional Resources | 166 | ||
| Evidence | 166 | ||
| 25 Congenital Coronary Anomalies | 167 | ||
| Abstract | 167.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 167.e1 | ||
| Anomalous Connection of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery | 167 | ||
| Anomalous Aortic Connection of Coronaries | 168 | ||
| Coronary Artery Fistulas | 169 | ||
| Coronary Artery Anomalies Associated With Congenital Heart Disease | 171 | ||
| Future Directions | 171 | ||
| Additional Resources | 172 | ||
| Evidence | 172 | ||
| 26 Coronary Hemodynamics and Fractional Flow Reserve | 173 | ||
| Abstract | 173.e1 | ||
| Basic Principles of Coronary Blood Flow | 173 | ||
| Coronary Flow Reserve | 173 | ||
| Fractional Flow Reserve | 174 | ||
| Key Clinical Studies of Fractional Flow Reserve | 175 | ||
| Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio | 176 | ||
| Computed Tomography–Fractional Flow Reserve | 176 | ||
| Limitations of Fractional Flow Reserve and Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio | 176 | ||
| Evidence | 176 | ||
| V Myocardial Diseases and Cardiomyopathy | 178 | ||
| 27 Epidemiology of Heart Failure | 179 | ||
| Abstract | 179.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 179.e1 | ||
| Definitions | 179 | ||
| Causes of Heart Failure | 179 | ||
| Prevalence | 179 | ||
| Incidence | 179 | ||
| Mortality | 181 | ||
| Risk Factors | 181 | ||
| Hospitalizations and Costs | 181 | ||
| Global Burden | 182 | ||
| Prevention | 182 | ||
| Future Directions | 182 | ||
| Additional Resources | 182 | ||
| Evidence | 182 | ||
| 28 Management of Acute Heart Failure | 183 | ||
| Abstract | 183.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 183.e1 | ||
| Definitions and Epidemiology | 183 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 183 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 183 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 183 | ||
| Management | 184 | ||
| Triage | 184 | ||
| Warm and Wet Patients With Hypertension | 185 | ||
| Warm and Wet Patients With Normotension | 186 | ||
| Cold Patients, Dry or Wet | 187 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 187 | ||
| Additional Resources | 188 | ||
| Evidence | 188 | ||
| 29 Management of Chronic Heart Failure | 190 | ||
| Abstract | 190.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 190.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 190 | ||
| Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction | 190 | ||
| Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction | 190 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 190 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 192 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 192 | ||
| Pharmacological Treatment for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction | 192 | ||
| Drugs That Reduce Mortality | 192 | ||
| Additional Therapies | 193 | ||
| Pharmacological Therapy of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction | 194 | ||
| Device Therapy for Heart Failure | 194 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 194 | ||
| Fluid Monitoring Devices | 195 | ||
| Treatment of Co-morbid Disease | 195 | ||
| Nonpharmacological Strategies | 195 | ||
| Advanced Directives and Palliative Care | 195 | ||
| Advanced Therapies | 196 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 196 | ||
| Future Directions | 196 | ||
| Additional Resources | 196 | ||
| Evidence | 196 | ||
| 30 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 197 | ||
| Abstract | 197.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 197.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 197 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 197 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 197 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 197 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 197 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 197 | ||
| Echocardiography | 198 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 198 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 198 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 199 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 199 | ||
| Symptom Relief | 199 | ||
| Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death | 200 | ||
| Future Directions | 201 | ||
| Additional Resources | 202 | ||
| Evidence | 202 | ||
| 31 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | 203 | ||
| Abstract | 203.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 203.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 203 | ||
| Noninfiltrative Causes | 203 | ||
| Infiltrative Causes | 203 | ||
| Endomyocardial Causes | 205 | ||
| Other Causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | 206 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 206 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 206 | ||
| Normal Hemodynamics | 207 | ||
| Constrictive Pericarditis Physiology | 207 | ||
| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Physiology | 208 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 208 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 208 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 208 | ||
| Chest X-Ray | 209 | ||
| Echocardiography | 210 | ||
| Echocardiography and/or Doppler Flow Velocity Patterns | 210 | ||
| Normal Doppler flow velocity patterns. | 210 | ||
| Doppler flow pattern in restrictive cardiomyopathy. | 210 | ||
| Cardiac Nuclear Imaging | 211 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 211 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization and Endomyocardial Biopsy | 212 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 213 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 213 | ||
| Diastolic Heart Failure | 213 | ||
| Specific Therapy | 214 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 214 | ||
| Future Directions | 214 | ||
| Additional Resources | 214 | ||
| Evidence | 215 | ||
| 32 Hereditary Cardiomyopathies | 216 | ||
| Abstract | 216.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 216.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 216 | ||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 216 | ||
| Abnormalities of Force Production | 216 | ||
| Abnormalities of Force Transduction | 216 | ||
| Nuclear Proteins | 216 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 216 | ||
| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | 216 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 217 | ||
| Other | 217 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 217 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 217 | ||
| Screening of Family Members | 218 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 219 | ||
| Future Directions | 220 | ||
| Additional Resources | 220 | ||
| Evidence | 220 | ||
| 33 Myocarditis | 221 | ||
| Abstract | 221.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 221 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 222 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 223 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 224 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 224 | ||
| Optimal Treatment | 224 | ||
| Nonpharmacological Therapy | 224 | ||
| Pharmacological Therapy | 224 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy | 225 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 225 | ||
| Future Directions | 225 | ||
| Additional Resources | 226 | ||
| Evidence | 226 | ||
| 34 Cardiac Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices | 227 | ||
| Abstract | 227.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 227.e1 | ||
| Indications | 227 | ||
| Donors | 227 | ||
| Donor–Recipient Matching | 228 | ||
| Donor Procedure | 228 | ||
| Recipient Procedure | 228 | ||
| Biatrial Technique | 228 | ||
| Bicaval Technique | 229 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 230 | ||
| Results of Cardiac Transplantation | 231 | ||
| Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices | 231 | ||
| Patient Selection and Indications | 231 | ||
| Long-Term Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices | 232 | ||
| AbioCor Total Artificial Heart | 232 | ||
| SynCardia Total Artificial Heart | 233 | ||
| Thoratec Paracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices | 233 | ||
| HeartMate XVE | 233 | ||
| HeartMate II | 233 | ||
| HeartMate III | 233 | ||
| HeartWare | 233 | ||
| Results From the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support | 233 | ||
| Future Directions | 233 | ||
| Additional Resources | 234 | ||
| Evidence | 234 | ||
| 35 Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy | 235 | ||
| Abstract | 235.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 235.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 235 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 235 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 235 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 236 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 236 | ||
| Cardiac Biomarkers | 236 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 236 | ||
| Transthoracic Echocardiography | 237 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 237 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 237 | ||
| Optimal Treatment | 237 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 238 | ||
| Future Directions | 238 | ||
| Additional Resources | 238 | ||
| Evidence | 238 | ||
| VI Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities | 239 | ||
| 36 Bradyarrhythmias | 240 | ||
| Abstract | 240.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 240.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 240 | ||
| Sinus Node Dysfunction | 240 | ||
| Inappropriate Sinus Bradycardia | 240 | ||
| Sinus Arrest | 240 | ||
| Sinoatrial Exit Block | 240 | ||
| Tachy-Brady Syndrome | 240 | ||
| Atrioventricular Block | 241 | ||
| First-Degree Atrioventricular Block | 242 | ||
| Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block | 243 | ||
| Complete or Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block | 244 | ||
| Concealed His Extrasystoles | 244 | ||
| Chronic Multifascicular Blocks | 244 | ||
| Atrioventricular Block After Myocardial Infarction | 245 | ||
| Hypersensitive Carotid Sinus Syndrome | 245 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 246 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 247 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 247 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 247 | ||
| Future Directions | 247 | ||
| Additional Resources | 247 | ||
| Evidence | 247 | ||
| 37 Supraventricular Tachycardia | 248 | ||
| Abstract | 248.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 248.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 248 | ||
| History | 248 | ||
| Examination | 248 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools | 249 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 250 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 250 | ||
| Atrial Tachycardias | 250 | ||
| Focal Atrial Tachycardia | 250 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Recognition | 250 | ||
| Chaotic Atrial Tachycardia | 250 | ||
| Atrioventricular Node Reentry Tachycardia | 252 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Recognition | 252 | ||
| Accessory Pathway–Mediated Tachycardia | 253 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Recognition | 253 | ||
| Atypical Pathways | 253 | ||
| Mahaim fibers. | 253 | ||
| Persistent junctional reciprocating tachycardia. | 254 | ||
| Management | 254 | ||
| Acute Management | 254 | ||
| Pacing | 254 | ||
| Long-Term Treatment | 254 | ||
| Catheter Ablation | 254 | ||
| Catheter Ablation for Specific Tachycardias | 255 | ||
| Atrial tachycardia ablation. | 255 | ||
| Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ablations. | 255 | ||
| Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia ablations. | 255 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 256 | ||
| Future Directions | 256 | ||
| Additional Resources | 256 | ||
| Evidence | 256 | ||
| 38 Atrial Fibrillation | 257 | ||
| Abstract | 257.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 257.e1 | ||
| Definition and Classification | 257 | ||
| Mechanism and Pathophysiology | 257 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 257 | ||
| Evaluation | 257 | ||
| Management | 257 | ||
| Rate Control | 258 | ||
| Rhythm Control | 259 | ||
| Lifestyle Modifications | 261 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 261 | ||
| Future Directions | 261 | ||
| Additional Resources | 261 | ||
| Evidence | 261 | ||
| 39 Atrial Fibrillation | 262 | ||
| Abstract | 262.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 262.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 262 | ||
| Stroke Risk Stratification | 262 | ||
| HAS-BLED: Bleeding Risk Stratification | 262 | ||
| Oral Anticoagulation With Warfarin for Stroke Prevention | 263 | ||
| Novel Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention | 263 | ||
| Inpatient Anticoagulation for Stroke Prevention | 263 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents for Stroke Prevention | 264 | ||
| Bridging Therapy in Patients Requiring Cessation of Oral Anticoagulation | 264 | ||
| Procedures for Stroke Prevention: Targeting the Left Atrial Appendage | 264 | ||
| Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion | 265 | ||
| Pericardial Approach for Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion | 265 | ||
| Watchman Device for Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion | 265 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation Ablation for Stroke Prevention | 266 | ||
| Future Directions | 266 | ||
| Additional Resources | 268 | ||
| Evidence | 268 | ||
| 40 Invasive Management of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Tachycardias | 269 | ||
| Abstract | 269.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 269.e1 | ||
| Maze Procedure | 269 | ||
| Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation | 269 | ||
| Cryoballoon Ablation | 270 | ||
| Success and Complications of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation | 270 | ||
| Catheter Ablation of Atrial Tachycardias | 272 | ||
| Catheter Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter | 272 | ||
| Catheter Ablation of Atypical Atrial Flutter | 273 | ||
| Focal Atrial Tachycardia Ablation | 273 | ||
| Atrioventricular Node Ablation | 273 | ||
| Future Directions | 273 | ||
| Additional Resources | 273 | ||
| Evidence | 273 | ||
| 41 Ventricular Arrhythmias | 275 | ||
| Abstract | 275.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 275.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 275 | ||
| Differential and ECG Diagnosis | 275 | ||
| QRS Morphology | 275 | ||
| Independent P-Wave Activity | 276 | ||
| Additional Criteria | 276 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 276 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 278 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient With Ventricular Arrhythmias | 278 | ||
| Premature Ventricular Contractions | 278 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 278 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia Syndromes | 278 | ||
| Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia | 278 | ||
| Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in the Structurally Normal Heart | 279 | ||
| Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia | 279 | ||
| Fascicular Tachycardia | 279 | ||
| Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease | 280 | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 280 | ||
| Dilated Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy | 280 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 280 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 280 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 280 | ||
| Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia | 281 | ||
| Structural Heart Disease | 281 | ||
| Channelopathies | 281 | ||
| Brugada Syndrome | 281 | ||
| Long QT Syndrome | 281 | ||
| Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia | 282 | ||
| Reversible Factors | 282 | ||
| Acute Management and Therapy | 282 | ||
| VII Valvular Heart Disease | 309 | ||
| 45 Aortic Valve Disease | 310 | ||
| Abstract | 310.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 310.e1 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 310 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 310 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 310 | ||
| Physical Examination | 311 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 312 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 313 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Modalities | 314 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 314 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 314 | ||
| Aortic Valve Replacement | 314 | ||
| Future Directions | 314 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation | 314 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 314 | ||
| Aortic Valve and/or Leaflet Pathology | 314 | ||
| Aortic Root Diseases | 314 | ||
| Natural History | 315 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 315 | ||
| Physical Examination | 316 | ||
| Acute Aortic Regurgitation | 316 | ||
| Chronic Aortic Regurgitation | 316 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 318 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 318 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 318 | ||
| Acute Aortic Regurgitation | 318 | ||
| Chronic Aortic Regurgitation | 318 | ||
| Medical therapy. | 318 | ||
| Surgical therapy. | 319 | ||
| Future Directions | 319 | ||
| Additional Resources | 319 | ||
| Evidence | 319 | ||
| 46 Mitral Valve Disease | 320 | ||
| Abstract | 320.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 320.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 320 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 320 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 320 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 321 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 321 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 321 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 322 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 323 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 323 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 323 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 323 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 324 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 326 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 326 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 326 | ||
| Future Directions | 327 | ||
| Additional Resources | 327 | ||
| Evidence | 327 | ||
| 47 Cardiovascular Manifestations of Rheumatic Fever | 328 | ||
| Abstract | 328.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 328.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 328 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Acute Rheumatic Fever | 328 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis for Acute Rheumatic Fever | 328 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Acute Rheumatic Fever | 328 | ||
| History and Laboratory Evaluation | 328 | ||
| Echocardiography | 328 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 329 | ||
| Jones Criteria for Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever | 329 | ||
| Revised Jones Criteria for Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever | 330 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 330 | ||
| Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Carditis and/or Valvulitis | 330 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Prevention | 330 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Rheumatic Heart Disease | 330 | ||
| Mitral Valve Disease in Rheumatic Heart Disease | 331 | ||
| Aortic and Mixed Valve Disease in Rheumatic Heart Disease | 332 | ||
| Tricuspid Valve Disease | 332 | ||
| Complications of Rheumatic Heart Disease | 332 | ||
| Stroke | 332 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 333 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Rheumatic Heart Disease | 333 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach in Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease | 333 | ||
| History and Laboratory Evaluation | 333 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 333 | ||
| Echocardiography | 333 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 333 | ||
| Management of Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease | 333 | ||
| Future Directions | 335 | ||
| Additional Resources | 335 | ||
| Evidence | 335 | ||
| 48 Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valve Disease | 336 | ||
| Abstract | 336.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 336.e1 | ||
| Tricuspid Stenosis | 336 | ||
| Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Differential Diagnosis | 336 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 336 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 336 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 336 | ||
| Tricuspid Regurgitation | 336 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 336 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 337 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 337 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 337 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 338 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 338 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 338 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 338 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 339 | ||
| Pulmonic Regurgitation | 339 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 339 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 339 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 339 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 340 | ||
| Future Directions | 340 | ||
| Additional Resources | 340 | ||
| Evidence | 340 | ||
| 49 Infective Endocarditis | 341 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 341 | ||
| Risk Factors | 341 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 341 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 341 | ||
| Microbiology | 341 | ||
| Specific Pathogens | 341 | ||
| Staphylococcal Endocarditis | 341 | ||
| Streptococcal Endocarditis | 342 | ||
| Enterococcal Endocarditis | 344 | ||
| Gram-negative endocarditis. | 344 | ||
| HACEK Endocarditis | 344 | ||
| Fungal Endocarditis | 344 | ||
| Culture-Negative Endocarditis | 344 | ||
| Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis | 344 | ||
| Mycobacterium chimaera Endocarditis | 344 | ||
| Echocardiography | 344 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 344 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 344 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 344 | ||
| Indications for Surgical Intervention | 345 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 345 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 345 | ||
| Future Directions | 346 | ||
| Additional Resources | 346 | ||
| Evidence | 347 | ||
| 50 Surgical Treatment of Valvular Heart Disease | 348 | ||
| Abstract | 348.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 348.e1 | ||
| First-Generation Prosthetic Valves | 348 | ||
| Second-Generation Prosthetic Valves | 348 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 348 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 348 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 348 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 349 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 349 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 349 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 349 | ||
| Mitral and Tricuspid Valves | 349 | ||
| Aortic Valves | 349 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 349 | ||
| Issues With Prosthetic Valve Replacement | 349 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Techniques | 351 | ||
| Future Directions | 351 | ||
| Additional Resources | 351 | ||
| Evidence | 352 | ||
| VIII Structural Heart Disease | 353 | ||
| 51 Clinical Presentation of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease | 354 | ||
| Abstract | 354.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 354.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 354 | ||
| Uncorrected Cyanotic Heart Conditions | 354 | ||
| Eisenmenger Syndrome | 354 | ||
| Uncorrected Acyanotic Conditions | 355 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 355 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 355 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 355 | ||
| Surgically Corrected Conditions Likely to Present to the Adult Cardiology Clinic | 356 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 356 | ||
| D-Transposition of the Great Arteries | 356 | ||
| Tricuspid Atresia/Hypoplastic Right Heart | 357 | ||
| Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection | 358 | ||
| Uncorrected Conditions Likely to Present in the Adult Cardiology Clinic | 358 | ||
| Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries | 358 | ||
| Coarctation of the Aorta | 358 | ||
| Bicuspid Aortic Valve | 358 | ||
| Dextrocardia | 359 | ||
| Ebstein Anomaly | 359 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease | 359 | ||
| Electrocardiography and Ambulatory Monitoring | 359 | ||
| Echocardiography | 359 | ||
| Advanced Cardiac Imaging Techniques | 360 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing | 360 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 360 | ||
| Heart Transplantation for Adults With Congenital Heart Disease | 360 | ||
| Future Directions | 360 | ||
| Additional Resources | 360 | ||
| 52 Catheter-Based Therapies for Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 361 | ||
| Abstract | 361.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 361.e1 | ||
| Balloon Atrial Septostomy | 361 | ||
| Catheter Interventions for Congenital Valvular Disease | 361 | ||
| Balloon Valvuloplasty | 361 | ||
| Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation | 361 | ||
| Catheter Interventions for Vascular Stenoses | 362 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery Stenosis | 362 | ||
| Coarctation of the Aorta | 362 | ||
| Transcatheter Closure of Congenital Shunts | 362 | ||
| Persistent Ductus Arteriosus | 362 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 363 | ||
| Patent Foramen Ovale | 366 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 366 | ||
| Future Directions | 366 | ||
| Additional Resources | 367 | ||
| Evidence | 367 | ||
| 53 Surgical Interventions for Congenital Heart Disease | 369 | ||
| Abstract | 369.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 369.e1 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 369 | ||
| Palliative Surgical Procedures | 369 | ||
| Special Considerations for Specific Single-Ventricle Lesions | 370 | ||
| Surgically Correctable Lesions | 371 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 371 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defects | 371 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects | 371 | ||
| Atrioventricular Septal Defects | 372 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 372 | ||
| Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return | 374 | ||
| Transposition of the Great Arteries | 374 | ||
| Truncus Arteriosus | 374 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 374 | ||
| Future Directions | 376 | ||
| Additional Resources | 376 | ||
| Evidence | 376 | ||
| 54 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement | 377 | ||
| Abstract | 377.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 377.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 377 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 377 | ||
| Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement | 377 | ||
| Indications | 377 | ||
| Route of Access | 378 | ||
| Evidence for Current Indications | 378 | ||
| Complications | 380 | ||
| Future of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement | 381 | ||
| Additional Resources | 382 | ||
| Evidence | 382 | ||
| 55 Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair | 383 | ||
| Abstract | 383.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 383.e1 | ||
| Mitraclip | 383 | ||
| Technique | 383 | ||
| Evidence | 383 | ||
| Real-World Experience | 385 | ||
| Other Techniques for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair | 385 | ||
| Carillon Mitral Contour System | 385 | ||
| Mitralign System | 385 | ||
| Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement | 385 | ||
| Additional Resources | 388 | ||
| Evidence | 388 | ||
| IX Pericardial Diseases | 389 | ||
| 56 Pericardial Disease | 390 | ||
| Abstract | 390.e1 | ||
| Acute Pericarditis | 390 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 390 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 390 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 390 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 390 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 392 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 392 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 392 | ||
| Chronic or Recurrent Pericarditis | 393 | ||
| Constrictive Pericarditis | 393 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 393 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 393 | ||
| History | 393 | ||
| Physical Examination | 393 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 395 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 395 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 395 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 395 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 395 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 396 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 396 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 396 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 396 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 396 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 396 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 396 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 396 | ||
| Echocardiography | 396 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 398 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 398 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 398 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 398 | ||
| Future Directions | 398 | ||
| Additional Resources | 398 | ||
| Evidence | 398 | ||
| 57 Pericardial Disease | 399 | ||
| Abstract | 399.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 399.e1 | ||
| Normal Pericardial Pathology and Physiology | 399 | ||
| Hemodynamics of Pericardial Constriction and Pericardial Tamponade | 400 | ||
| Pericardial Constriction | 400 | ||
| Hemodynamics of Pericardial Constriction | 401 | ||
| Clinical Examination, Chest X-Ray, and Electrocardiography | 402 | ||
| Echo-Doppler Measurements | 403 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 404 | ||
| Gated-Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 405 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 405 | ||
| Pericardial Tamponade | 405 | ||
| Hemodynamics of Tamponade | 405 | ||
| Clinical Examination, Chest X-Ray, and Electrocardiography | 405 | ||
| Echo-Doppler Measurements | 406 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 407 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 407 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 407 | ||
| Summary of Comparisons Between Constrictive Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade | 407 | ||
| Future Directions | 408 | ||
| Additional Resources | 408 | ||
| Evidence | 408 | ||
| X Peripheral Vascular Disease | 409 | ||
| 58 Renal Artery Stenosis and Renal Denervation | 410 | ||
| Abstract | 410.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 410.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 410 | ||
| Natural History | 410 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 410 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 410 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 413 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 413 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 413 | ||
| Renal Artery Revascularization | 413 | ||
| Indications for Revascularization in Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis | 413 | ||
| Hypertension | 417 | ||
| Renal Preservation | 417 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema | 417 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 417 | ||
| Renal Denervation | 418 | ||
| Future Directions | 419 | ||
| Additional Resources | 419 | ||
| Evidence | 419 | ||
| 59 Interventional Approaches for Peripheral Arterial Disease | 420 | ||
| Abstract | 420.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 420.e1 | ||
| Upper Extremity Disease | 420 | ||
| Diseases of the Visceral Arteries | 420 | ||
| Lower Extremity Disease | 421 | ||
| Future Directions | 422 | ||
| Additional Resources | 422 | ||
| Evidence | 422 | ||
| 60 Surgery for Peripheral Vascular Diseases | 424 | ||
| Abstract | 424.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 424.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 424 | ||
| Lower Extremity Atherosclerosis | 424 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 424 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 425 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 425 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 426 | ||
| Carotid Disease | 426 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 426 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 426 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 426 | ||
| XI Cardiac Considerations in Specific Populations and Systemic Diseases | 450 | ||
| 64 Cardiovascular Disease in Pregnancy | 451 | ||
| Abstract | 451.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 451.e1 | ||
| Physiological Adaptations to Pregnancy | 451 | ||
| Changes During Pregnancy | 451 | ||
| Changes During Labor and Delivery | 451 | ||
| Changes in the Postpartum Period | 452 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 452 | ||
| Cardiac Examination During Normal Pregnancy | 452 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 453 | ||
| Preexisting Disease States and Pregnancy | 453 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 453 | ||
| Pulmonary Vascular Disease and Eisenmenger Syndrome | 453 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 454 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 454 | ||
| Heart Failure | 455 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease Unique to Pregnancy | 455 | ||
| Hypertension in Pregnancy | 455 | ||
| Peripartum Cardiomyopathy | 456 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema Induced by Tocolytic Therapy | 457 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 457 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 457 | ||
| Avoiding Treatment Errors | 458 | ||
| Future Directions | 458 | ||
| Additional Resources | 458 | ||
| Evidence | 458 | ||
| 65 Neuromuscular Diseases and the Heart | 459 | ||
| Abstract | 459.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 459.e1 | ||
| Myopathies | 459 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophies | 459 | ||
| Dystrophinopathies: Duchenne and Becker. | 459 | ||
| Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy. | 459 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy. | 460 | ||
| Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. | 460 | ||
| Distal Myopathies. | 461 | ||
| Myofibrillar Myopathies. | 461 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. | 462 | ||
| Congenital Myopathies | 462 | ||
| Metabolic Myopathies | 462 | ||
| Disorders of Glycogen Metabolism. | 462 | ||
| Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Carnitine Deficiency. | 462 | ||
| Mitochondrial Disorders. | 462 | ||
| Periodic Paralysis Syndromes | 462 | ||
| Acquired Myopathies | 462 | ||
| Inflammatory Myopathies. | 462 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathy | 463 | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy | 463 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Neuropathies | 463 | ||
| Guillain-Barré syndrome. | 463 | ||
| Chronic Immune-Mediated Autonomic Neuropathy. | 463 | ||
| Amyoloidosis | 463 | ||
| Hereditary Neuropathies | 465 | ||
| Additional Resources | 465 | ||
| Evidence | 465 | ||
| 66 Cardiovascular Manifestations of Endocrine Diseases | 466 | ||
| Abstract | 466.e1 | ||
| Pituitary Gland Disorders | 466 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 466 | ||
| Acromegaly | 466 | ||
| Disorders of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion | 466 | ||
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion | 467 | ||
| Thyroid Disorders | 467 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 467 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 468 | ||
| Parathyroid Disorders | 469 | ||
| Adrenal Disorders | 470 | ||
| Cushing Disease and Syndrome | 470 | ||
| Addison Disease | 471 | ||
| Mineralocorticoid Disorders | 471 | ||
| Adrenal Medullary Tumors | 473 | ||
| Diabetes | 474 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 474 | ||
| Future Directions | 474 | ||
| Evidence | 475 | ||
| 67 Connective Tissue Diseases and the Heart | 476 | ||
| Abstract | 476.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 476.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 476 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 476 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 476 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 477 | ||
| Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies | 479 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease | 479 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis | 479 | ||
| Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies | 479 | ||
| Vasculitis | 481 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 483 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 483 | ||
| Additional Resources | 485 | ||
| Evidence | 485 | ||
| 68 Cardiac Tumors and Cardio-Oncology | 486 | ||
| Abstract | 486.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 486.e1 | ||
| Cardiac Tumors | 486 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 486 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 486 | ||
| Primary Benign Cardiac Tumors | 486 | ||
| Myxoma | 486 | ||
| Lipoma | 486 | ||
| Rhabdomyoma | 486 | ||
| Fibroma | 486 | ||
| Papillary Fibroelastoma | 486 | ||
| Primary Malignant Cardiac Tumors | 486 | ||
| Sarcoma | 486 | ||
| Lymphoma | 487 | ||
| Pericardial Mesothelioma | 487 | ||
| Secondary Malignant Cardiac Tumors | 487 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 487 | ||
| Index | 525 | ||
| A | 525 | ||
| B | 527 | ||
| C | 527 | ||
| D | 530 | ||
| E | 530 | ||
| F | 531 | ||
| G | 532 | ||
| H | 532 | ||
| I | 533 | ||
| J | 533 | ||
| K | 533 | ||
| L | 533 | ||
| M | 534 | ||
| N | 535 | ||
| O | 535 | ||
| P | 535 | ||
| Q | 537 | ||
| R | 537 | ||
| S | 538 | ||
| T | 539 | ||
| U | 540 | ||
| V | 540 | ||
| W | 540 | ||
| X | 540 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |