BOOK
Cervical Myelopathy, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, E-Book
Michael G. Fehlings | Junichi Mizuno
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Neurosurgery Clinics, edited by Dr. Michael G. Fehlings and Dr. Junichi Mizuno, focuses on Cervical Myelopathy. Topics include, but are not limited to, Epidemiology and overview of the clinical spectrum of degenerative cervical myelopathy; Pathobiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy; Natural history of degenerative cervical myelopathy; Imaging evaluation of degenerative cervical myelopathy: current state of the art and future directions; Pathophysiology of CPPD and OYL(OLF); Radiological evaluation of OPLL with dural ossification; Relationship of OALL, OPLL and OYL (OLF); Importance of sagittal alignment of the cervical spine in the management of degenerative cervical myelopathy; Anterior cervical options to manage degenerative cervical myelopathy; Laminectomy with or without fusion to manage degenerative cervical myelopathy; History and evolution of laminoplasty; Prediction of outcomes in managing degenerative cervical myelopathy; Neurological complications in managing degenerative cervical myelopathy; Options to manage the patient with mild degenerative cervical myelopathy; Management of the patient with cervical cord compression but no evidence of myelopathy; Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for CDD; Future Directions and New Technology, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cervical Myelopathy\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Current Knowledge in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy\r | vii | ||
| Epidemiology and Overview of the Clinical Spectrum of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | vii | ||
| Pathobiology of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | vii | ||
| The Natural History of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | vii | ||
| Imaging Evaluation of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Current State of the Art and Future Directions | vii | ||
| Pathophysiology of Calcification and Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum in the Cervical Spine | viii | ||
| Radiologic Evaluation of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament with Dural Ossification | viii | ||
| Ossification of the Ligaments in the Cervical Spine, Including Ossification of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament, Ossifica ... | viii | ||
| Importance of Sagittal Alignment of the Cervical Spine in the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | viii | ||
| Anterior Cervical Option to Manage Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | ix | ||
| Laminectomy with or Without Fusion to Manage Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | ix | ||
| History and Evolution of Laminoplasty | ix | ||
| Significant Predictors of Outcome Following Surgery for the Treatment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Systematic Rev ... | ix | ||
| Neurologic Complications in Managing Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Management | x | ||
| Options of Management of the Patient with Mild Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | x | ||
| Management of the Patient with Cervical Cord Compression but no Evidence of Myelopathy: What Should We do? | x | ||
| Clinical Characteristics and Management of C3-4 Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | x | ||
| Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | xi | ||
| Health Economics and the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | xi | ||
| Managing the Complex Patient with Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: How to Handle the Aging Spine, the Obese Patient, and I ... | xi | ||
| Future Directions and New Technologies for the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | xi | ||
| NEUROSURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUE | xii | ||
| April 2018 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| October 2017 | xii | ||
| July 2017 | xii | ||
| April 2017 | xii | ||
| Preface\r | xiii | ||
| Current Knowledge in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | xiii | ||
| Epidemiology and Overview of the Clinical Spectrum of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 1 | ||
| Concept of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 1 | ||
| Why Do We Need a Comprehensive Term? | 2 | ||
| The Epidemiology of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 3 | ||
| THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DISORDERS RELATED TO DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 4 | ||
| Cervical Spondylosis and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy | 4 | ||
| The definition | 4 | ||
| The cascade of degenerative changes in the cervical spine | 4 | ||
| Pathophysiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy | 4 | ||
| The incidence and prevalence of cervical spondylotic myelopathy | 5 | ||
| Degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis | 6 | ||
| Ligamentous Pathologies | 7 | ||
| Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament | 7 | ||
| Ossification of the ligamentum flavum | 7 | ||
| Other Predisposing Factors to Degeneration of the Cervical Spine | 7 | ||
| Occupational and behavioral factors | 7 | ||
| Congenital and inherited factors | 8 | ||
| Systemic factors | 8 | ||
| Sports-related factors | 8 | ||
| SUMMARY | 9 | ||
| REFERENCES | 9 | ||
| The Natural History of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 21 | ||
| Key points | 21 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 22 | ||
| Neurologic Outcome | 22 | ||
| Functional Ability | 22 | ||
| Patient-Reported Outcomes | 23 | ||
| Need for Surgery | 23 | ||
| Mortality | 28 | ||
| PREDICTORS OF OUTCOME | 28 | ||
| SUMMARY | 30 | ||
| REFERENCES | 30 | ||
| Imaging Evaluation of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 33 | ||
| Clinical Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 34 | ||
| The Role of Imaging in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 34 | ||
| A SUMMARY OF CURRENT IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 34 | ||
| Radiographs | 34 | ||
| CT | 35 | ||
| MRI | 35 | ||
| CURRENT USES OF IMAGING IN DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 35 | ||
| Diagnosis | 35 | ||
| Surgical Planning | 36 | ||
| Monitoring for Progression | 37 | ||
| Postoperative Assessment | 38 | ||
| Prognostication | 38 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF SPINAL CORD IMAGING | 38 | ||
| Quantitative Spinal Cord MRI | 38 | ||
| Improving Diagnosis with Quantitative MRI | 40 | ||
| Using Quantitative MRI to Improve Outcome Prediction | 40 | ||
| Monitoring for Disease Progression with Quantitative MRI | 40 | ||
| Double Diffusion Encoding Technique for the Evaluation of Spinal Cord Axonal Injury | 41 | ||
| Resting State Functional MRI for the Evaluation of Spinal Cord Function | 41 | ||
| Spinal Cord Imaging in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 41 | ||
| SUMMARY | 42 | ||
| REFERENCES | 42 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Calcification and Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum in the Cervical Spine | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| Calcification of the Ligamentum Flavum | 47 | ||
| Epidemiology and pathogenesis | 47 | ||
| Clinical features and radiographic appearance | 48 | ||
| Histopathologic findings | 49 | ||
| Treatment options | 51 | ||
| Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum | 52 | ||
| Epidemiology and pathogenesis | 52 | ||
| Clinical features and radiographic appearance | 52 | ||
| Histopathologic findings | 52 | ||
| Treatment options | 53 | ||
| SUMMARY | 53 | ||
| REFERENCES | 53 | ||
| Radiologic Evaluation of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament with Dural Ossification | 55 | ||
| Key points | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 56 | ||
| RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 56 | ||
| MECHANISM OF SPINAL CORD DAMAGE BY OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 57 | ||
| DURAL OSSIFICATION | 57 | ||
| Type of Dural Ossification | 57 | ||
| Relationship Between Type of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Associated with Dural Ossification and Typ ... | 58 | ||
| Relationship Between Type of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Frequency of Dural Ossification | 58 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP AMONG PLAIN LATERAL RADIOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND MRI AND CAPABILITY OF IDENTIFICATION OF OSSIFICATION ... | 58 | ||
| DURAL OSSIFICATION AND SURGICAL TACTICS | 59 | ||
| CAPABILITY OF IDENTIFYING DURAL OSSIFICATION ASSOCIATED WITH OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 59 | ||
| SUMMARY | 59 | ||
| REFERENCES | 60 | ||
| Ossification of the Ligaments in the Cervical Spine, Including Ossification of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament, Ossifica ... | 63 | ||
| Key points | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| OSSIFICATION OF POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 63 | ||
| OSSIFICATION OF ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 64 | ||
| OSSIFICATION OF LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM OR OSSIFICATION OF YELLOW LIGAMENT | 64 | ||
| RELATION BETWEEN OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT AND OSSIFICATION OF THE ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 65 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT AND OSSIFICATION OF THE LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM | 65 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OSSIFICATION OF THE LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM AND OSSIFICATION OF THE ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | 65 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 65 | ||
| SUMMARY | 65 | ||
| REFERENCES | 66 | ||
| Importance of Sagittal Alignment of the Cervical Spine in the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
| DYNAMIC SAGITTAL PLANE MOTION ANALYSIS IN DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 71 | ||
| DYNAMIC CERVICAL MOTION ANALYSIS WITH THE CONE OF KINESIS | 71 | ||
| CERVICAL ALIGNMENT PARAMETERS | 72 | ||
| CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RADIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AND MYELOPATHY SCORES | 72 | ||
| CORRELATIONS AMONG RADIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS | 72 | ||
| STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVE SPINAL CANAL LORDOSIS | 73 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACH FOR CERVICAL OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT: THE K-LINE | 74 | ||
| MODIFIED K-LINE IN MRI AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY | 74 | ||
| CERVICAL SPINE DEFORMITY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM | 74 | ||
| NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 75 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 76 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT (POSTERIOR APPROACH) | 77 | ||
| CERVICAL SPINAL CORD POSTERIOR DRIFT AFTER POSTERIOR DECOMPRESSION | 77 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT (ANTERIOR APPROACH) | 78 | ||
| ANTERIOR VERSUS POSTERIOR APPROACHES | 79 | ||
| SUMMARY | 79 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | 80 | ||
| Anterior Cervical Option to Manage Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 83 | ||
| Key points | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| ANTERIOR CORPECTOMY AND FUSION | 84 | ||
| MULTILEVEL ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION | 84 | ||
| MULTILEVEL OBLIQUE CORPECTOMY WITHOUT FUSION | 85 | ||
| MULTILEVEL CERVICAL ARTHROPLASTY | 86 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE OUTCOMES | 86 | ||
| ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 87 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 87 | ||
| SUMMARY | 87 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| Laminectomy with or Without Fusion to Manage Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| HISTORICAL OVERVIEW | 91 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 92 | ||
| ANTERIOR VERSUS POSTERIOR APPROACHES TO THE CERVICAL SPINE | 92 | ||
| BIOMECHANICS IN THE DEGENERATING CERVICAL SPINE | 96 | ||
| EFFECTS OF LAMINECTOMY ON SPINE BIOMECHANICS | 96 | ||
| SURGICAL TRENDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 96 | ||
| DECISION-MAKING BETWEEN LAMINECTOMY AND LAMINECTOMY PLUS FUSION | 96 | ||
| SUMMARY | 102 | ||
| REFERENCES | 102 | ||
| History and Evolution of Laminoplasty | 107 | ||
| Key points | 107 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 107 | ||
| Z-SHAPED LAMINOPLASTY | 108 | ||
| EN BLOC LAMINOPLASTY | 108 | ||
| OPEN-DOOR LAMINOPLASTY | 108 | ||
| DOUBLE-DOOR LAMINOPLASTY | 109 | ||
| PROBLEMS AND COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO LAMINOPLASTY | 110 | ||
| Axial Neck Pain | 110 | ||
| C5 Nerve Root Palsy | 110 | ||
| Development of Kyphosis | 110 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 111 | ||
| TECHNIQUES FOR MUSCLE PRESERVATION | 111 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS | 111 | ||
| SUMMARY | 112 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Significant Predictors of Outcome Following Surgery for the Treatment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 115 | ||
| Key points | 115 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 115 | ||
| METHODS | 116 | ||
| Eligibility Criteria | 116 | ||
| Patient population | 116 | ||
| Prognostic variables | 116 | ||
| Outcomes | 116 | ||
| Study Characteristics | 116 | ||
| Information Sources | 116 | ||
| Search Strategy | 116 | ||
| Data Extraction and Synthesis | 116 | ||
| Risk of Bias in Individual Studies | 116 | ||
| Reporting | 117 | ||
| RESULTS | 117 | ||
| Study Selection | 117 | ||
| Study Characteristics | 117 | ||
| Risk of Bias | 117 | ||
| Are There Clinical Factors That Can Predict Surgical Outcome? | 118 | ||
| Age | 118 | ||
| Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association or Japanese Orthopedic Association recovery rate | 118 | ||
| Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association or Japanese Orthopedic Association scores | 118 | ||
| Nurick score | 118 | ||
| Neurologic Complications in Managing Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 164 | ||
| Key points | 164 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 164 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 165 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Ischemia | 165 | ||
| Progression of Myelopathy | 165 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT FOR DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY PATIENTS | 165 | ||
| Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Injury | 166 | ||
| Vascular Injury and Stroke | 166 | ||
| C5 Palsy | 167 | ||
| Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury | 167 | ||
| Superior Laryngeal Nerve Injury | 167 | ||
| Hypoglossal Nerve Injury | 168 | ||
| Horner Syndrome | 168 | ||
| Other Neurologic Complications | 168 | ||
| SUMMARY | 168 | ||
| REFERENCES | 168 | ||
| Options of Management of the Patient with Mild Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 174 | ||
| Key points | 174 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 174 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF DCM | 174 | ||
| MILD DCM | 175 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY | 177 | ||
| INTRAMEDULLARY SIGNAL CHANGE ON MRI | 178 | ||
| OPTIONS FOR MANAGEMENT | 179 | ||
| REFERENCES | 179 | ||
| Management of the Patient with Cervical Cord Compression but no Evidence of Myelopathy | 180 | ||
| Key points | 180 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 180 | ||
| PROGNOSIS FOR MILD OR MODERATE DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY WITHOUT SURGICAL TREATMENT | 181 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR PROPHYLACTIC SURGERY FOR MILD DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 183 | ||
| Illustrative Case 1 | 184 | ||
| Illustrative Case 2 | 185 | ||
| 3T–DIFFUSION TENSOR MRI PARAMETERS | 185 | ||
| SUMMARY | 186 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics and Management of C3-4 Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 188 | ||
| Key points | 188 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 188 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 188 | ||
| Statistical Analysis | 189 | ||
| RESULTS | 189 | ||
| ILLUSTRATIVE CASE | 190 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 190 | ||
| CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND OUTCOMES OF OPERATION | 191 | ||
| SUMMARY | 192 | ||
| REFERENCES | 192 | ||
| Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 194 | ||
| Key points | 194 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 194 | ||
| SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIAL | 195 | ||
| TRANSCRANIAL MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS | 195 | ||
| FREE-RUNNING ELECTROMYOGRAPHY | 196 | ||
| D-WAVE | 197 | ||
| MULTIMODAL INTRAOPERATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING DURING SURGERY FOR DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYOPATHY | 197 | ||
| CORRESPONDENCE WITH SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF INTRAOPERATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING | 197 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR INTRAOPERATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING | 198 | ||
| General Features of Anesthesia | 198 | ||
| Compensation of Anesthetic Effect | 198 | ||
| SUMMARY | 199 | ||
| REFERENCES | 199 | ||
| Health Economics and the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 204 | ||
| Key points | 204 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 204 | ||
| KEY HEALTH ECONOMIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 205 | ||
| Defining Costs | 205 | ||
| Evaluating Health-related Quality of Life | 205 | ||
| Determining Value | 205 | ||
| Willingness to Pay | 206 | ||
| CURRENT EVIDENCE PERTAINING TO VALUE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 207 | ||
| Value of Surgery Versus Nonoperative Management | 207 | ||
| Anterior Versus Posterior Surgical Approach | 208 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 209 | ||
| SUMMARY | 210 | ||
| REFERENCES | 210 | ||
| Managing the Complex Patient with Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 212 | ||
| Key points | 212 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 212 | ||
| AGE | 213 | ||
| MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES | 214 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 214 | ||
| Diabetes | 215 | ||
| Psychiatric: Depression and Bipolar | 216 | ||
| Body Mass Index | 217 | ||
| TOBACCO USE | 217 | ||
| SUMMARY | 217 | ||
| REFERENCES | 217 | ||
| Future Directions and New Technologies for the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy | 220 | ||
| Key points | 220 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 220 | ||
| ENHANCED DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS: TOWARD NEURORADIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC BIOMARKERS | 221 | ||
| EVOLUTION OF SURGICAL STRATEGIES: THE INFLUENCE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING, AND COMPUTER-ASSI ... | 223 | ||
| NANOMEDICINE, ADJUVANT THERAPIES, AND THE FUTURE OF DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL MYELOPATHY | 225 | ||
| SUMMARY | 226 | ||
| REFERENCES | 226 |