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Digestive Disorders of the Forestomach, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book

Digestive Disorders of the Forestomach, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book

Robert J. Callan | Meredyth L. Jones

(2017)

Abstract

This issue, edited by Drs. Robert Callan and Meredyth Jones, focuses on Digestive Disorders in Ruminants. Article topics include: Rumen (Forestomach) Development and Function; Diagnostic Approach to Forestomach Diseases; Clinical Rumen Acidosis; Diagnosis and Herd Management of Subclinical Rumen Acidosis; Disorders of Rumen Distension and Dysmotility; Diagnosis and Treatment of Hardware Disease; Temporary Rumen Fistula for the Treatment of Forestomach Diseases and Enteral Nutrition; Rumen Microbiome, probiotics, and Fermentation Additives.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Digestive Disorders ofthe Forestomach\r i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents v
Preface: Digestive Disorders of the Ruminant Forestomach v
Rumen Function and Development v
Diagnostic Approach to Forestomach Diseases v
Diagnosis and Treatment of Clinical Rumen Acidosis v
Diagnosis and Management of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Herds vi
Diagnosis and Management of Rumen Acidosis and Bloat in Feedlots vi
Disorders of Rumen Distension and Dysmotility vi
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hardware Disease vi
Temporary Rumenostomy for the Treatment of Forestomach Diseases and Enteral Nutrition vii
Rumen Microbiome, Probiotics, and Fermentation Additives\r vii
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA:\rFOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE\r viii
FORTHCOMING ISSUES viii
March 2018 viii
July 2018 viii
November 2018 viii
RECENT ISSUES viii
July 2017 viii
March 2017 viii
November 2016 viii
Preface\r ix
Digestive Disorders of the Ruminant Forestomach ix
Rumen Function and Development 427
Key points 427
INTRODUCTION 427
IMPORTANCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL TISSUES TO PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY 428
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RUMINAL EPITHELIUM IN MATURE RUMINANTS 428
METABOLISM OF MATURE RUMINAL EPITHELIUM 430
VOLATILE FATTY ACID METABOLISM 430
Acetate 430
Propionate 430
Butyrate 431
Rumen development 431
Morphologic observations 431
Control of Proliferation 433
Neonatal ruminal epithelial metabolism 433
Underlying molecular responses in support of development and function 434
SUMMARY 435
REFERENCES 436
Diagnostic Approach to Forestomach Diseases 441
Key points 441
INTRODUCTION 441
PATIENT HISTORY 441
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 442
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 443
Rumen Fluid Analysis 443
Radiography 447
Ultrasound 447
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 449
REFERENCES 449
Diagnosis and Treatment of Clinical Rumen Acidosis 451
Key points 451
INTRODUCTION 451
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 452
CLINICAL SIGNS 454
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 455
DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS 456
TREATMENT 456
PREVENTION 459
REFERENCES 459
Diagnosis and Management of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Herds 463
Key points 463
INTRODUCTION 463
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SUBACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE 464
Low Ruminal pH 464
Increased Ruminal Lactate 465
Increased Ruminal Valerate 465
Reduced Dry Matter Intake 465
Feed Ingredient Selection 465
Cow Behavior 465
Inflammation 466
Reduced Feed Efficiency 466
Milk Fat Depression 466
Individual Cow Susceptibility to Subacute Ruminal Acidosis 466
Rumenitis 467
Hindgut Acidosis 467
Diarrhea 467
Altered Ruminal Microflora 467
Liver Abscess Formation 468
Other Infectious Diseases Secondary to Rumenitis 468
Lameness 468
Reduced Body Condition Score 469
Impaired Immune Function 469
CLINICAL SIGNS IN DAIRY HERDS AFFECTED WITH SUBACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS 469
DIAGNOSIS OF SUBACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN DAIRY HERDS 469
Evaluating Clinical Signs Associated with Subacute Ruminal Acidosis 469
Ruminal pH 469
Measuring Ruminal pH via Fluid Collected by Ororuminal Probe 469
Measuring Ruminal pH via Fluid Collected by Rumenocentesis 469
Measuring Ruminal pH via Indwelling pH Sensors 470
Milk Fatty Acid Profile 471
Rumination Measurements 471
Acute Phase Proteins 471
Fecal pH 471
Ultrasound 471
PREVENTION OF SUBACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN DAIRY HERDS 471
Feeding a Total Mixed Ration 472
Excellent Feeding Management 472
Providing Adequate Effective Fiber in the Diet 472
Maximizing Ruminal Buffering 473
Provision of Free-Choice Buffers 474
Allowing for Adequate Ruminal Adaptation to Higher Concentrate Diets 474
Overview of Feed Additives for the Prevention of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis 474
Increasing Dietary Sugars 475
Yeast Supplementation 475
Monensin 475
Dicarboxylic Acids 475
Flavonoids and Essential Oils 475
SUMMARY 475
REFERENCES 476
Diagnosis and Management of Rumen Acidosis and Bloat in Feedlots 481
Key points 481
INTRODUCTION 481
PREVALENCE OF DIGESTIVE-RELATED MORTALITY 482
RUMINAL ACIDOSIS REVIEW 482
CLINICAL FINDINGS 483
TREATMENT 484
RUMINAL BLOAT REVIEW 485
CLINICAL FINDINGS 486
TREATMENT 487
RUMINAL DIGESTION OF GRAINS AND FORAGES 488
FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING ACIDOSIS AND BLOAT 488
RATION TRANSITIONS 488
BUNK MANAGEMENT 489
GRAIN TYPE AND PROCESSING 490
DIETARY FIBER 491
FEED ADDITIVES 493
SUMMARY 493
REFERENCES 494
Disorders of Rumen Distension and Dysmotility 499
Key points 499
INTRODUCTION 499
NORMAL RUMEN CONTOUR AND MOTILITY 499
Abdominal and Rumen Contour 499
Normal Rumen Motility 500
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 501
Abnormal Rumen Contour and Motility 501
Abnormal abdominal and rumen shape 501
Abnormalities of rumen motility 504
Disorders associated with rumen distension and dysmotility 505
Diagnostic Approach to Animals with Rumen Distension and Dysmotility 507
History and physical examination 507
ANCILLARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 507
Rumen Fluid Analysis 507
Blood Chemistry Analysis 508
Ultrasound of the Reticulum 508
Rumenotomy/Abdominal Exploratory 509
TREATMENT OPTIONS 509
Emergency Treatment 510
Transfaunation 510
SUMMARY 510
REFERENCES 510
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hardware Disease 513
Key points 513
INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 513
PATIENT HISTORY 514
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 514
Ancillary Diagnostics 515
TREATING HARDWARE DISEASE 516
SUPPORTIVE CARE 517
Pharmacologic Treatment Options 517
Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options 517
Magnets 517
Fluids 517
Surgical Treatment Options 518
Rumenotomy 518
Thoracotomy 521
SUMMARY 522
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 522
REFERENCES 522
Temporary Rumenostomy for the Treatment of Forestomach Diseases and Enteral Nutrition 525
Key points 525
INTRODUCTION 525
INDICATIONS 526
SURGICAL PROCEDURE 529
ENTERAL FEEDING 533
MANAGEMENT 534
CLOSURE 535
SUMMARY 537
REFERENCES 537
Rumen Microbiome, Probiotics, and Fermentation Additives 539
Key points 539
INTRODUCTION 539
Significance of the Ruminal Microbiome 539
TECHNOLOGY FOR MICROBIAL RESEARCH: THEN, NOW, AND TOMORROW 540
IMPORTANCE OF RUMINAL MANIPULATION 544
MANIPULATORS OF RUMINAL FERMENTATION 545
Probiotics 545
Supplemental bacteria 545
Live yeast 545
Fungi-based feed supplementation 546
FERMENTATION ADDITIVES 547
Yeast Products 547
Plant Secondary Metabolites 548
Ionophores 549
SUMMARY 549
REFERENCES 550