BOOK
Acute Liver Failure, An Issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, E-Book
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Pyrsopoulos has assembled the top authors in the field to provide current reviews on acute liver failure, to be the first time this topic is addressed in one volume. Topics are devoted to Classification and Epidemiologic Aspects of Acute Liver Failure; Acute Liver Failure: Mechanisms of disease and multi-systemic involvement; The Pathology of Acute Liver Failure; Liver Regeneration in the Acute Liver Failure Patient; Viral Hepatitis and Acute Liver Failure: Still a Problem; Drug- induced Liver Injury and Acute Liver Failure; Acetaminophen and Acute Liver Failure; Non-Viral Or Drug-Induced Etiologies of Acute Liver Failure; The Clinical Spectrum and Manifestations of Acute Liver Failure; Non ICU Management of Acute Liver Failure; Management of Acute Liver Failure in the ICU Setting; Prognostic Models of Acute Liver Failure; The Role of Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure; and Future Approaches and Therapeutic Modalities for Acute Liver Failure. Readers will come away with a current point of view about how to approach and manage the patient with acute liver failure.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Acute Liver Failure\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Acute Liver Failure | vii | ||
| Classification and Epidemiologic Aspects of Acute Liver Failure | vii | ||
| Acute Liver Failure: Mechanisms of Disease and Multisystemic Involvement | vii | ||
| The Pathology of Acute Liver Failure | vii | ||
| Liver Regeneration in the Acute Liver Failure Patient | vii | ||
| Viral Hepatitis and Acute Liver Failure: Still a Problem | viii | ||
| Nonacetaminophen Drug-Induced Acute Liver Failure | viii | ||
| Acetaminophen (APAP or N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol) and Acute Liver Failure | viii | ||
| Nonviral or Drug-Induced Etiologies of Acute Liver Failure | viii | ||
| The Clinical Spectrum and Manifestations of Acute Liver Failure | ix | ||
| Prognostic Models in Acute Liver Failure | ix | ||
| Non–Intensive Care Unit Management of Acute Liver Failure | ix | ||
| Management of Acute Liver Failure in the Intensive Care Unit Setting | x | ||
| Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure | x | ||
| Future Approaches and Therapeutic Modalities for Acute Liver Failure | x | ||
| CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| August 2018 | xi | ||
| November 2018 | xi | ||
| February 2019 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| February 2018 | xi | ||
| November 2017 | xi | ||
| August 2017 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rAcute Liver Failure | xiii | ||
| Classification and Epidemiologic Aspects of Acute Liver Failure | 229 | ||
| Key points | 229 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 229 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 230 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 232 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 233 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 234 | ||
| Nonacetaminophen Drug-Induced Liver Injury | 235 | ||
| Other Etiologies | 236 | ||
| SUMMARY | 237 | ||
| REFERENCES | 237 | ||
| Acute Liver Failure | 243 | ||
| Key points | 243 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 243 | ||
| LIVER | 244 | ||
| IMMUNE SYSTEM | 244 | ||
| BRAIN | 246 | ||
| KIDNEY | 249 | ||
| HEMOSTASIS | 250 | ||
| METABOLISM | 252 | ||
| PULMONARY | 252 | ||
| SUMMARY | 253 | ||
| REFERENCES | 253 | ||
| The Pathology of Acute Liver Failure | 257 | ||
| Key points | 257 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 258 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 261 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 262 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 262 | ||
| Massive hepatic necrosis | 262 | ||
| SUBMASSIVE HEPATIC NECROSIS WITH ZONAL PATTERN | 265 | ||
| Centrilobular Necrosis | 265 | ||
| Midzonal Necrosis | 265 | ||
| Periportal Necrosis | 265 | ||
| Nonzonal Necrosis | 265 | ||
| HEPATITIS PATTERN | 266 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC PREDICTION OF OUTCOME | 266 | ||
| SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS | 266 | ||
| SUMMARY | 267 | ||
| REFERENCES | 267 | ||
| Liver Regeneration in the Acute Liver Failure Patient | 269 | ||
| Key points | 269 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 269 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 269 | ||
| CLASSICAL PATHWAY(S) | 270 | ||
| IMMUNE REGULATION | 270 | ||
| INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS | 272 | ||
| CYTOKINE-MEDIATED PATHWAYS | 272 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor α | 272 | ||
| Interleukin 6 | 272 | ||
| GROWTH FACTORS | 273 | ||
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor | 273 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor | 273 | ||
| MICRORNAS | 274 | ||
| METABOLISM | 275 | ||
| PARACRINE MEDIATORS | 276 | ||
| TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR β | 276 | ||
| HEPATOSTAT | 277 | ||
| Hippo/Yap | 277 | ||
| STEM CELLS | 279 | ||
| ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE | 280 | ||
| SUMMARY | 280 | ||
| REFERENCES | 281 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis and Acute Liver Failure | 289 | ||
| Key points | 289 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 289 | ||
| VIRAL HEPATITIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 290 | ||
| VIRUS SPECIFIC KEY POINTS | 291 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 291 | ||
| Hepatitis A virus prognosis | 291 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 292 | ||
| Reactivation of latent hepatitis B virus: still a problem | 292 | ||
| Causes and mechanism of hepatitis B virus reactivation | 293 | ||
| Risk factors for hepatitis B virus reactivation | 293 | ||
| Hepatitis B virus prognosis | 294 | ||
| Strategies to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation | 294 | ||
| Screening | 294 | ||
| Antiviral prophylaxis | 294 | ||
| Management of hepatitis B virus reactivation | 295 | ||
| Treatment of acute liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus | 295 | ||
| Nucleos(t)ide analogues | 295 | ||
| Immune system modulating therapy | 295 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 295 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 295 | ||
| Hepatitis D virus prognosis | 296 | ||
| Treatment of hepatitis D virus | 296 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 296 | ||
| Rare viral agents | 297 | ||
| SUMMARY | 297 | ||
| REFERENCES | 297 | ||
| Nonacetaminophen Drug-Induced Acute Liver Failure | 301 | ||
| Key points | 301 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
| GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY | 302 | ||
| COMMON AGENTS OF DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 303 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 305 | ||
| Age | 305 | ||
| Gender | 306 | ||
| Race | 306 | ||
| Pharmacologic Factors | 307 | ||
| Host Genetic Factors | 307 | ||
| Risk Factors of Progression to Drug-Induced Acute Liver Failure | 308 | ||
| Drug Use Past Stopping Criteria | 308 | ||
| Underlying Chronic Liver Disease | 308 | ||
| DIAGNOSING DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE (VERSUS SEVERE ACUTE LIVER INJURY) | 309 | ||
| The Peak of Alanine Aminotransferase in Acute Liver Failure Depends on the Etiology | 309 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 311 | ||
| OUTCOMES OF DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 312 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE: DIAGNOSIS | 315 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE: TREATMENT | 316 | ||
| SUMMARY | 316 | ||
| REFERENCES | 317 | ||
| Acetaminophen (APAP or N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol) and Acute Liver Failure | 325 | ||
| Key points | 325 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 325 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACETAMINOPHEN OVERDOSE AND ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 326 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY AND MECHANISM OF ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND LIVER FAILURE | 326 | ||
| INGESTED DOSE AND OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY | 329 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND LIVER FAILURE | 331 | ||
| The 4 Classic Stages of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity | 331 | ||
| Patterns of Ingestion: Intentional Versus Unintentional Overdoses | 332 | ||
| Acetaminophen Combination Products | 332 | ||
| EVALUATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND LIVER FAILURE | 333 | ||
| Role of Acetaminophen Adducts and Other Serum Biomarkers | 333 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED LIVER FAILURE | 334 | ||
| N-ACETYLCYSTEINE | 334 | ||
| Mechanism of Actions and Clinical Efficacy | 334 | ||
| Dosage Regimen and Side Effects | 335 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION | 336 | ||
| Selection of Patient and Prognostic Systems | 336 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 338 | ||
| REFERENCES | 339 | ||
| Nonviral or Drug-Induced Etiologies of Acute Liver Failure | 347 | ||
| Key points | 347 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 347 | ||
| AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS | 348 | ||
| BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME | 349 | ||
| WILSON DISEASE | 351 | ||
| CONDITIONS DURING PREGNANCY | 353 | ||
| ISCHEMIC HEPATITIS | 355 | ||
| MUSHROOM POISONING | 355 | ||
| SUMMARY | 356 | ||
| REFERENCES | 356 | ||
| The Clinical Spectrum and Manifestations of Acute Liver Failure | 361 | ||
| Key points | 361 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 361 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 362 | ||
| CAUSE | 362 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND INITIAL EVALUATION | 362 | ||
| DETERMINING CAUSES AND SPECIFIC THERAPIES | 364 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 367 | ||
| Cerebral Edema | 367 | ||
| Infection | 369 | ||
| Coagulopathy and Bleeding | 370 | ||
| Renal Failure | 370 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Complications | 371 | ||
| Acid-Base and Metabolic Disturbances | 371 | ||
| SUMMARY | 371 | ||
| REFERENCES | 372 | ||
| Prognostic Models in Acute Liver Failure | 375 | ||
| Key points | 375 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 375 | ||
| CAUSES OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 376 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF PROGNOSTIC MODELS FOR ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 377 | ||
| OTHER CLINICAL INDICATORS OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 381 | ||
| ACUTE ON CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE | 381 | ||
| WEAKNESS OF CURRENT PROGNOSTIC MODELS | 383 | ||
| SUMMARY | 384 | ||
| REFERENCES | 384 | ||
| Non–Intensive Care Unit Management of Acute Liver Failure | 389 | ||
| Key points | 389 | ||
| CAUSES OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 390 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 393 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE IN NON–INTENSIVE CARE UNIT SETTINGS | 393 | ||
| General Supportive Care in Acute Liver Failure | 394 | ||
| Cause-Specific Interventions in Acute Liver Failure | 395 | ||
| Management of Electrolyte, Acid-Base, and Metabolic Derangements in Acute Liver Failure | 396 | ||
| Hepatic Encephalopathy and Cerebral Edema | 396 | ||
| Infectious Complications | 397 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC MODELS IN ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 397 | ||
| SUMMARY | 398 | ||
| REFERENCES | 398 | ||
| Management of Acute Liver Failure in the Intensive Care Unit Setting | 403 | ||
| Key points | 403 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 403 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 404 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION | 404 | ||
| Diagnosis of Hepatic Encephalopathy | 404 | ||
| Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy | 405 | ||
| Monitoring Intracranial Pressures | 405 | ||
| Strategies to Maintain Cerebral Perfusion Pressure | 405 | ||
| Mannitol | 406 | ||
| Hypertonic Saline | 406 | ||
| General Management | 406 | ||
| COAGULOPATHY | 406 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 406 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS | 407 | ||
| INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS | 407 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING AND METABOLIC CONCERNS | 408 | ||
| SUMMARY | 408 | ||
| REFERENCES | 408 | ||
| Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure | 409 | ||
| Key points | 409 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE | 409 | ||
| OPTIMIZATION OF LISTING CRITERIA | 410 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 410 | ||
| Suggested Approach | 410 | ||
| OPTIMIZING SELECTION FOR TRANSPLANT | 411 | ||
| Liver Allocation | 412 | ||
| Living Donor versus Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation | 413 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 414 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 414 | ||
| SUMMARY | 415 | ||
| REFERENCES | 415 | ||
| Future Approaches and Therapeutic Modalities for Acute Liver Failure | 419 | ||
| Key points | 419 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 419 | ||
| MOLECULAR ADSORBENT RECIRCULATING SYSTEM | 420 | ||
| Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System Components | 420 | ||
| EXTRACORPOREAL LIVER ASSIST DEVICE | 421 | ||
| Extracorporeal Circuit | 421 |