Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Highly visual and packed with useful, practical information, Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery, 2nd Edition, provides real-world instruction on the evaluation, diagnostic imaging, and medical and endovascular surgical management of acute and chronic venous diseases. Dr. Jose Almeida, pioneering expert in the field and host of the annual International Vein Congress, along with other highly regarded practitioners, offers an authoritative understanding of what causes increased venous pressure and solutions for reducing venous hypertension. Detailed, full-color intraoperative illustrations capture key teaching moments, helping you better understand the nuances of surgery and improve your ability to perform cutting-edge procedures.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Foreword | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| Video Contents | xvii | ||
| 1 Venous Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Abstract | 1.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 1.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 1 | ||
| Perforating Veins | 8 | ||
| Deep Veins | 10 | ||
| Upper Extremity Veins | 12 | ||
| Lower Extremity Nerves | 14 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 19 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| 2 Venous Hemodynamics | 21 | ||
| Abstract | 21.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 21.e1 | ||
| Volume-Pressure Curve | 21 | ||
| Effect of Poor Compliance | 23 | ||
| The Geometric Factor in Venous Flow | 24 | ||
| Venous Pressure and Flow | 24 | ||
| Postural Changes | 25 | ||
| Calf Pump Mechanics | 26 | ||
| Perforators | 28 | ||
| Reflux | 30 | ||
| Obstruction | 32 | ||
| Venous Flow Through the Abdomen | 34 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| 3 Venous Pathophysiology | 37 | ||
| Abstract | 37.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 37.e1 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 37 | ||
| Primary Venous Disease | 37 | ||
| Secondary Venous Disease | 50 | ||
| Congenital | 53 | ||
| Natural History | 54 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 56 | ||
| Obesity | 57 | ||
| Effects of Superficial Vein Reflux on the Deep Veins | 58 | ||
| Five Salient References | 60 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| 4 Venous Diagnostic Tools | 63 | ||
| Abstract | 63.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 63.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 63 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 64 | ||
| Instrumentation | 68 | ||
| Plethysmography | 68 | ||
| Impedance Plethysmograph | 68 | ||
| Straingauge Plethysmograph | 68 | ||
| Photoplethysmograph | 69 | ||
| Air Plethysmograph | 69 | ||
| Plethysmography for Venous Insufficiency | 70 | ||
| Venous Filling Index | 72 | ||
| Ejection Fraction | 72 | ||
| Residual Volume Fraction | 72 | ||
| Deep Venous Thrombosis by Plethysmography | 73 | ||
| Duplex Ultrasound | 74 | ||
| Panoramic Imaging | 77 | ||
| Chroma Imaging | 78 | ||
| Color Power Angio | 79 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Imaging | 80 | ||
| Deep Venous System | 82 | ||
| Acute Thrombosis | 86 | ||
| Chronic Thrombosis | 88 | ||
| Superficial Venous System | 90 | ||
| Image Optimization | 96 | ||
| Ultrasound Artifacts | 104 | ||
| Color Flow Imaging | 104 | ||
| Pulsed Wave Doppler | 110 | ||
| Venography | 116 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound | 117 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Imaging | 117 | ||
| Computed Tomography Venography | 117 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Venography | 117 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| 5 Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Saphenous Reflux | 121 | ||
| Abstract | 121.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 121.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 121 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 122 | ||
| Patient Selection | 122 | ||
| Endovascular Instrumentation | 124 | ||
| Endovascular Laser | 124 | ||
| Radiofrequency | 124 | ||
| Tumescent Anesthesia Delivery | 126 | ||
| Imaging | 126 | ||
| Access and Closure | 128 | ||
| Hemostasis and Anticoagulation | 134 | ||
| Operative Steps | 134 | ||
| Placement of Perivenous Tumescent Anesthesia | 144 | ||
| Laser | 147 | ||
| The Pullback | 150 | ||
| Laser | 150 | ||
| Radiofrequency Ablation | 156 | ||
| Small Saphenous Vein Ablation | 166 | ||
| Treating Accessory and Circumflex Veins (Figs. 5.35–5.37) | 176 | ||
| Popliteal Fossa Vein | 181 | ||
| Laser-Assisted Distal Saphenectomy | 184 | ||
| Multiple Veins and Hybrid Procedures | 196 | ||
| Case Examples | 202 | ||
| Conclusion | 213 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| 6 Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation | 215 | ||
| Abstract | 215.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 215.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 215 | ||
| First-Generation Device | 215 | ||
| Second-Generation Device (VNUS ClosureFast) | 216 | ||
| Quality-of-Life Changes | 217 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 218 | ||
| Treatment Efficacy | 218 | ||
| Failures | 218 | ||
| Procedure | 221 | ||
| Potential Hazards and Adverse Events | 224 | ||
| Small Saphenous Vein and Other Veins | 224 | ||
| Randomized Clinical Trial Data | 225 | ||
| Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Open Surgery | 225 | ||
| Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Endovenous Laser Ablation | 227 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| 7 Laser Thermal Ablation | 233 | ||
| Abstract | 233.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 233.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 233 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 235 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 236 | ||
| Dosing | 236 | ||
| Complications | 237 | ||
| Small Saphenous Vein | 238 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments | 239 | ||
| Nonrandomized Studies | 239 | ||
| Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials | 240 | ||
| Meta-Analysis | 242 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 242 | ||
| References | 242 | ||
| 8 Nonthermal Ablation of Saphenous Reflux | 247 | ||
| Abstract | 247.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 247.e1 | ||
| Mechanical Occlusion Chemically Assisted Ablation | 248 | ||
| Overview | 248 | ||
| Technique | 250 | ||
| Technical Pearls | 250 | ||
| Results | 252 | ||
| Summary | 253 | ||
| Cyanoacrylate Closure (Venaseal) | 254 | ||
| Overview | 254 | ||
| Current Technique | 254 | ||
| Technical Pearls | 254 | ||
| Results | 256 | ||
| Summary | 257 | ||
| Polidocanol Injectable Microfoam (Varithena) | 258 | ||
| Overview | 258 | ||
| Technique | 258 | ||
| Technical Pearls | 258 | ||
| Results | 260 | ||
| Summary | 260 | ||
| Discussion | 260 | ||
| Overall Summary | 262 | ||
| References | 262 | ||
| 9 Treatment of Perforating Veins | 265 | ||
| Abstract | 265.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 265.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 265 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 265 | ||
| Patient Selection | 266 | ||
| Endovascular Instrumentation | 266 | ||
| Operative Steps | 267 | ||
| Percutaneous Ablation of Perforators Technique: Chemical Ablation | 267 | ||
| Percutaneous Ablation of Perforators Technique Using the Radiofrequency System | 268 | ||
| Percutaneous Ablation of Perforators Technique Using the Laser System | 269 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 279 | ||
| Complications | 279 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments | 280 | ||
| References | 282 | ||
| 10 Treatment of Varicosed Tributary Veins | 285 | ||
| Abstract | 285.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 285.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 285 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 286 | ||
| Patient Selection | 286 | ||
| Endovascular Instrumentation | 287 | ||
| Imaging | 287 | ||
| Hemostasis and Anticoagulation | 287 | ||
| Operative Steps | 288 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 302 | ||
| Complications | 303 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments | 303 | ||
| Conclusion | 304 | ||
| References | 306 | ||
| 11 Endovenous Approach to Recurrent Varicose Veins | 307 | ||
| Abstract | 307.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 307.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 307 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 307 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 308 | ||
| Previous High Ligation and Stripping | 308 | ||
| Previous Phlebectomy Without Great Saphenous Vein Stripping | 310 | ||
| Previous Laser or Radiofrequency Ablation Without Phlebectomy | 312 | ||
| Previous Great Saphenous Vein Ablation With No Improvement | 313 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments From Cochrane Database | 316 | ||
| References | 318 | ||
| 12 Thromboembolic Disease | 319 | ||
| Abstract | 319.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 319.e1 | ||
| Historical Background and Epidemiology of Acute Venous Thromboembolic Disease | 319 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Acute Venous Thromboembolism | 320 | ||
| Etiology | 320 | ||
| Natural History | 321 | ||
| Diagnosis and Imaging | 321 | ||
| Laboratory Testing for Venous Thromboembolism | 322 | ||
| Testing for Thrombophilia | 322 | ||
| Imaging for Venous Thromboembolism | 324 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism | 326 | ||
| Treatment for Venous Thromboembolism | 326 | ||
| Duration of Anticoagulation | 328 | ||
| Superficial Venous Thrombosis | 330 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Superficial Vein Thrombosis | 330 | ||
| Diagnosis and Imaging of Superficial Vein Thrombosis | 330 | ||
| Treatment of Superficial Vein Thrombosis | 331 | ||
| References | 337 | ||
| 13 Endovenous Placement of Inferior Vena Caval Filters | 339 | ||
| Abstract | 339.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 339.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 339 | ||
| Patient Selection | 340 | ||
| Imaging | 342 | ||
| Venous Duplex Imaging | 342 | ||
| Venography | 342 | ||
| Access and Operative Steps | 343 | ||
| Right Internal Jugular Approach | 343 | ||
| Common Femoral Vein Approach | 352 | ||
| Anticoagulation Management | 358 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 358 | ||
| Complications of Inferior Vena Cava Filter Insertion | 358 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness | 360 | ||
| Retrievable Filters and Stenting of Chronically Obstructed Inferior Vena Cava Filters | 360 | ||
| References | 361 | ||
| 14 Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis | 363 | ||
| Abstract | 363.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 363.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 363 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History | 363 | ||
| Treatment Options | 364 | ||
| Patient Selection | 365 | ||
| Thrombus Removal Devices | 367 | ||
| RAPID Lysis Technique | 369 | ||
| Endovascular Instruments and Equipment | 369 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 370 | ||
| Procedural Steps | 370 | ||
| Access | 370 | ||
| RAPID Lysis Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis | 370 | ||
| Closure | 372 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Filters and Other Additional Procedural Points | 372 | ||
| Adjuvant Therapies: Angioplasty and Stenting | 374 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 374 | ||
| Single Center Registry Findings | 376 | ||
| RAPID-Lysis and Lytic Contraindications | 376 | ||
| Complications | 376 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments | 377 | ||
| Five Salient References | 378 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| 15 New Concepts in the Management of Pulmonary Embolus | 381 | ||
| Abstract | 381.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 381.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 381 | ||
| Demographics | 381 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 382 | ||
| Categories of Pulmonary Embolism | 382 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 383 | ||
| Treatment Guidelines | 385 | ||
| Catheter Directed Therapy | 386 | ||
| Established Catheter Directed Treatment Modalities | 386 | ||
| Rheolytic Embolectomy | 386 | ||
| Suction Embolectomy | 388 | ||
| Balloon Angioplasty-Assisted Clot Disruption | 388 | ||
| Mechanical Embolectomy With Rotating Pigtail | 388 | ||
| Ultrasound-Assisted Catheter Directed Thrombolysis | 389 | ||
| Complications of Catheter Directed Therapies | 391 | ||
| On the Horizon | 391 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism Response Teams | 391 | ||
| Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | 392 | ||
| AngioVac | 392 | ||
| FlowTriever | 394 | ||
| References | 394 | ||
| 16 Endothermal Heat-Induced Thrombosis | 397 | ||
| Abstract | 397.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 397.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 397 | ||
| Definition of Endothermal Heat-Induced Thrombosis | 398 | ||
| Classification of Endothermal Heat-Induced Thrombosis | 398 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 399 | ||
| Epidemiology | 400 | ||
| Natural History/Surveillance | 401 | ||
| Risk Factors | 402 | ||
| Prevention | 403 | ||
| Treatment for EHIT | 403 | ||
| Conclusions | 404 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| 17 Postthrombotic Syndrome | 409 | ||
| Abstract | 409.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 409.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 409 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 415 | ||
| Interventional Treatment | 416 | ||
| Endovascular Horizon | 422 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 425 | ||
| Compression Therapy | 425 | ||
| Five Salient References | 426 | ||
| References | 427 | ||
| 18 Iliocaval and Femoral Venous Occlusive Disease | 431 | ||
| Abstract | 431.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 431.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 431 | ||
| Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 433 | ||
| Patient Selection | 434 | ||
| Operative Steps | 436 | ||
| Nonthrombotic Iliac Vein Lesions | 439 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasonography Findings | 446 | ||
| Stent Deployment | 446 | ||
| Scientific Evidence Nonthrombotic Iliac Vein Lesion Treatment | 447 | ||
| Postthrombotic Iliocaval and Femoral Venous Occlusive Disease | 447 | ||
| Bilateral Stenting and Advanced Techniques | 450 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 450 | ||
| Scientific Evidence Postthrombotic Treatment | 450 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments | 452 | ||
| Cases and Innovative Techniques | 452 | ||
| Case 1: Recanalization of Left Iliac Chronic Total Occlusion, Endovascular Reconstruction With Wallstent/Z-Stent Stack (Figs. 18.12–18.20) | 452 | ||
| Case 2: IVC Filter Induced Vena Cava Occlusion, Extract Filter and Stent Cava (Figs. 18.21–18.30) | 460 | ||
| Remove the Inferior Vena Cava Filter and Attempt to Traverse the Lesions | 460 | ||
| Access and Bilateral Lower Extremity Venograms | 468 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasonography, Venography, and Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty/Stenting | 468 | ||
| Poststent Dilation and Completion Venography | 468 | ||
| Case 3: IVC Filter Induced Vena Cava Occlusion, Crush Filter and Stent Cava (Figs. 18.31–18.39) | 468 | ||
| Access and Initial Bilateral Lower Extremity Venography | 474 | ||
| Stage II Contralateral (Right) Side | 475 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasonography and Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty/Stenting of the Right Side | 475 | ||
| Case 4: Caval Agenesis and Recurrent VTE-Treated With Staged Complex Reconstruction (Figs. 18.40–18.48) | 476 | ||
| Case 5: Femoral Vein Stenting to Add Inflow Support to Iliocaval Endovascular Reconstruction (Figs. 18.49–18.56) | 484 | ||
| Case 6: Infrarenal Caval Occlusion With Dissection. Treatment With Sharp Recanalization, Through-and-Through (Body Floss) Access and Endovascular Stent Reconstruction | 489 | ||
| Case 7: Biconical IVC Filter Caval Extraction With Loop Snare and Rigid Bronchial Forceps (Figs. 18.66–18.70) | 496 | ||
| Case 8: Vena Cava Atresia Presented With Acute Bilateral Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis. Treated With Catheter Directed Thrombolysis Followed by Endovascular Stenting (Figs. 18.71–18.74) | 500 | ||
| Case 9: Severe Thromophilia, Venous Ulceration, Failed Femoral Vein Stenting | 502 | ||
| Case 10: Iliac Vein Occlusion, Recanalization From Above | 508 | ||
| Case 11: Acute DVT Treated With “One-and-Done” Rheolytic Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis (Figs. 18.88–18.91) | 512 | ||
| References | 514 | ||
| 19 Deep Venous Incompetence and Valve Repair | 517 | ||
| Abstract | 517.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 517.e1 | ||
| Normal Condition: Emphasis on Lower Extremity Deep Venous Valves | 518 | ||
| Anatomy | 518 | ||
| Physiology | 522 | ||
| Diseased Condition: Insufficiency in the Lower Leg Venous System | 522 | ||
| Etiology/Pathology | 522 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 523 | ||
| The Clinical Evaluation: Clinical; Etiologic; Anatomic; Pathophysiologic | 524 | ||
| Typical Diagnostic Evaluation | 524 | ||
| Operative Intervention | 526 | ||
| Routine Operative Considerations | 526 | ||
| Operative Exposure | 526 | ||
| Treatment Option 1 | 528 | ||
| External Banding | 528 | ||
| External Valvuloplasty | 528 | ||
| Internal Valvuloplasty | 530 | ||
| Treatment Option 2 | 534 | ||
| Valve Transposition | 535 | ||
| Valve Transplantation | 536 | ||
| Valve Substitutes | 537 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 538 | ||
| Routine Follow-Up | 538 | ||
| Results | 538 | ||
| Early Results | 538 | ||
| Late Results: Option 1 | 539 | ||
| External Banding | 539 | ||
| External Valvuloplasty | 539 | ||
| Internal Valvuloplasty | 539 | ||
| Late Results: Option 2 | 539 | ||
| Valve Transposition | 539 | ||
| Valve Transplantation | 540 | ||
| Venous Valve Substitutes | 540 | ||
| Late Results | 540 | ||
| Multilevel Valve Reconstruction | 540 | ||
| Summary | 541 | ||
| References | 541 | ||
| 20 Venous Ulcers | 547 | ||
| Abstract | 547.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 547.e1 | ||
| Control of Venous Hypertension | 548 | ||
| Compression | 548 | ||
| Intervention to Correct Venous Hypertension | 550 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 550 | ||
| Superficial Venous Ablation | 550 | ||
| Perforator Insufficiency | 552 | ||
| Terminal Interruption of Reflux Source | 554 | ||
| Management of the Venous Ulcer to Facilitate Healing | 560 | ||
| Wound Bed Preparation | 560 | ||
| Debridement | 560 | ||
| Larval | 561 | ||
| Bacterial Colonization | 562 | ||
| Properties and Categories of Wound Dressings | 562 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapies to Accelerate Healing | 563 | ||
| Human Skin Equivalents | 563 | ||
| Summary | 564 | ||
| References | 565 | ||
| 21 Pelvic Venous Disorders | 567 | ||
| Abstract | 567.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 567.e1 | ||
| Abdominal and Pelvic Venous Anatomy | 568 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Pelvic Venous Disorders | 576 | ||
| Epidemiology | 580 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pelvic Venous Disorders | 582 | ||
| The Management of Pelvic Venous Disorders | 591 | ||
| Primary Ovarian/Internal Iliac Venous Incompetence | 591 | ||
| Pelvic Origin Lower Extremity Varices | 594 | ||
| Primary Left Renal Vein Compression (Nutcracker Syndrome) | 595 | ||
| Symptomatic Internal Iliac Reflux Caused by Common Iliac Vein Compression (May-Thurner Syndrome) | 598 | ||
| Pitfalls in the Management of Pelvic Venous Disorders | 598 | ||
| Summary | 599 | ||
| References | 599 | ||
| 22 Nutcracker Syndrome | 601 | ||
| Abstract | 601.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 601.e1 | ||
| Diagnosis | 602 | ||
| Duplex Ultrasonography | 603 | ||
| Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Intravascular Ultrasound | 604 | ||
| Venography | 606 | ||
| Patient Selection Criteria | 607 | ||
| Treatment | 608 | ||
| Open Reconstruction | 608 | ||
| Left Renal Vein Transposition | 608 | ||
| Venous Bypass Procedures | 611 | ||
| Other Procedures | 614 | ||
| Posterior Nutcracker Syndrome | 615 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment | 615 | ||
| Conclusion | 617 | ||
| References | 617 | ||
| 23 Treatment of Spider Telangiectasias | 619 | ||
| Abstract | 619.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 619.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 619 | ||
| Etiology | 619 | ||
| Patient Selection | 620 | ||
| Endovascular Instrumentation | 626 | ||
| Imaging | 630 | ||
| Sclerosants | 632 | ||
| Access and Closure | 632 | ||
| Operative Steps | 634 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 641 | ||
| Complications and Adverse Sequelae | 643 | ||
| Pain | 643 | ||
| Edema | 644 | ||
| Urticaria | 644 | ||
| Blisters and Folliculitis | 644 | ||
| Hyperpigmentation | 645 | ||
| Recurrence of Treated Vessels | 646 | ||
| Other Minor Conditions | 646 | ||
| Nerve Damage | 646 | ||
| Superficial Thrombophlebitis | 648 | ||
| Emboli and Deep Venous Thrombosis | 648 | ||
| Air Embolism | 649 | ||
| Allergic Reactions | 650 | ||
| Cutaneous Necrosis | 650 | ||
| Summary of Complications and Adverse Sequelae | 652 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness | 652 | ||
| Laser Treatment of Spider Telangiectasias | 652 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 652 | ||
| Basic Concepts and Terminology | 652 | ||
| Types of Lasers | 654 | ||
| Operative Steps | 654 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness | 656 | ||
| References | 658 | ||
| 24 Endovenous Management of Central and Upper Extremity Veins | 659 | ||
| Abstract | 659.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 659.e1 | ||
| Primary Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: Paget Schroetter Syndrome | 659 | ||
| Treatment | 660 | ||
| Secondary Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis | 668 | ||
| Dialysis Access–Related Central Venous Stenosis | 669 | ||
| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | 671 | ||
| Crossing Upper Extremity Central Venous Occlusions | 680 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 680 | ||
| 25 Venous Malformations | 681 | ||
| Abstract | 681.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 681.e1 | ||
| What Are Hemangiomas? Are They Arteriovenous Malfomations? | 681 | ||
| Vascular Malformations | 683 | ||
| Low-Flow Vascular Malformations—Venous Malformations | 683 | ||
| Low-Flow Vascular Malformations—Lymphatic Malformations | 684 | ||
| Low-Flow Vascular Malformations—Capillary Malformations | 684 | ||
| High-Flow Vascular Malformations—Arteriovenous Fistulas | 685 | ||
| High-Flow Vascular Malformations—Arteriovenous Malformations | 685 | ||
| Yakes Arteriovenous Malformation Classification | 685 | ||
| Treatment of Venous Malformations | 686 | ||
| Selected Readings | 692 | ||
| References | 692 | ||
| 26 Severity Scoring and Outcomes Measurement | 693 | ||
| Abstract | 693.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 693.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 693 | ||
| Venous Severity Assessment Tools | 694 | ||
| Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment—Caprini Score | 694 | ||
| Postthrombotic Syndrome—Villalta Score | 696 | ||
| Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomic, Pathophysiologic Classification | 697 | ||
| Revised Venous Clinical Severity Scoring | 699 | ||
| Patient-Reported Outcome Tools | 699 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 703 | ||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Existing Treatments | 706 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 709 | ||
| References | 710 | ||
| 27 Evidence-Based Summary of Guidelines From the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum | 713 | ||
| Abstract | 713.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 713.e1 | ||
| The Evidence Pyramid | 714 | ||
| Grading Recommendations and Evidence | 716 | ||
| Clinical Practice Guidelines on Venous Disease | 717 | ||
| Evaluation and Classification | 718 | ||
| Treatment | 718 | ||
| Compression Therapy | 720 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 720 | ||
| Surgical Management | 722 | ||
| Endovenous Therapies | 722 | ||
| Treatment of Varicose Vein Tributaries and Recurrent Varicose Veins | 724 | ||
| Treatment of Pathologic Perforating Veins | 726 | ||
| Treatment of Venous Obstruction | 726 | ||
| Conclusion | 726 | ||
| References | 728 | ||
| Index | 731 | ||
| A | 731 | ||
| B | 731 | ||
| C | 732 | ||
| D | 733 | ||
| E | 733 | ||
| F | 734 | ||
| G | 735 | ||
| H | 735 | ||
| I | 736 | ||
| J | 737 | ||
| K | 737 | ||
| L | 737 | ||
| M | 738 | ||
| N | 739 | ||
| O | 739 | ||
| P | 739 | ||
| Q | 741 | ||
| R | 741 | ||
| S | 742 | ||
| T | 743 | ||
| U | 744 | ||
| V | 745 | ||
| W | 746 | ||
| Y | 746 | ||
| Z | 746 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |