Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Combining the in-depth coverage of a text with the practicality of a clinical manual and the visual detail of an atlas, Avian Medicine, 3rd Edition is the complete, all-in-one guide to every aspect of avian care. Written by some of the world's leading authorities in avian medicine, this highly illustrated reference covers a wide variety of avian species — including psittacines, raptors, bustards, parrots, finches, and more. Comprehensive coverage includes issues ranging from the basic aspects of patient management to the most sophisticated diagnostic techniques. Plus, with more illustrations, a wealth of practical advice, and the latest information on cutting-edge treatments and procedures incorporated into this new edition, today’s general clinician will be fully equipped to effectively and confidently care for all birds.
- Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of clinical management written by leading experts in the field provides readers with a depth and breadth of knowledge on avian medicine and care.
- Coverage of a wide variety of species — including raptors, bustards, and many others — enables practitioners to treat a greater assortment of patients with more confidence and skill.
- Bulleted text and tables help present information in an accessible way.
- More than 900 color images give readers a better picture of disease and how it will be encountered in practice.
- Appendices bring together wide-ranging data on hematology and blood chemistry reference values, commonly used pharmaceutics and other information relevant to avian practitioners.
- NEW! New chapter sections, revised references, and updated suggested readings ensure that readers have the most up-to-date information.
- NEW! New chapter contributors ensure the information in the text reflects the most current techniques and advances.
- NEW! Expanded content on parrots, finches and fruit-eating birds has been added to the text to make content more relevant to the needs of today’s practitioners.
- NEW! Thoroughly updated content includes the latest surgical techniques and procedures to keep practitioners on top of the most cutting-edge information in the field.
- NEW! Additional content and images on MRI have been incorporated throughout the text to complete the coverage of other advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Avian Medicine | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedications | iii | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| 1 Housing, Environment, and Public Awareness | 1 | ||
| Cage and Aviary Design | 1 | ||
| Cage and Aviary Management | 2 | ||
| Exercise | 4 | ||
| Security | 4 | ||
| Environmental Enrichment | 5 | ||
| Examples of Enrichment for Birds | 6 | ||
| Mental Stimulation | 6 | ||
| Informative and Educational Labeling | 6 | ||
| 2 Avian Intelligence, Clinical Behavior, and Welfare | 8 | ||
| Avian Brain | 8 | ||
| Avian Brain Lateralization | 8 | ||
| Avian Senses and Perception | 11 | ||
| Attention and Selective Attention | 11 | ||
| Motivation | 11 | ||
| Emotions | 11 | ||
| Positive Emotions | 13 | ||
| Intelligence and Cognition | 13 | ||
| Theory of Mind | 13 | ||
| Consciousness | 13 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 18 | ||
| The Concept of “Abnormal Behavior” | 18 | ||
| The Diagnostic Approach | 18 | ||
| Medical Etiologies of Behavioral Disorders | 19 | ||
| Behavioral Disorders and the Therapeutic Approach | 19 | ||
| Behavioral Pharmacology | 20 | ||
| Avian Welfare | 20 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 23 | ||
| References | 23 | ||
| Further Reading | 24 | ||
| 3 Nutrition and Nutritional Management | 25 | ||
| Basic Principles of Optimal Nutrition | 25 | ||
| Feeding Birds in Captivity | 25 | ||
| Nutritional Management | 28 | ||
| Seasonal Variations | 30 | ||
| References | 31 | ||
| The Importance of Diet Quality | 32 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Laboratory Testing and Investigation of Diets | 33 | ||
| Methods Used | 33 | ||
| Results and Conclusions | 34 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 35 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| 4 Capture and Handling | 36 | ||
| Capture | 36 | ||
| Physical Capture | 36 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| Further Reading | 38 | ||
| Chemical Capture | 38 | ||
| References | 40 | ||
| Further Reading | 40 | ||
| Handling | 40 | ||
| Immobilization | 40 | ||
| Transport | 44 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| Further Reading | 48 | ||
| 5 The Clinical Examination | 49 | ||
| General Considerations | 49 | ||
| Examination Room Equipment | 49 | ||
| Medical Records | 51 | ||
| The Patient’s ‘Life’ History | 51 | ||
| Signalment | 51 | ||
| The Bird’s Origins | 52 | ||
| Husbandry | 52 | ||
| Nutrition | 53 | ||
| Behavior | 53 | ||
| Previous Medical History | 53 | ||
| The Current Problem | 53 | ||
| The Physical Examination | 53 | ||
| The Distant Examination | 53 | ||
| The Cage | 54 | ||
| The Bird | 54 | ||
| The Droppings | 54 | ||
| Handling and Restraint | 56 | ||
| Weight Recording | 56 | ||
| Body Condition Scoring | 57 | ||
| Auscultation | 57 | ||
| Systematic Physical Examination | 57 | ||
| Feathers, Skin, and Adnexa Examination | 57 | ||
| The Head Region and Oropharynx | 61 | ||
| Further Reading | 61 | ||
| Further Reading | 64 | ||
| The Eye and Eyelids | 64 | ||
| Introduction | 64 | ||
| Characteristics of the Bird’s Visual Function | 64 | ||
| Anatomy and Ocular Physiology | 64 | ||
| Orbit and Globe | 64 | ||
| Eyelids and Ocular Annexes | 64 | ||
| Anterior Segment | 65 | ||
| Posterior Segment | 65 | ||
| Ophthalmologic Examination | 66 | ||
| Examination | 66 | ||
| Ocular Reflexes | 66 | ||
| Schirmer Tear Test | 66 | ||
| Staining | 66 | ||
| Cytology and Culture | 66 | ||
| Tonometry | 66 | ||
| Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy | 67 | ||
| Retinography | 67 | ||
| Electroretinography | 67 | ||
| Bidimensional and Doppler Ultrasonography | 67 | ||
| Radiology | 67 | ||
| Axial Computerized Tomography | 67 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance | 68 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| Further Reading | 71 | ||
| Physical Examination | 68 | ||
| The Neck | 68 | ||
| The Crop | 68 | ||
| The Body | 68 | ||
| The Wings | 69 | ||
| The Legs | 69 | ||
| The Vent | 70 | ||
| Neurologic Assessment | 71 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Assessment | 71 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Assessment | 71 | ||
| Conclusion | 72 | ||
| 6 Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostic Examination | 73 | ||
| General Principles | 73 | ||
| Biomedical Sampling | 73 | ||
| Blood Sampling | 73 | ||
| Collection of Blood Samples | 75 | ||
| Transportation of Samples | 76 | ||
| Special Considerations | 76 | ||
| Processing of Hematology Samples | 76 | ||
| Priorities When Processing a Blood Sample | 76 | ||
| Hematology Analyses | 77 | ||
| Laboratory Techniques | 88 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Count (RBC × 1012/L) | 88 | ||
| Working Solutions | 88 | ||
| BD Unopette 365851 Red Blood Count Manual Hematology Test (Becton Dickinson Co., NJ, USA). | 88 | ||
| Natt and Herrick’s Solution—without Phase Contrast Microscopy | 89 | ||
| Formol Citrate Solution (Dacie’s Fluid)—with Phase Contrast Microscopy | 89 | ||
| 7 Anesthesia and Analgesia | 179 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 179 | ||
| Anatomical and Physiological Considerations | 179 | ||
| Anatomical Considerations | 179 | ||
| 8 Medical, Nursing, and Cosmetic Procedures | 204 | ||
| Medicament Administration | 204 | ||
| Parenteral Administration | 204 | ||
| Oral Administration | 206 | ||
| Topical Administration | 207 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 208 | ||
| References | 208 | ||
| Further Reading | 208 | ||
| Nebulization in Birds | 208 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Parenteral Fluid Therapy | 209 | ||
| Applied Physiology of Avian Body Fluids | 209 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Fluid Therapy in Birds | 210 | ||
| Types of Fluids and Indications | 211 | ||
| The Fluid Therapy Plan | 213 | ||
| Clinical Example | 214 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| Oral Fluid Therapy | 215 | ||
| Additions to Oral Fluids | 216 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| Tube Feeding and Nutritional Support | 216 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements | 216 | ||
| Tube-Feeding Technique | 217 | ||
| Enteral Nutritional Formulations | 217 | ||
| References | 218 | ||
| Intensive Care Units | 218 | ||
| Thermal Support | 220 | ||
| 9 Trauma-Related Medical Conditions | 246 | ||
| Eye and Eyelid Injuries and Ocular Diseases | 246 | ||
| Ocular Diseases | 246 | ||
| Congenital Diseases | 246 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 246 | ||
| Periocular Swelling | 246 | ||
| Conjunctivitis, Keratoconjunctivitis, and Keratitis | 247 | ||
| Uveitis | 248 | ||
| Glaucoma | 249 | ||
| Cataracts | 249 | ||
| Retinopathy and Optical Neuropathy | 249 | ||
| Blindness with Normal Pupil Sizes and Responses | 250 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| Spinal Injuries | 250 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| Keel Injuries | 252 | ||
| Wing Tip Injuries | 253 | ||
| Wounds and Ulcers | 253 | ||
| Luxations and Fractures | 254 | ||
| Bursitis | 254 | ||
| Edema and Dry Gangrene Syndrome | 254 | ||
| Frostbite | 255 | ||
| References | 255 | ||
| Wounds | 255 | ||
| Healing of Wounds | 258 | ||
| Treatment of Wounds | 258 | ||
| References | 259 | ||
| Further Reading | 259 | ||
| 10 Management-Related Medical Conditions | 260 | ||
| Bumblefoot (Pododermatitis) | 260 | ||
| Raptors | 263 | ||
| Waterfowl | 263 | ||
| Parrots and Passeriformes | 263 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 264 | ||
| References | 264 | ||
| Feather-Damaging Behavior in Psittacine Birds | 264 | ||
| Species, Age, and Gender Predilections | 264 | ||
| Etiologic Considerations for Feather-Damaging Behavior | 265 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Feather-Damaging Behavior | 266 | ||
| Therapeutic Considerations for Feather-Damaging Behavior | 267 | ||
| Prognosis and Monitoring | 268 | ||
| References | 271 | ||
| Capture Paresia | 272 | ||
| Definition | 273 | ||
| Species Affected | 273 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 273 | ||
| Clinical Signs and History | 273 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 273 | ||
| Diagnosis | 273 | ||
| Postmortem Changes | 274 | ||
| Treatment | 274 | ||
| Prevention | 274 | ||
| References | 274 | ||
| Toxicology | 275 | ||
| Ammonium Chloride Toxicosis | 275 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 276 | ||
| Pathologic Changes | 276 | ||
| Physiology and Pathologic Considerations | 276 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 276 | ||
| Lead Toxicosis | 277 | ||
| Diagnosis | 277 | ||
| Treatment | 278 | ||
| Primary Treatment | 278 | ||
| Chelative Therapy | 278 | ||
| Support Therapy | 278 | ||
| Zinc Toxicosis | 278 | ||
| 11 Soft Tissue Surgery | 294 | ||
| Equipment | 294 | ||
| Preparation | 294 | ||
| Surgery of the Skin and Adnexa | 294 | ||
| Feather Cysts (Folliculoma) | 294 | ||
| Uropygial (or Preen) Gland | 294 | ||
| Treating Soft Tissue Wounds and Injuries | 294 | ||
| Propatagial Repair | 295 | ||
| Neoplasms | 295 | ||
| Lipomas | 296 | ||
| Xanthomas | 296 | ||
| Squamous Metaplasia | 296 | ||
| Hyperinflation of the Cervicocephalic Air sac | 296 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract Techniques | 297 | ||
| Tongue | 297 | ||
| Proximal Esophagus | 297 | ||
| Ingluviotomy | 297 | ||
| Crop Biopsy | 298 | ||
| Treatment of Crop Burns | 298 | ||
| Crop or Esophageal Lacerations | 298 | ||
| Pharyngostomy, Esophagostomy, or Ingluviostomy Tube Placement | 298 | ||
| Catheter Duodenostomy | 298 | ||
| Coeliotomy | 298 | ||
| Left Lateral Coeliotomy | 298 | ||
| Salpingohysterectomy | 300 | ||
| Caesarian Section | 300 | ||
| Uterine Torsion | 301 | ||
| Orchidectomy | 301 | ||
| Neutering | 301 | ||
| Endoscopic Testicular Biopsy | 301 | ||
| Proventriculotomy for Access to Proventriculus or Ventriculus | 301 | ||
| Yolk Sacculectomy | 302 | ||
| Enterotomy | 303 | ||
| Intestinal Anastomosis | 303 | ||
| Ventral Midline Coeliotomy | 304 | ||
| Abdominal Hernia | 304 | ||
| Cloacal Conditions | 305 | ||
| Organs Prolapsed Through the Cloaca | 305 | ||
| Cloacal Papilloma | 306 | ||
| Cloacolith | 306 | ||
| Cloacopexy | 306 | ||
| Cloacoplasty | 307 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Surgery | 307 | ||
| Tracheotomy | 307 | ||
| Trachectomy | 308 | ||
| Biopsies | 309 | ||
| Lung Biopsy | 309 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 309 | ||
| Pancreatic Biopsy | 310 | ||
| Renal Biopsy | 310 | ||
| Devoicing Birds | 311 | ||
| Postsurgical Care | 311 | ||
| References | 311 | ||
| 12 Orthopedic Surgery | 312 | ||
| Management of Orthopedic Issues in Birds | 312 | ||
| The Avian Skeleton and Fracture Management | 312 | ||
| Materials | 312 | ||
| Methods of Fixation for the Humerus | 314 | ||
| General Considerations | 314 | ||
| Application of the Tie-In Fixator to Diaphyseal Fractures of the Humerus: the Archetypical Construct | 314 | ||
| A Method of Fixation for Distal and Subcondylar Humeral Fractures: the Cross-Pin Tie-In Fixator | 314 | ||
| A Method for Fixation of Proximal Zone Humeral Fractures: Tension Band (Tie-In Fixator) | 316 | ||
| Methods of Fixation for Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures | 316 | ||
| General Considerations | 316 | ||
| Important Aspects of Pin Placement for Fixators Applied to the Radius and Ulna | 320 | ||
| Specific Management Recommendations | 324 | ||
| Proximal Ulnar Fractures, Radius Intact or Fractured: Various Scenarios | 324 | ||
| Midshaft and Distal Ulnar Fractures, Radius Intact or Fractured: Various Scenarios | 325 | ||
| Special Cases of the Forearm: Radius Fractured Proximally or Distally, Ulna Intact | 326 | ||
| Methods of Fixation for the Major Metacarpal | 326 | ||
| General Considerations | 326 | ||
| Method of Fixation for Fractures of the Femur | 333 | ||
| General Considerations | 333 | ||
| Specific Recommendation for Fractures of the Femur | 333 | ||
| Methods of Fixation for Fractures of the Tibiotarsus | 334 | ||
| General Considerations | 334 | ||
| Fractures of the Tibiotarsus | 339 | ||
| Specific Recommendations for Application of the TIF to the Tibiotarsus | 340 | ||
| Methods of Stabilization and Fixation for Tarsometatarsal Fractures | 340 | ||
| General Considerations | 340 | ||
| Specific Recommendations for Fixation Choices | 340 | ||
| Postoperative Management of Long Bone Fracture Repair Patients | 349 | ||
| Physical Therapy for Managing Wing Fractures | 349 | ||
| Management of the Patagium | 350 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| Luxations | 351 | ||
| Fractures and Luxations of the Coracoid Bone | 351 | ||
| Luxations of the Elbow | 351 | ||
| Luxations of the Stifle | 352 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 353 | ||
| References | 353 | ||
| Further Reading | 353 | ||
| Product Reference List | 353 | ||
| External Splinting | 353 | ||
| Use and Application of the FESSA External Skeletal Fixator for Fracture and Luxation Repair | 354 | ||
| Treatment of Fractures | 356 | ||
| Treatment of Luxations | 356 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 356 | ||
| References | 356 | ||
| Use and Application of Plates for Fracture Repair | 357 | ||
| References | 357 | ||
| 13 Systemic Diseases | 359 | ||
| Disorders of the Feathers, Skin, and Adnexa | 359 | ||
| Uropygial or Preen Gland | 362 | ||
| Further Reading | 362 | ||
| Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System | 362 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease | 362 | ||
| Fibrous Osteodystrophy | 362 | ||
| Etiology | 362 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Clinical Pathology | 363 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 363 | ||
| Radiography | 363 | ||
| Histopathology | 363 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 363 | ||
| Rickets and Osteomalacia | 364 | ||
| Etiology | 364 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Clinical Pathology | 365 | ||
| Radiography | 365 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 366 | ||
| Histopathology | 366 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 366 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 366 | ||
| Developmental Limb Disorders in Growing Birds | 367 | ||
| Rotational Limb Deformities | 367 | ||
| Rolled Toes | 367 | ||
| Chondrodystrophy | 368 | ||
| Angel Wing | 369 | ||
| Diagnosis | 369 | ||
| Treatment | 370 | ||
| Prevention | 372 | ||
| References | 366 | ||
| Disorders of the Digestive System | 373 | ||
| Beak | 373 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 373 | ||
| Symptoms | 373 | ||
| Pathology of the Beak Growth Plate | 373 | ||
| Congenital Deformities | 373 | ||
| Trauma | 374 | ||
| Malnutrition | 374 | ||
| Infections | 374 | ||
| Metabolic Disease | 375 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup and Treatment | 375 | ||
| Oral Cavity, Tongue, and Salivary Glands | 375 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 375 | ||
| Symptoms | 375 | ||
| Metaplasia from Hypovitaminosis A | 375 | ||
| Infectious Stomatitis and Plaques within the Oropharynx | 375 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup | 375 | ||
| Esophagus and Crop | 376 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 376 | ||
| Symptoms | 376 | ||
| Ingluvitis and Esophagitis | 376 | ||
| Other Crop Diseases | 376 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup and Treatment | 377 | ||
| Proventriculus and Ventriculus | 377 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 377 | ||
| Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacines | 377 | ||
| Macrorhabdus Ornithogaster | 377 | ||
| Proventricular or Ventricular Dilatation | 377 | ||
| Stomach Worms | 378 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup | 378 | ||
| Intestines | 378 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 378 | ||
| Viral Infections | 378 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 378 | ||
| Protozoal Infections | 378 | ||
| Nematode, Cestode, and Trematode Infections | 379 | ||
| Other Diseases of the Intestines | 379 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup and Treatment | 379 | ||
| Cloaca | 380 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 380 | ||
| Cloacitis | 381 | ||
| Per Cloacal Prolapses | 381 | ||
| Cloacal Masses | 381 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup | 381 | ||
| Pancreas | 382 | ||
| 14 Infectious Diseases | 434 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 434 | ||
| Influenza | 437 | ||
| Etiology | 437 | ||
| Distribution | 437 | ||
| Epizootiology | 438 | ||
| Clinical Features | 438 | ||
| Diagnosis | 438 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 440 | ||
| Newcastle Disease | 440 | ||
| Etiology | 440 | ||
| Distribution | 440 | ||
| Clinical Features | 440 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 442 | ||
| Diagnosis | 442 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 443 | ||
| Pneumovirus Infections | 443 | ||
| Herpesvirus Infections | 443 | ||
| Etiology | 443 | ||
| Marek’s Disease | 444 | ||
| Diagnosis and Prevention | 445 | ||
| Duck Plague (Duck Viral Enteritis) | 446 | ||
| Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis | 447 | ||
| Diagnosis and Control | 447 | ||
| Pacheco Disease | 447 | ||
| Raptor Herpesvirus Causing Hepatosplenitis | 447 | ||
| Avian Herpesvirus Infections Causing No Disease | 448 | ||
| Avian Pox | 448 | ||
| Etiology | 448 | ||
| Distribution | 449 | ||
| Clinical Features | 449 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 451 | ||
| Diagnosis | 452 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 452 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| Further Reading | 443 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 452 | ||
| Chlamydiosis | 452 | ||
| Definition | 452 | ||
| Etiologic Agent | 452 | ||
| Distribution | 452 | ||
| Species Susceptible | 452 | ||
| Transmission | 453 | ||
| Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Treatment/Prevention | 453 | ||
| Avian Tuberculosis | 453 | ||
| Definition | 453 | ||
| Etiologic Agent | 453 | ||
| Distribution | 453 | ||
| Species Susceptible | 453 | ||
| 15 Reproduction | 522 | ||
| Housing and Housing Requirements | 522 | ||
| General Considerations | 522 | ||
| Breeding Pairs and Flock Management | 522 | ||
| Semen Collection | 525 | ||
| Cooperative Method | 525 | ||
| Massage Method | 526 | ||
| Electrical Stimulation Method | 527 | ||
| References | 528 | ||
| Semen Quality Assessment | 529 | ||
| Volume | 529 | ||
| Color | 529 | ||
| Density | 529 | ||
| Ancillary Semen Analyses | 530 | ||
| pH | 530 | ||
| Osmolarity | 530 | ||
| Na+, Cl−, K | 530 | ||
| Glucose/Fructose | 530 | ||
| References | 530 | ||
| Spermatozoa Quality Assessment | 531 | ||
| Spermatozoa Concentration | 531 | ||
| Manual | 531 | ||
| Electronic | 532 | ||
| Motility | 532 | ||
| Spermatozoa Morphology | 533 | ||
| Percentage of Live and Dead Spermatozoa | 533 | ||
| Zona-Free Hamster Oocyte Penetration Assay | 534 | ||
| References | 534 | ||
| Testicular Biopsy | 535 | ||
| Technique | 535 | ||
| Conclusion | 535 | ||
| Further reading | 536 | ||
| Artificial Insemination | 536 | ||
| Technique | 537 | ||
| Further Reading | 538 | ||
| 16 Postmortem Examination | 567 | ||
| Carcass Examination | 567 | ||
| Preparations for Necropsy | 567 | ||
| External Examination | 567 | ||
| Skin and Appendages | 567 | ||
| Skeletal System | 570 | ||
| Sensory System | 570 | ||
| Muscular System | 571 | ||
| Internal Examination | 571 | ||
| Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems | 572 | ||
| Endocrine System (Lymphoreticular System) | 573 | ||
| Liver | 574 | ||
| Digestive System | 574 | ||
| Lymphoreticular System | 576 | ||
| Urinary System | 576 | ||
| Reproductive System | 576 | ||
| Females. | 576 | ||
| Males. | 576 | ||
| Nervous System | 576 | ||
| Termination | 577 | ||
| Supplementary Diagnostic Procedures | 578 | ||
| Histopathologic Examination | 578 | ||
| Bacteriologic Examination | 578 | ||
| Mycologic Examination | 578 | ||
| Toxicologic Examination | 578 | ||
| Virologic Examination | 578 | ||
| Parasitologic Examinations | 578 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 578 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 578 | ||
| Egg Postmortem Examination | 579 | ||
| Egg Examination Procedure | 579 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 581 | ||
| References | 578 | ||
| Further Reading | 579 | ||
| 17 Forensic Investigations in Avian Medicine | 582 | ||
| Guidelines | 582 | ||
| General | 582 | ||
| Live Birds | 582 | ||
| Dead Birds | 583 | ||
| Samples for Laboratory Examination | 584 | ||
| Discussion | 585 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 585 | ||
| References | 585 | ||
| Appendix 1 Hematology Reference Values Table for Selected Avian Species | 586 | ||
| Appendix 2 Blood Chemistry Reference Values for Selected Avian Species | 603 | ||
| Appendix 3 Selected Avian Literature | 628 | ||
| Appendix 4 Legislation and Codes of Practice Relevant to Avian Medicine | 630 | ||
| Legislation | 630 | ||
| Fields of law relevant to avian medicine | 631 | ||
| The veterinarian and veterinary practice | 631 | ||
| Professional | 631 | ||
| Malpractice/Negligence | 631 | ||
| Medicines | 631 | ||
| Health and Safety | 631 | ||
| Animal Legislation | 631 | ||
| Animal Welfare | 631 | ||
| Wildlife Conservation | 631 | ||
| Animal Health | 631 | ||
| Law Enforcement | 632 | ||
| Birds | 632 | ||
| Europe | 632 | ||
| Appendix 5 Organizations and Electronic Resources Relating to Avian Medicine | 635 | ||
| Appendix 6 Pharmaceutical Products Commonly Used in Avian Medicine | 637 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 678 | ||
| Index | 679 | ||
| A | 679 | ||
| B | 681 | ||
| C | 682 | ||
| D | 684 | ||
| E | 685 | ||
| F | 686 | ||
| G | 687 | ||
| H | 687 | ||
| I | 688 | ||
| J | 689 | ||
| K | 689 | ||
| L | 689 | ||
| M | 690 | ||
| N | 691 | ||
| O | 692 | ||
| P | 692 | ||
| Q | 694 | ||
| R | 694 | ||
| S | 695 | ||
| T | 697 | ||
| U | 698 | ||
| V | 698 | ||
| W | 698 | ||
| X | 699 | ||
| Y | 699 | ||
| Z | 699 |