BOOK
Fundamentals of Airway Surgery, Part I, An Issue of Thoracic Surgery Clinics, E-Book
Jean Deslauriers | Farid M. Shamji | Bill Nelems
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Thoracic Surgery Clinics of North America, guest edited by Drs. Jean Deslauriers, Farid Shamji, and Bill Nelems, is the first of two devoted to Fundamentals of Airway Surgery. The editors have assembled expert authors to review the following topics: Birth of Airway Surgery and Evolution over the Past Half-Century; Regional and Applied Anatomy of the Tracheo-Bronchial Tree from Larynx to Segmental Bronchus; Advanced Technologies for Imaging and Visualization of the Tracheobronchial Tree; Anesthesia and Gas Exchange during Airway Surgery; The Importance of Good Communications Between Anesthesiologists and Thoracic Surgeons; Tracheal Injuries Complicating Prolonged Intubation and Tracheostomy; Biology of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Tracheo-Bronchial Tree and Principles of Management; Pathology of Primary Tracheobronchial Malignancies other than Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas; Tuberculosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Airway; Tracheobronchomalacia and Expiratory Collapse of Central Airways; Management of Idiopathic Laryngo-Tracheal Stenosis; Subglottic Tracheal Resection and Synchronous Laryngeal Reconstruction with Preservation of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves: The Pearson Operation; Laryngeal Split and Rib Cartilage Interpositional Grafting: Treatment Option for Glottic/Subglottic Stenosis in Adults; Distal Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction; Factors Favoring and Impairing Healing of Tracheal Anastomosis; Prophylaxis and Treatment of Complications After Tracheal Resection; Non-Operative Endoscopic Management of Benign Tracheo-Bronchial Disorders; From Open to Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy; Anterior Mediastinal Tracheostomy; and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Fundamentals of Airway\rSurgery, Part I\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface: Fundamentals of Airway Surgery, Part I | v | ||
| Dedication: Tribute to Frederick Griffith Pearson (1926–2016) | v | ||
| General Considerations | v | ||
| Birth of Airway Surgery and Evolution over the Past Fifty Years\r | v | ||
| Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Airway Anatomy: From Glottis to Segmental Bronchus\r | v | ||
| Advanced Technologies for Imaging and Visualization of the Tracheobronchial Tree: From Computed Tomography and MRI to Virtu ... | v | ||
| Surgical Disorders of the Airway | v | ||
| Tracheal Injuries Complicating Prolonged Intubation and Tracheostomy\r | v | ||
| Biology of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Tracheobronchial Tree and Principles of Management\r | vi | ||
| Pathology of Primary Tracheobronchial Malignancies Other than Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas\r | vi | ||
| Tuberculosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Airway\r | vi | ||
| Tracheobronchomalacia and Expiratory Collapse of Central Airways\r | vi | ||
| Surgery of the Proximal Airway | vii | ||
| Contemporary Management of Idiopathic Laryngotracheal Stenosis\r | vii | ||
| Partial Cricotracheal Resection and Extended Cricotracheal Resection for Pediatric Laryngotracheal Stenosis\r | vii | ||
| Laryngeal Split and Rib Cartilage Interpositional Grafting: Treatment Option for Glottic and Subglottic Stenosis in Adults\r | vii | ||
| Distal Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction: State of the Art and Lessons Learned\r | vii | ||
| Factors Favoring and Impairing Healing of Tracheal Anastomosis\r | vii | ||
| Airway Management Following Tracheal Surgery\r | viii | ||
| Prophylaxis and Treatment of Complications After Tracheal Resection\r | viii | ||
| Nonoperative Endoscopic Management of Benign Tracheobronchial Disorders\r | viii | ||
| THORACIC SURGERY CLINICS\r | ix | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | ix | ||
| August 2018 | ix | ||
| November 2018 | ix | ||
| February 2019 | ix | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | ix | ||
| February 2018 | ix | ||
| November 2017 | ix | ||
| August 2017 | ix | ||
| Preface:\rFundamentals of Airway Surgery, Part I | xi | ||
| Dedication:\rTribute to Frederick Griffith Pearson (1926–2016) | xiii | ||
| Birth of Airway Surgery and Evolution over the Past Fifty Years | 109 | ||
| Key points | 109 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 109 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF BENIGN TRACHEAL STRICTURES AND BIRTH OF AIRWAY SURGERY | 110 | ||
| OPERATIVE CHALLENGE OF SUBGLOTTIC TRACHEAL RESECTION | 111 | ||
| SURGERY OF THE CARINA | 112 | ||
| FROM THE USE OF TRACHEAL PROSTHESIS TO TISSUE ENGINEERING | 113 | ||
| USE OF SILICONE STENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX AIRWAY PROBLEMS | 114 | ||
| SUMMARY | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Airway Anatomy | 117 | ||
| Key points | 117 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 117 | ||
| FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACHEAL ANATOMY | 117 | ||
| SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE CERVICAL TRACHEA | 119 | ||
| THE MEDIASTINAL TRACHEA | 119 | ||
| THE MAINSTEM BRONCHI | 122 | ||
| LOBAR AND SEGMENTAL BRONCHI OF THE RIGHT LUNG | 123 | ||
| LOBAR AND SEGMENTAL BRONCHI OF THE LEFT LUNG | 123 | ||
| VASCULAR SUPPLY AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS | 124 | ||
| SUMMARY | 125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 125 | ||
| Advanced Technologies for Imaging and Visualization of the Tracheobronchial Tree | 127 | ||
| Key points | 127 | ||
| HISTORY | 127 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 128 | ||
| Technical Factors and Protocol | 128 | ||
| Multi-planar Reformats | 128 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Volume-Rendered Images | 128 | ||
| Normal Computed Tomography Appearance | 128 | ||
| Computed Tomography Applications | 129 | ||
| Calcification | 129 | ||
| Tracheal stenosis | 129 | ||
| Airway stents | 130 | ||
| Benign and malignant airway tumors | 130 | ||
| Infection | 131 | ||
| Airway dilation and diverticula | 131 | ||
| VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY | 132 | ||
| Applications | 132 | ||
| Tracheal stenosis | 132 | ||
| Airway tumors | 133 | ||
| Congenital airway abnormalities | 133 | ||
| Dynamic Expiratory Imaging | 133 | ||
| MRI | 134 | ||
| Technical Factors and Protocol | 134 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Applications | 135 | ||
| Tumors | 135 | ||
| Stenosis | 135 | ||
| Pediatric imaging | 135 | ||
| SUMMARY | 135 | ||
| REFERENCES | 135 | ||
| Tracheal Injuries Complicating Prolonged Intubation and Tracheostomy | 139 | ||
| Key points | 139 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 139 | ||
| HISTORY OF POSITIVE-PRESSURE VENTILATION | 139 | ||
| ETIOLOGIC FACTORS OF POSTINTUBATION UPPER AIRWAY INJURY | 140 | ||
| TRACHEAL STENOSIS AT THE CUFF SITE | 140 | ||
| STOMAL STENOSIS | 141 | ||
| POSTINTUBATION SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS | 141 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF POSTINTUBATION TRACHEAL STENOSIS | 143 | ||
| LARYNGEAL INJURY | 143 | ||
| OTHER POSTINTUBATION INJURIES | 143 | ||
| SUMMARY | 144 | ||
| REFERENCES | 144 | ||
| Biology of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Tracheobronchial Tree and Principles of Management | 145 | ||
| Key points | 145 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA | 145 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA | 146 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT | 146 | ||
| SUMMARY | 148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 148 | ||
| Pathology of Primary Tracheobronchial Malignancies Other than Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas | 149 | ||
| Key points | 149 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
| Benign | 150 | ||
| Intermediate | 150 | ||
| Malignant | 150 | ||
| SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM TUMORS | 150 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 150 | ||
| Squamous Papilloma and Papillomatosis | 150 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 150 | ||
| Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma | 151 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 151 | ||
| Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors | 151 | ||
| Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma | 151 | ||
| Small Cell Carcinoma | 152 | ||
| SALIVARY GLAND–TYPE TUMORS | 152 | ||
| Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed Tumor) | 152 | ||
| Mucous Gland Adenoma | 152 | ||
| Mucoid Epidermoid Carcinoma | 152 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors of the Trachea | 153 | ||
| SUMMARY | 153 | ||
| REFERENCES | 153 | ||
| Tuberculosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Airway | 155 | ||
| Key points | 155 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 155 | ||
| AIRWAY TUBERCULOSIS | 156 | ||
| Extrinsic Airway Obstruction by Tuberculous Lymph Nodes | 156 | ||
| Endobronchial and Endotracheal Tuberculosis with Secondary Stenosis | 156 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal or Bronchoesophageal Fistulas | 157 | ||
| Middle Lobe Syndrome | 158 | ||
| HISTOPLASMOSIS AND SECONDARY BRONCHOLITHIASIS | 158 | ||
| Broncholithiasis | 158 | ||
| WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS | 160 | ||
| SUMMARY | 160 | ||
| REFERENCES | 160 | ||
| Tracheobronchomalacia and Expiratory Collapse of Central Airways | 163 | ||
| Key points | 163 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 163 | ||
| OPERATION | 165 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 166 | ||
| REFERENCES | 166 | ||
| Contemporary Management of Idiopathic Laryngotracheal Stenosis | 167 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS: ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT | 168 | ||
| Endoscopic Dilations | 168 | ||
| Combined Modalities | 169 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS: SUBGLOTTIC TRACHEAL RESECTION AND SYNCHRONOUS CRICOID RESECTION | 169 | ||
| Preoperative Investigations | 169 | ||
| Patient Selection | 169 | ||
| Operative Technique | 170 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION | 173 | ||
| SUMMARY | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | 174 | ||
| Partial Cricotracheal Resection and Extended Cricotracheal Resection for Pediatric Laryngotracheal Stenosis | 177 | ||
| Key points | 177 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 177 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE WORKUP | 178 | ||
| Endoscopic Assessment | 178 | ||
| Patients’ General Condition | 178 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR LARYNGOTRACHEAL RECONSTRUCTION, PARTIAL CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION, EXTENDED PARTIAL CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION, ... | 179 | ||
| Laryngotracheal Reconstruction | 179 | ||
| Partial Cricotracheal Resection and Extended Partial Cricotracheal Resection | 179 | ||
| Airway stenting | 179 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 180 | ||
| Partial Cricotracheal Resection | 180 | ||
| Extended Partial Cricotracheal Resection | 181 | ||
| SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS | 181 | ||
| Primary Location of the Tracheostoma | 181 | ||
| Extensive airway resection | 182 | ||
| Recapture of tracheal length | 183 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 183 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 184 | ||
| Insufficient Preoperative Assessment | 184 | ||
| Failure of the Surgical Technique | 185 | ||
| RESULTS | 185 | ||
| SUMMARY | 186 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| Laryngeal Split and Rib Cartilage Interpositional Grafting | 189 | ||
| Key points | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 189 | ||
| Etiology | 189 | ||
| ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION | 190 | ||
| History | 190 | ||
| Physical Examination | 190 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Testing | 190 | ||
| Imaging | 190 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OPTIONS | 190 | ||
| Endoscopic Procedures | 191 | ||
| Open Procedures | 191 | ||
| Tracheal resection | 191 | ||
| Cricotracheal resection | 192 | ||
| Airway reconstruction | 192 | ||
| Resection and Vascularized Composite Autograft Reconstruction: Single Institute Experience (University Health Network) | 192 | ||
| RESULTS | 192 | ||
| HOW WE DO IT | 193 | ||
| Steps of Cricotracheal Resection | 193 | ||
| Steps of Defect Reconstruction Using a Vascularized Composite Autograft | 195 | ||
| SUMMARY | 196 | ||
| REFERENCES | 196 | ||
| Distal Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction | 199 | ||
| Key points | 199 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 199 | ||
| Symptoms | 199 | ||
| Initial Evaluation and Treatment | 200 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 200 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PLANNING | 200 | ||
| Radiology | 200 | ||
| Endoscopy | 201 | ||
| Optimize Medical Condition | 201 | ||
| ANESTHESIA AND AIRWAY MANAGEMENT | 201 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 201 | ||
| Basic Principles | 201 | ||
| Anterior Approach | 203 | ||
| Transthoracic Approach | 207 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEAL SURGERY | 208 | ||
| RESULTS | 209 | ||
| REFERENCES | 210 | ||
| Factors Favoring and Impairing Healing of Tracheal Anastomosis | 211 | ||
| Key points | 211 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 211 | ||
| REQUIREMENTS FAVORING SATISFACTORY HEALING OF THE TRACHEAL ANASTOMOSIS AFTER RESECTION | 212 | ||
| Required Knowledge of Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Airway | 212 | ||
| Importance of Maintaining Safety in Surgical Technical Considerations | 213 | ||
| Mandatory Preservation of Tracheal and Bronchial Blood Supply During the Operation | 213 | ||
| Emphasis on Tension-Free Anastomosis | 213 | ||
| Crucial Timing of the Operation | 215 | ||
| FACTORS IMPAIRING SATISFACTORY HEALING OF THE TRACHEAL ANASTOMOSIS AFTER RESECTION | 216 | ||
| The Adverse Effect of Radiation on Tissues and Impaired Healing | 216 | ||
| Aging Affects Healing of the Anastomosis | 216 | ||
| Local Sepsis Interferes with Anastomotic Healing and Tensile Strength | 217 | ||
| Miscellaneous Harmful Factors That Impair Anastomotic Healing | 217 | ||
| SUMMARY | 217 | ||
| REFERENCES | 218 | ||
| Airway Management Following Tracheal Surgery | 219 | ||
| Key points | 219 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 219 | ||
| IN THE OPERATING ROOM | 219 | ||
| IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT/STEP-DOWN UNIT | 220 | ||
| Observation and Monitoring | 220 | ||
| Prophylactic Measures | 221 | ||
| Humidified oxygen | 221 | ||
| Heliox and racemic epinephrine | 221 | ||
| Steroids and diuretics | 221 | ||
| Antiemetics | 222 | ||
| Speech pathologist | 222 | ||
| Bronchoscopy | 222 | ||
| Ventilation | 223 | ||
| Intubation | 223 | ||
| Mode of ventilation | 224 | ||
| Ventilation without a T tube | 225 | ||
| Ventilation with a T tube | 225 | ||
| SUMMARY | 226 | ||
| REFERENCES | 226 | ||
| Prophylaxis and Treatment of Complications After Tracheal Resection | 227 | ||
| Key points | 227 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 227 | ||
| IMPACT OF COMORBIDITIES | 228 | ||
| Diabetes | 228 | ||
| Obesity | 228 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 229 | ||
| Coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and stroke | 229 | ||
| Pulmonary embolism | 229 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | 229 | ||
| EARLY COMPLICATIONS | 230 | ||
| Bleeding | 230 | ||
| Dysphagia and Aspiration Pneumonia | 230 | ||
| Laryngeal Dysfunction | 231 | ||
| Obstructive edema | 231 | ||
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury | 231 | ||
| Hoarseness | 231 | ||
| Paraplegia and Tetraplegia | 231 | ||
| Anastomosis Dehiscence | 232 | ||
| Wound Infection | 233 | ||
| Subcutaneous and Mediastinal Emphysema | 233 | ||
| Tracheoinnominate Artery Fistula | 233 | ||
| LATE COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT | 235 | ||
| Granulomas | 235 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 236 | ||
| Restenosis | 236 | ||
| Predictors of Postoperative Complications | 237 | ||
| PROPHYLAXIS | 237 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 237 | ||
| Technique | 237 | ||
| Airway Surgery Team | 238 | ||
| Redo Resections | 238 | ||
| Other Underlying Tracheal Diseases | 238 | ||
| Tracheal Stenosis and Concurrent Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 238 | ||
| Resectable Tracheal Tumors | 239 | ||
| REFERENCES | 239 | ||
| Nonoperative Endoscopic Management of Benign Tracheobronchial Disorders | 243 | ||
| Key points | 243 | ||
| AIRWAY STENOSIS | 244 | ||
| LASER THERAPY | 244 | ||
| CRYOTHERAPY | 245 | ||
| ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION | 245 | ||
| ELECTROCAUTERY | 246 | ||
| STENTING | 246 | ||
| REFERENCES | 247 |