BOOK
Consultations in Liver Disease, An Issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Consultations of Gastroenterology practitioners are frequently sought for many complex issues relating to acute and chronic liver disease. Many of the disease entities are uncommon and complicated in scope. Liver disease may occur in the setting of other chronic medical conditions and involve other organ systems, with recommendations for diagnostic strategies and therapeutic approaches somewhat challenging. Serious consequences are often the rule with misdiagnosed or inadequately treated liver disease. Dr. Flamm has provided a framework for approaching consultation for common liver-related problems for the gastroenterology practitioner. Articles are devoted to the following topics: Common Findings and Interpretation for the Clinician; Genetic Testing in Liver Disease: What to Order and When; Acute Liver Failure; Liver Disease in Oncology Patients; Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: What the Gastroenterologist/Hepatologist Needs to Know; An Update on the Treatment and Follow up of Patients with PBC; Wilson’s Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow Up; Follow Up of the Post-Liver Transplantation Patient: A Primer for the Practicing Gastroenterologist; Liver Disease in Patients on Total Parenteral Nutrition; Treatment Strategies in NAFLD: What’s Coming; Resistance Testing in Chronic HCV; and HCV genotype 3: Treatment Approach and Natural History.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Consultations in Liver Disease\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Consultations in Liver Disease | vii | ||
| Hepatitis C Genotype 3 Infection: Pathogenesis and Treatment Horizons | vii | ||
| Primer on Hepatitis C Virus Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment: A Practical Approach for the Treating Physician | vii | ||
| Genetic Testing in Liver Disease: What to Order, in Whom, and When | vii | ||
| Liver Disease in Patients on Total Parenteral Nutrition | vii | ||
| The Liver in Oncology | viii | ||
| An Update on the Treatment and Follow-up of Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis | viii | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: What the Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist Need to Know | viii | ||
| Treatment Strategies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis | ix | ||
| Wilson Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-up | ix | ||
| Acute Liver Failure | ix | ||
| Follow-up of the Post-Liver Transplantation Patient: A Primer for the Practicing Gastroenterologist | ix | ||
| CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| February 2018 | xi | ||
| May 2018 | xi | ||
| August 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| August 2017 | xi | ||
| May 2017 | xi | ||
| February 2017 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rConsultations in Liver Disease | xiii | ||
| Hepatitis C Genotype 3 Infection | 645 | ||
| Key points | 645 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 645 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | 646 | ||
| TREATMENT | 647 | ||
| Interferon-Alfa-Based Regimens | 647 | ||
| Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents | 648 | ||
| Emerging Therapies for Genotype 3 | 650 | ||
| Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir | 650 | ||
| Grazoprevir/ruzasvir/uprifosbuvir | 651 | ||
| The issue of resistance | 651 | ||
| Emerging Therapies for Direct-Acting Antiviral Failures | 651 | ||
| Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir | 651 | ||
| Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir | 652 | ||
| CURRENT TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS | 652 | ||
| SUMMARY | 654 | ||
| REFERENCES | 654 | ||
| Primer on Hepatitis C Virus Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment | 659 | ||
| Key points | 659 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 659 | ||
| HEPATITIS C VIRUS: GENETIC VARIABILITY | 660 | ||
| NOMENCLATURE OF RESISTANCE | 661 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF BASELINE RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED SUBSTITUTIONS BEFORE ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT | 662 | ||
| NS3-4A Protease Inhibitors | 662 | ||
| NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors | 663 | ||
| NS5A Inhibitors | 663 | ||
| IMPACT OF BASELINE RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED SUBSTITUTIONS ON TREATMENT OUTCOME | 664 | ||
| Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir | 664 | ||
| Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir with Dasabuvir | 665 | ||
| Elbasvir/Grazoprevir | 666 | ||
| Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir | 667 | ||
| RETREATMENT AFTER FAILURE OF DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY | 667 | ||
| RESISTANCE TESTING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE | 668 | ||
| Pretreatment Resistance-Associated Substitutions Testing | 668 | ||
| Resistance-Associated Substitutions Testing at Time of Treatment Failure and Before Retreatment | 669 | ||
| PERSPECTIVE | 669 | ||
| REFERENCES | 669 | ||
| Genetic Testing in Liver Disease | 673 | ||
| Key points | 673 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 673 | ||
| HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS | 674 | ||
| GILBERT SYNDROME | 675 | ||
| PROGRESSIVE FAMILIAL INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS | 676 | ||
| BENIGN RECURRENT INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS | 677 | ||
| LYSOSOMAL ACID LIPASE DEFICIENCY | 678 | ||
| ALPHA-1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY | 679 | ||
| WILSON DISEASE | 680 | ||
| SUMMARY | 682 | ||
| REFERENCES | 682 | ||
| Liver Disease in Patients on Total Parenteral Nutrition | 687 | ||
| Key points | 687 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 687 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 688 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 689 | ||
| EVALUATION FOR PARENTERAL NUTRITION-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE | 690 | ||
| Treatment | 691 | ||
| SUMMARY | 692 | ||
| REFERENCES | 693 | ||
| The Liver in Oncology | 697 | ||
| Key points | 697 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 697 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY | 698 | ||
| Patterns of Hepatotoxicity-Associated Oncologic Classes of Drugs | 698 | ||
| Alkylating agents | 698 | ||
| Antimetabolites | 698 | ||
| Mitotic inhibitors | 700 | ||
| Antitumor antibiotics | 700 | ||
| Molecular targeted therapies | 700 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 701 | ||
| VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE AND SINUSOIDAL OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME | 701 | ||
| NODULAR REGENERATIVE HYPERPLASIA | 702 | ||
| HEPATITIS B REACTIVATION | 702 | ||
| METASTATIC LESIONS TO THE LIVER | 703 | ||
| RADIATION-INDUCED LIVER INJURY | 704 | ||
| SUMMARY | 704 | ||
| REFERENCES | 704 | ||
| An Update on the Treatment and Follow-up of Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis | 709 | ||
| Key points | 709 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 709 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 710 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 710 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC MODELS | 711 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 711 | ||
| TREATMENT | 712 | ||
| Ursodeoxycholic Acid | 713 | ||
| Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists and Obeticholic Acid | 714 | ||
| Fibrates | 715 | ||
| Budesonide | 716 | ||
| Immunologic and Molecular Therapies | 716 | ||
| ANTIMITOCHONDRIAL ANTIBODY-NEGATIVE PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS | 716 | ||
| PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS–ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS | 716 | ||
| Fatigue | 716 | ||
| Pruritus | 716 | ||
| Associated Conditions | 717 | ||
| Autoimmune Disease | 717 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 717 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease | 717 | ||
| Vitamin Deficiencies | 718 | ||
| SUMMARY | 718 | ||
| REFERENCES | 719 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 725 | ||
| Key points | 725 | ||
| DOES MY PATIENT HAVE PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS? | 725 | ||
| Demographics | 726 | ||
| Biochemistries | 726 | ||
| Imaging | 726 | ||
| Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography | 727 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 727 | ||
| HOW DO I MANAGE MY PATIENT WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS? | 728 | ||
| Treatment Options | 728 | ||
| Surveillance | 729 | ||
| WHAT IS RECOMMENDED FOR MY PATIENT WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE? | 730 | ||
| Colorectal Cancer Screening | 730 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drugs and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 730 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND HOW DO I MANAGE THEM? | 730 | ||
| Biliary Tract Obstruction | 730 | ||
| Cholangitis | 732 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 732 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency | 732 | ||
| Portal Hypertension | 732 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE INDICATIONS AND TIMING FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR MY PATIENT WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS? | 733 | ||
| SUMMARY | 733 | ||
| REFERENCES | 733 | ||
| Treatment Strategies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis | 739 | ||
| Key points | 739 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 739 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Target for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis | 740 | ||
| Lifestyle Modification: Diet and Exercise | 742 | ||
| Treatment Regimens Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and the Immune System | 743 | ||
| Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors Family | 744 | ||
| AGENTS AGAINST HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE | 746 | ||
| Bile Acid Metabolism: Farnesoid X Receptor | 747 | ||
| Agents Targeting Lipid Metabolism | 748 | ||
| Other Agents Currently Under Investigation | 749 | ||
| SUMMARY | 749 | ||
| REFERENCES | 749 | ||
| Wilson Disease | 755 | ||
| Key points | 755 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 755 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 756 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF WILSON DISEASE | 756 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS—CLINICAL SCENARIOS | 757 | ||
| The Patient with Unexplained Liver Disease | 757 | ||
| The Patient with a Low Ceruloplasmin | 759 | ||
| The Patient with Acute Liver Failure | 760 | ||
| Family Screening After Disease Diagnosis | 761 | ||
| TREATMENT AND MONITORING OF WILSON DISEASE | 761 | ||
| Treatment of Wilson Disease | 761 | ||
| Medical Therapy—Symptomatic Patients | 762 | ||
| Medical Therapy—Asymptomatic Patients | 762 | ||
| Special Considerations and Medication Intolerance | 763 | ||
| Adjunctive Treatment of Wilson Disease | 763 | ||
| Monitoring | 764 | ||
| New Treatment Innovation | 765 | ||
| SUMMARY | 766 | ||
| REFERENCES | 766 | ||
| Acute Liver Failure | 769 | ||
| Key points | 769 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 769 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 770 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 771 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS AND SCORING SYSTEM | 775 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 777 | ||
| Specific Treatment According to the Etiology | 779 | ||
| Hepatic Encephalopathy and Cerebral Edema | 780 | ||
| Infections | 783 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 783 | ||
| Extracorporeal Liver Support Systems | 784 | ||
| Liver Transplantation | 785 | ||
| REFERENCES | 785 | ||
| Follow-up of the Post-Liver Transplantation Patient | 793 | ||
| Key points | 793 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 793 | ||
| IMMUNOSUPPRESSION | 794 | ||
| Side Effects | 795 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 795 | ||
| LIVER-RELATED COMPLICATIONS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION | 797 | ||
| Rejection | 797 | ||
| Vascular Complications | 797 | ||
| Biliary Complications | 797 | ||
| Recurrent Disease | 798 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 798 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 798 | ||
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 799 | ||
| Alcoholic liver disease | 799 | ||
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 800 | ||
| Primary biliary cholangitis | 800 | ||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 800 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 801 | ||
| Infections | 801 | ||
| Metabolic Complications | 802 | ||
| Obesity | 802 | ||
| Diabetes | 803 | ||
| Hypertension | 803 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 803 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 804 | ||
| Renal Disease | 804 | ||
| Bone Health | 804 | ||
| Malignancy | 805 | ||
| Skin malignancies | 806 | ||
| Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder | 806 | ||
| Solid organ malignancies | 806 | ||
| MONITORING AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION | 806 | ||
| Polysubstance Use | 806 | ||
| Pregnancy | 808 | ||
| SUMMARY | 809 | ||
| REFERENCES | 809 |