BOOK
National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases E-Book
Scott Gilbert | Daniel E. Weiner
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Ideal for residency, fellowship, clinical practice, and board review, the National Kidney Foundation’s Primer on Kidney Diseases, 7th Edition, by Drs. Scott J. Gilbert and Daniel E. Weiner, offers comprehensive coverage of adult and pediatric kidney diseases in an authoritative, practical resource. Well organized and highly readable, it covers every relevant topic in the field, from anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, to diagnosis and management of kidney disease, to fluid and electrolyte disorders, hypertension, dialysis, and renal transplantation.
- Trusted by nephrologists at all levels of experience for nearly 25 years, this powerful learning tool and clinical reference is a joint publication of Elsevier and the National Kidney Foundation.
- Thoroughly covers hot topics in this fast-changing field, including ongoing clinical research and changing treatment protocols.
- A new chapter on inherited kidney diseases, with a specific focus on APOL1 and the implications of APOL1 carrier status for kidney disease in African-Americans.
- A new approach to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, focusing on the role of complement as a way to approach both the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
- Additions to the chapter on hemodialysis, specifically incorporating information on hemodiafiltration.
- Updates in the management of hypertension, incorporating results from SPRINT and ACCORD as well as data on treatment of renal artery sclerosis and renal denervation into the approach for blood pressure management.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult page | IFC1 | ||
| National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| Second half title page | xvi | ||
| 1 Structure and Function of the Kidney | 1 | ||
| 1 Overview of Kidney Structure and Function | 2 | ||
| Abstract | 2 | ||
| Keywords | 2 | ||
| The Kidney and Homeostasis | 2 | ||
| Maintenance of Balance | 2 | ||
| Body Fluid Composition | 2 | ||
| Kidney Structure | 3 | ||
| Renal Circulation | 4 | ||
| Anatomy | 4 | ||
| Two Capillary Beds in Series | 4 | ||
| Medullary Blood Supply | 4 | ||
| Glomerulus | 4 | ||
| Factors That Influence Glomerular Filtration Rate | 5 | ||
| Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 6 | ||
| The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | 6 | ||
| Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and GFR | 6 | ||
| Tubular Function | 8 | ||
| Epithelial Cell Transport | 8 | ||
| Nephron Segments | 8 | ||
| Proximal Tubule | 8 | ||
| Loop of Henle | 8 | ||
| Distal Nephron | 8 | ||
| Distal Convoluted Tubule | 8 | ||
| Collecting Duct | 9 | ||
| Salt and Volume Regulation | 9 | ||
| The Cellular Basis for Tubular Sodium Reabsorption | 9 | ||
| The Effective Arterial Blood Volume and Its Relationship to the Extracellular Fluid Volume | 10 | ||
| The Clinical Assessment of ECF Volume and Total Body Sodium | 11 | ||
| Renal Tubular Handling of Sodium | 12 | ||
| Control of Sodium Excretion | 13 | ||
| The Primacy of the Effective Arterial Blood Volume in Sodium Homeostasis | 13 | ||
| The Integrated Compensatory Response | 13 | ||
| The Sympathetic Nervous System | 13 | ||
| The Renin-Angiotensin System | 13 | ||
| Aldosterone | 13 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide | 13 | ||
| Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) | 14 | ||
| Water and Osmoregulation | 14 | ||
| Regulation of Blood Fluid Osmolality | 14 | ||
| Role of Vasopressin | 14 | ||
| Medullary Hypertonicity | 14 | ||
| Countercurrent Mechanism | 14 | ||
| Tubular Osmolality Throughout the Nephron | 14 | ||
| Comparison of Volume Versus Water Regulation | 15 | ||
| Regulation of Body-Fluid Acidity and Potassium | 15 | ||
| Sources of Hydrogen Ion | 15 | ||
| Regulation of Body-Fluid Acidity | 15 | ||
| The /CO2 System | 15 | ||
| Acid-Base Homeostasis and the Kidney | 15 | ||
| Proximal Tubular Bicarbonate Reabsorption | 15 | ||
| Urinary Acidification | 16 | ||
| H+ Secretion | 16 | ||
| Formation and Excretion of Titratable Acid | 16 | ||
| Formation and Excretion of Ammonium () | 16 | ||
| Alkali Excretion | 16 | ||
| Regulation of Body-Fluid Potassium | 16 | ||
| Distribution of Potassium Ion in the Body | 16 | ||
| K+ Homeostasis After K+ Intake | 16 | ||
| Influence of Acid-Base Status on K+ Homeostasis | 16 | ||
| Renal Handling of K | 17 | ||
| Renal Handling of Glucose, Amino Acids, Organic Anions, and Cations | 17 | ||
| Bibliography | 18 | ||
| 2 Kidney Development | 19 | ||
| Abstract | 19 | ||
| Keywords | 19 | ||
| Development of the Mammalian Kidney | 19 | ||
| Overview of Kidney Development | 19 | ||
| Development of the Renal Collecting System | 19 | ||
| Formation of the Nephron | 19 | ||
| Renal Malformation | 21 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 21 | ||
| Etiology of Human Renal-Urinary Tract Malformation | 21 | ||
| Clinical Management of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract | 22 | ||
| Major Considerations During the Antenatal Period | 22 | ||
| Management After Birth | 23 | ||
| Clinical Approach to Specific Malformations | 23 | ||
| Fetal Echogenic Kidney | 23 | ||
| Unilateral Renal Agenesis | 23 | ||
| Renal Dysplasia | 23 | ||
| Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney | 24 | ||
| Renal Ectopia | 24 | ||
| Renal Fusion | 24 | ||
| Bibliography | 25 | ||
| 3 Assessment of Kidney Function in Acute and Chronic Settings | 26 | ||
| Abstract | 26 | ||
| Keywords | 26 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration Rate | 26 | ||
| Measurement of the Glomerular Filtration Rate | 26 | ||
| Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate | 26 | ||
| Endogenous Filtration Markers | 27 | ||
| Creatinine | 27 | ||
| Metabolism and Excretion | 27 | ||
| Creatinine Clearance | 27 | ||
| Equations for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate From Serum Creatinine | 27 | ||
| Cystatin C | 28 | ||
| Metabolism and Excretion | 28 | ||
| Equations for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate From Serum Cystatin C | 29 | ||
| Urea | 29 | ||
| Novel Filtration Markers | 30 | ||
| Clinical Application of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | 30 | ||
| Routine Evaluation: Initial Testing With eGFRcr With Confirmation by Other Measures | 30 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 30 | ||
| Acute Kidney Disease | 30 | ||
| Reduced Muscle Mass | 30 | ||
| Drug Dosage Adjustment | 30 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 32 | ||
| Bibliography | 32.e1 | ||
| 4 Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy | 33 | ||
| Abstract | 33 | ||
| Keywords | 33 | ||
| Specimen Collection and Handling | 33 | ||
| Physical and Chemical Properties of the Urine | 33 | ||
| Appearance and Odor | 33 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 33 | ||
| Routine Dipstick Methodology | 34 | ||
| pH | 34 | ||
| Protein | 34 | ||
| Blood | 35 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 35 | ||
| Glucose | 35 | ||
| Ketones | 35 | ||
| Urobilinogen | 35 | ||
| Bilirubin | 35 | ||
| Nitrite | 35 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase | 35 | ||
| Microalbumin Dipsticks | 35 | ||
| Microscopic Examination of the Spun Urinary Sediment | 36 | ||
| Specimen Preparation and Viewing | 36 | ||
| Cellular Elements | 36 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 36 | ||
| Leukocytes | 36 | ||
| Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells | 36 | ||
| Other Cells | 36 | ||
| Casts and Other Formed Elements | 37 | ||
| Hyaline Casts | 37 | ||
| Granular Casts | 37 | ||
| Waxy Casts | 37 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Casts | 38 | ||
| White Blood Cell Casts | 38 | ||
| Tubular Cell Casts | 39 | ||
| Bacteria, Yeast, and Other Infectious Agents | 39 | ||
| Lipiduria | 39 | ||
| Crystals | 39 | ||
| Characteristic Urine Sediments | 41 | ||
| Bibliography | 41 | ||
| 5 Hematuria and Proteinuria | 42 | ||
| Abstract | 42 | ||
| Keywords | 42 | ||
| Hematuria | 42 | ||
| Definition | 42 | ||
| Etiology | 42 | ||
| Detection | 43 | ||
| Evaluation of Hematuria | 44 | ||
| Management | 46 | ||
| Proteinuria | 46 | ||
| Definition | 47 | ||
| Physiology | 47 | ||
| Detection | 48 | ||
| Semi-Quantitative Methods | 48 | ||
| Quantitative Methods | 48 | ||
| Evaluation of Proteinuria | 49 | ||
| Management | 49 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 49 | ||
| Bibliography | 50.e1 | ||
| 6 Imaging the Kidneys | 51 | ||
| Abstract | 51 | ||
| Keywords | 51 | ||
| Imaging Modalities | 51 | ||
| Abdominal Radiography and Intravenous Urography | 51 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 51 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 51 | ||
| Kidney Scintigraphy | 52 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 52 | ||
| Structural Imaging | 53 | ||
| Functional Imaging | 54 | ||
| Risks and Benefits of Imaging Contrast in Kidney Disease | 55 | ||
| Cystic Kidney Lesions | 55 | ||
| Kidney Cysts | 55 | ||
| Imaging Features | 55 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease | 55 | ||
| 2 Acid-Base and Electrolytes | 67 | ||
| 7 Hyponatremia and Hypoosmolar Disorders | 68 | ||
| Abstract | 68 | ||
| KeyWords | 68 | ||
| Definitions | 68 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 68 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Decreased Extracellular Fluid Volume (Hypovolemia) | 69 | ||
| Normal Extracellular Fluid Volume (Euvolemia) | 71 | ||
| Increased Extracellular Fluid Volume (Hypervolemia) | 72 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Hyponatremia | 73 | ||
| Treatment | 73 | ||
| Rate of Correction | 74 | ||
| Hypertonic Saline | 74 | ||
| Vaptans | 75 | ||
| Clinical Targets of Acute Treatment | 75 | ||
| Maintenance Hyponatremia Treatment | 75 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 76 | ||
| Bibliography | 76.e1 | ||
| 8 Hypernatremia | 77 | ||
| Abstract | 77 | ||
| Keywords | 77 | ||
| Definitions | 77 | ||
| Dehydration and Volume Depletion | 77 | ||
| Hyperosmolality and Hypertonicity | 77 | ||
| Background | 77 | ||
| Epidemiology | 77 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 78 | ||
| Symptoms | 78 | ||
| Signs | 79 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 79 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Approach | 80 | ||
| Negative Sodium Balance | 80 | ||
| Normal Sodium Balance | 80 | ||
| Positive Sodium Balance | 81 | ||
| Treatment | 82 | ||
| Step 1. Determine Sodium Balance. | 82 | ||
| Step 2. Calculate Free Water Deficit. | 82 | ||
| Step 3. Choose a Replacement Fluid. | 82 | ||
| Step 4. Determine Rate of Repletion. | 83 | ||
| Step 5. Estimate Ongoing “Sensible” Losses. | 83 | ||
| Step 6. Estimate Ongoing “Insensible” Losses. | 83 | ||
| Step 7. Identify and Treat Underlying Causes. | 83 | ||
| Complications of Hypernatremia | 84 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 85 | ||
| Bibliography | 85.e1 | ||
| 9 Edema and the Clinical Use of Diuretics | 86 | ||
| Individual Classes of Diuretics | 86 | ||
| Proximal Tubular Diuretics | 86 | ||
| Distal Convoluted Tubule Diuretics | 86 | ||
| Loop Diuretics | 87 | ||
| Distal Potassium-Sparing Diuretics | 88 | ||
| Osmotic Diuretics | 88 | ||
| Adaptation to Diuretic Therapy | 88 | ||
| Neurohumoral Response to Diuretics | 89 | ||
| Diuretic Treatment of Edema | 89 | ||
| Diuretic Resistance: Causes and Treatment | 90 | ||
| Special Diuretic Dosing Strategies | 92 | ||
| High-Dose Oral Loop Diuretics | 92 | ||
| Diuretic Rotation | 92 | ||
| Combination Diuretic Therapy | 92 | ||
| Diuretic Infusions | 93 | ||
| Albumin and Furosemide Coadministration | 93 | ||
| Hypertonic Saline and Loop Diuretic Therapy | 93 | ||
| Nesiritide and Loop Diuretic Therapy | 93 | ||
| Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists | 93 | ||
| Special Considerations in Edema Management | 93 | ||
| Isolated Ultrafiltration | 93 | ||
| End-Stage Kidney Disease | 94 | ||
| Dialytic Removal | 94 | ||
| Diuretic-Related Adverse Events | 94 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 94 | ||
| Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 94 | ||
| Acid-Base Changes | 94 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia | 95 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 95 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 95 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 95 | ||
| Ototoxicity | 95 | ||
| Drug Allergy | 95 | ||
| Adverse Drug Interactions | 96 | ||
| Bibliography | 96 | ||
| 10 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism | 97 | ||
| Abstract | 97 | ||
| Keywords | 97 | ||
| Mechanisms of Potassium Homeostasis | 97 | ||
| External Potassium Balance | 97 | ||
| Renal Handling of Potassium | 97 | ||
| Physiologic Regulation of Renal Potassium Excretion | 97 | ||
| Adaptation in Chronic Kidney Disease | 97 | ||
| Intestinal Potassium Excretion | 98 | ||
| Internal Potassium Balance | 98 | ||
| Effects of Insulin and Catecholamines on Extrarenal Potassium Disposal | 98 | ||
| Effect of Acid-Base Disorders on Extrarenal Potassium Disposal | 99 | ||
| Laboratory Tests to Evaluate Potassium Disorders | 99 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 99 | ||
| Fractional Excretion of Potassium | 99 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 99 | ||
| Hypokalemia Versus Potassium Deficiency | 99 | ||
| Clinical Disorders Associated With Hypokalemia | 100 | ||
| Drug-Induced Hypokalemia | 101 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Hypokalemia | 102 | ||
| Treatment of Hypokalemia | 102 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 102 | ||
| Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia | 102 | ||
| Fasting Hyperkalemia in Patients Undergoing Dialysis | 104 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Hyperkalemia | 104 | ||
| Treatment of Hyperkalemia | 104 | ||
| Bibliography | 106 | ||
| 11 Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis | 107 | ||
| Abstract | 107 | ||
| Keywords | 107 | ||
| Normal Physiology | 107 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 107 | ||
| Vitamin D | 108 | ||
| Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 | 109 | ||
| Klotho | 109 | ||
| Calcium | 110 | ||
| Phosphorus | 110 | ||
| Magnesium | 111 | ||
| Bone | 111 | ||
| 3 Glomerular Diseases | 161 | ||
| 16 Glomerular Clinicopathologic Syndromes | 162 | ||
| Abstract | 162 | ||
| Keywords | 162 | ||
| Hematuria | 162 | ||
| Acute Glomerulonephritis and Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis | 164 | ||
| Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease | 170 | ||
| Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Glomerulonephritis | 171 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis Associated With Systemic Diseases | 171 | ||
| Proteinuria | 171 | ||
| Chronic Glomerulonephritis and Kidney Failure | 173 | ||
| Kidney Biopsy | 173 | ||
| Bibliography | 174 | ||
| 17 Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome | 175 | ||
| Abstract | 175 | ||
| Keywords | 175 | ||
| Terminology and Histopathology | 175 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 175 | ||
| Incidence | 176 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 176 | ||
| Initial Treatment | 177 | ||
| Short-Term Course | 177 | ||
| Long-Term Treatment | 178 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy | 178 | ||
| Supportive Care | 179 | ||
| Long-Term Prognosis | 179 | ||
| Conclusion | 179 | ||
| Key bibliography | 179 | ||
| Bibliography | 180.e1 | ||
| 18 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | 181 | ||
| Abstract | 181 | ||
| Keywords | 181 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| The Six Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Clinical Syndromes | 181 | ||
| Shared Pathways of Glomerular Injury | 183 | ||
| Pathology | 184 | ||
| Clinical Course | 185 | ||
| Therapy | 185 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 187 | ||
| Bibliography | 187 | ||
| 19 Membranous Nephropathy | 188 | ||
| Abstract | 188 | ||
| Keywords | 188 | ||
| Clinical Features | 188 | ||
| Pathology | 188 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 190 | ||
| Antineutral Endopeptidase Antibodies | 190 | ||
| Antibovine Serum Albumin Antibodies | 190 | ||
| Anti–M-Type Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies | 190 | ||
| Genetic Associations | 191 | ||
| Antithrombospondin Type-1 Domain-Containing 7A Antibodies | 191 | ||
| Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Prognosis of Primary Membranous Nephropathy | 192 | ||
| Natural History | 192 | ||
| Predicting Outcome | 192 | ||
| Response Goals | 192 | ||
| Treatment | 193 | ||
| Nonspecific Nonimmunosuppressive Therapy | 193 | ||
| Treatment Focused on the Secondary Effects of Membranous Nephropathy | 193 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 194 | ||
| Low Risk for Progression | 194 | ||
| Medium Risk for Progression | 194 | ||
| High Risk for Progression | 195 | ||
| Prophylaxis of Complications of Therapy | 196 | ||
| Management Plan for Primary Membranous Nephropathy | 196 | ||
| Treatment of Secondary Membranous Nephropathy | 197 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 197 | ||
| Bibliography | 197.e1 | ||
| 20 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Related Disorders | 198 | ||
| Abstract | 198 | ||
| Keywords | 198 | ||
| Epidemiology | 198 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 198 | ||
| Episodic Visible Hematuria | 198 | ||
| Asymptomatic Nonvisible Hematuria | 198 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome | 198 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 198 | ||
| Other Presentations | 199 | ||
| Secondary Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 199 | ||
| Pathology | 199 | ||
| Light Microscopy | 199 | ||
| Immunohistology | 199 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 199 | ||
| The Oxford Classification of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 200 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 201 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 201 | ||
| Origins of Mesangial Immunoglobulin A | 201 | ||
| Key Events in the Development of Kidney Scarring in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 201 | ||
| Genetics of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 202 | ||
| Natural History and Prognosis | 202 | ||
| Treatment of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 202 | ||
| Nonvisible Hematuria and Less Than 0.5 g/Day Proteinuria | 203 | ||
| Recurrent Visible Hematuria | 203 | ||
| Above 0.5 g/Day Proteinuria and Slowly Progressive IgAN | 203 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 203 | ||
| Fish Oil | 204 | ||
| Other Immunosuppressive Agents | 204 | ||
| Emerging Therapies | 204 | ||
| Patient With Acute Kidney Injury | 204 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome | 204 | ||
| Follow-Up | 204 | ||
| Kidney Transplantation | 204 | ||
| Immunoglobulin a Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura) | 204 | ||
| Epidemiology | 204 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 205 | ||
| Natural History | 205 | ||
| Clinical Features | 205 | ||
| Pathology | 205 | ||
| Skin Biopsy | 205 | ||
| Kidney Biopsy | 205 | ||
| Management | 205 | ||
| Follow-Up | 205 | ||
| Transplantation | 205 | ||
| Pregnancy | 206 | ||
| Bibliography | 206 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 206 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 206 | ||
| Genetics | 206 | ||
| Treatment | 206 | ||
| IgA Vasculitis | 206 | ||
| 4 Kidney in Systemic Diseases | 207 | ||
| 21 Complement-Mediated Glomerulonephritis and Thrombotic Microangiopathy | 208 | ||
| Abstract | 208 | ||
| Keywords | 208 | ||
| Brief Overview of the Complement System | 208 | ||
| Complement Regulatory Proteins | 208 | ||
| Complement in Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis | 210 | ||
| C3 Glomerulopathy | 210 | ||
| Epidemiology | 210 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 210 | ||
| Autoantibodies | 210 | ||
| Genetic Causes | 210 | ||
| Pathology | 210 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Features | 212 | ||
| Extrarenal Features | 212 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 213 | ||
| Treatment | 213 | ||
| Transplantation | 213 | ||
| Complement-Mediated Thrombotic Microangiopathy | 214 | ||
| Epidemiology | 214 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 214 | ||
| Genetic Causes | 215 | ||
| Autoantibodies | 215 | ||
| Triggers | 215 | ||
| Pathology | 216 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Features | 216 | ||
| Treatment | 217 | ||
| Kidney Transplantation | 218 | ||
| Comparison of the Underlying Mechanisms of C3 Glomerulopathy and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 218 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 219 | ||
| Bibliography | 219.e1 | ||
| 22 Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis | 220 | ||
| Abstract | 220 | ||
| Keywords | 220 | ||
| Clinical Features | 220 | ||
| Epidemiology | 220 | ||
| Histopathology | 221 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 222 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 223 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 223 | ||
| Bibliography | 224 | ||
| 23 Viral Nephropathies | 225 | ||
| Abstract | 225 | ||
| Keywords | 225 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 225 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 225 | ||
| Genetic Susceptibility | 225 | ||
| Direct Viral Effects | 225 | ||
| Immune Reaction | 225 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 226 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Nephropathy | 226 | ||
| Other Glomerular Diseases | 226 | ||
| Medication Toxicity | 226 | ||
| Diagnosis | 226 | ||
| Pathology | 227 | ||
| Glomerular Diseases | 227 | ||
| Treatment | 228 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy | 228 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 228 | ||
| Dialysis and Transplant | 228 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus | 228 | ||
| Epidemiology | 228 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 229 | ||
| Cryoglobulin-Mediated Injury | 229 | ||
| Direct Viral Toxicity | 229 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 229 | ||
| Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis | 229 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 229 | ||
| Diagnosis | 229 | ||
| Pathology | 229 | ||
| Treatment | 230 | ||
| Antiviral Therapy | 230 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 231 | ||
| Direct-Acting Antivirals | 231 | ||
| Dialysis and Transplant | 231 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 231 | ||
| Epidemiology | 231 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 232 | ||
| Direct Toxicity | 232 | ||
| Immune Mediated | 232 | ||
| Vasculitis | 232 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 232 | ||
| Diagnosis | 232 | ||
| Pathology | 232 | ||
| Laboratory Data | 233 | ||
| Treatment | 233 | ||
| Dialysis and Transplantation | 233 | ||
| Bibliography | 233 | ||
| 24 Kidney Involvement in Systemic Vasculitis | 235 | ||
| Abstract | 235 | ||
| Keywords | 235 | ||
| Pathology | 235 | ||
| Large-Vessel Vasculitis | 235 | ||
| Medium-Vessel Vasculitis | 235 | ||
| Small-Vessel Vasculitis | 235 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 238 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Vasculitis | 238 | ||
| Immune Complex–Mediated Vasculitis | 239 | ||
| ANCA-Mediated Vasculitis | 240 | ||
| Clinical Features | 240 | ||
| Diagnosis | 241 | ||
| Therapy and Outcome | 242 | ||
| Large-Vessel Vasculitis | 242 | ||
| Medium-Vessel Vasculitis | 243 | ||
| Small-Vessel Vasculitis | 243 | ||
| Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis | 243 | ||
| Microscopic Polyangiitis, Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis, Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis, and Pauci-Immune Glomerulonephritis | 243 | ||
| Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease | 243 | ||
| Key bibliography | 244 | ||
| Bibliography | 244.e1 | ||
| 25 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Kidney | 245 | ||
| Abstract | 245 | ||
| Keywords | 245 | ||
| Presentation | 245 | ||
| Evaluation | 245 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 245 | ||
| Kidney Biopsy Findings | 245 | ||
| Treatment | 248 | ||
| Class III and IV Lupus Nephritis | 248 | ||
| Induction Therapy | 248 | ||
| Maintenance Therapy | 249 | ||
| Class V Lupus Nephritis | 250 | ||
| Alternative Therapies | 250 | ||
| Prognosis | 250 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 250 | ||
| Bibliography | 251.e1 | ||
| 26 Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy | 252 | ||
| Abstract | 252 | ||
| Keywords | 252 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 252 | ||
| Pathology | 253 | ||
| Type 1 Diabetes | 253 | ||
| Light Microscopy | 253 | ||
| Immunofluorescence | 254 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 254 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes | 254 | ||
| Structural-Functional Relationships in Diabetic Nephropathy | 255 | ||
| Reversal of Diabetic Nephropathy Lesions | 256 | ||
| Medical Management of Diabetes | 257 | ||
| Traditional Therapeutic Strategies for Diabetic Nephropathy | 257 | ||
| Glycemic Control | 257 | ||
| Rationale | 257 | ||
| Medications of Choice | 257 | ||
| Blood Pressure Control | 259 | ||
| Rationale | 259 | ||
| Medication of Choice | 259 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 259 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 259 | ||
| Comparing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors to Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 259 | ||
| Combinations of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs | 260 | ||
| Rationale | 260 | ||
| Combinations of Choice | 260 | ||
| Combinations of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Interventions | 260 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Plus Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 260 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Direct Renin Inhibition | 260 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockers | 260 | ||
| Lipid Management | 261 | ||
| Rationale | 261 | ||
| Choice of Lipid-Lowering Therapy | 261 | ||
| Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients Undergoing Dialysis | 261 | ||
| Control of Hyperglycemia | 261 | ||
| Blood Pressure Control | 261 | ||
| Lipid Control | 261 | ||
| Novel Strategies and Agents for Diabetic Nephropathy | 261 | ||
| Newer Glycemic Control Agents | 261 | ||
| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors | 261 | ||
| Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition | 262 | ||
| Novel Blood Pressure– and Lipid-Lowering Agents | 262 | ||
| Endothelin Antagonists | 262 | ||
| Insulin Resistance and Lifestyle Modification | 263 | ||
| Novel Targets | 264 | ||
| Pentoxifylline | 264 | ||
| Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Inhibitors | 264 | ||
| Uric Acid Lowering | 264 | ||
| Vitamin D Receptor Activation | 264 | ||
| Novel Biomarkers | 264 | ||
| Conclusion | 265 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 265 | ||
| Bibliography | 265.e1 | ||
| 27 The Kidney in Malignancy | 266 | ||
| Abstract | 266 | ||
| Keywords | 266 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 266 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | 266 | ||
| Tumor Lysis Syndrome | 266 | ||
| Thrombotic Microangiopathy | 268 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 269 | ||
| Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome | 269 | ||
| Glomerular Diseases and Paraneoplastic Syndromes | 270 | ||
| Lymphoma and Leukemia | 270 | ||
| Lymphoma | 270 | ||
| Leukemia | 271 | ||
| Radiation-Associated Kidney Injury | 271 | ||
| Electrolyte Abnormalities | 271 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 271 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 271 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 271 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 272 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 272 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease and Malignancy | 272 | ||
| Kidney Cysts and Kidney Cancer | 272 | ||
| Bibliography | 273 | ||
| 28 Myeloma, Amyloid, and Other Dysproteinemias | 274 | ||
| Abstract | 274 | ||
| Keywords | 274 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Metabolism and Clinical Detection | 274 | ||
| Glomerular Lesions of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias | 276 | ||
| AL-Type Amyloidosis | 276 | ||
| Pathology | 276 | ||
| Clinical Features | 277 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 277 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 277 | ||
| Monoclonal Ig Deposition Disease | 278 | ||
| Pathology | 278 | ||
| Clinical Features | 278 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 278 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 279 | ||
| Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy | 279 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Lesions of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias | 279 | ||
| Cast Nephropathy | 279 | ||
| Pathology | 279 | ||
| Clinical Features | 280 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 280 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 280 | ||
| Other Tubulointerstitial Kidney Lesions Including Proximal Tubulopathy | 281 | ||
| Waldenström Macroglobulinemia | 282 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 282 | ||
| Bibliography | 282.e1 | ||
| 29 Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome | 283 | ||
| Abstract | 283 | ||
| Keywords | 283 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome | 283 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome | 283 | ||
| Hemodynamics and the “Traditional” Cardiorenal Paradigm | 283 | ||
| Additional Mechanisms | 286 | ||
| Treatment of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome | 286 | ||
| Summary | 288 | ||
| Key bibliography | 288 | ||
| Bibliography | 289.e1 | ||
| 30 Hepatorenal Syndrome and Other Liver-Related Kidney Diseases | 290 | ||
| Abstract | 290 | ||
| Keywords | 290 | ||
| Assessing Kidney Function in Cirrhotic Patients | 290 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis: Prevalence and Causes | 290 | ||
| Definition of Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis | 290 | ||
| Identifying the Cause of Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis | 291 | ||
| Effect of Acute Kidney Injury on Survival | 293 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Hepatorenal Syndrome | 293 | ||
| Role of Systemic Inflammation | 293 | ||
| Role of Cardiac Dysfunction | 293 | ||
| Role of Renal Prostaglandins and Renal Autoregulation | 294 | ||
| Role of Adrenal Insufficiency | 294 | ||
| Precipitating Events | 294 | ||
| Prevention of Hepatorenal Syndrome | 295 | ||
| Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome | 295 | ||
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt | 296 | ||
| Kidney Replacement Therapy | 296 | ||
| Liver Transplantation and Kidney Recovery | 296 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cirrhotic Patients | 297 | ||
| Conclusion | 297 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 298 | ||
| Bibliography | 298.e1 | ||
| 5 Acute kidney injury | 299 | ||
| 31 Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury | 300 | ||
| Abstract | 300 | ||
| Keywords | 300 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 300 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury Definition | 300 | ||
| Tools for Diagnosis, Staging, and Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury | 302 | ||
| Standard Lab Tests | 302 | ||
| Serum Creatinine | 302 | ||
| Creatinine Clearance | 302 | ||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen | 303 | ||
| Cystatin C | 303 | ||
| Urine Studies | 303 | ||
| Urine Flow: Oliguria | 303 | ||
| Urine Microscopy | 304 | ||
| Urinary Chemical Indices | 305 | ||
| Clearance Measurements | 305 | ||
| New Biomarkers | 305 | ||
| Imaging | 306 | ||
| Kidney Biopsy | 306 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | 306 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 307 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 309 | ||
| Bibliography | 310.e1 | ||
| 32 Acute Tubular Injury and Acute Tubular Necrosis | 311 | ||
| Abstract | 311 | ||
| Keywords | 311 | ||
| Ischemic Acute Tubular Injury | 311 | ||
| Causes of Hypotension-Induced Ischemia | 311 | ||
| Diagnosis | 312 | ||
| Cholesterol Atheroembolic Kidney Disease | 313 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 313 | ||
| Diagnosis | 313 | ||
| Pathology | 314 | ||
| Therapy and Outcomes | 314 | ||
| Kidney Infarction | 315 | ||
| Treatment | 315 | ||
| Acute Tubular Injury From Endogenous Nephrotoxins | 316 | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 316 | ||
| Causes and Pathophysiology of Rhabdomyolysis | 316 | ||
| Diagnosis | 317 | ||
| Hemoglobinuria | 317 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Heme Pigment Nephropathy | 317 | ||
| Treatment | 318 | ||
| Acute Nephropathy Associated With Tumor Lysis Syndrome | 318 | ||
| Other Endogenous Toxins | 318 | ||
| Bibliography | 318 | ||
| 33 Acute Interstitial Nephritis | 320 | ||
| Abstract | 320 | ||
| Keywords | 320 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 320 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 320 | ||
| Imaging | 321 | ||
| Pathology | 321 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 322 | ||
| Causes of Acute Interstitial Nephritis | 322 | ||
| Drug-Associated Interstitial Nephritis | 322 | ||
| Antibiotics | 322 | ||
| β-Lactam Antibiotics | 322 | ||
| Non β-Lactam Antibiotics | 323 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents | 323 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Agents | 323 | ||
| Diuretics | 323 | ||
| Infections | 323 | ||
| Invasive Infections | 323 | ||
| Noninvasive Infections | 324 | ||
| Systemic Diseases | 324 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis | 324 | ||
| Immunologic Diseases | 324 | ||
| Malignancy | 324 | ||
| Treatment | 324 | ||
| Bibliography | 325 | ||
| 34 Management of Acute Kidney Injury | 326 | ||
| Abstract | 326 | ||
| Keywords | 326 | ||
| Initial Recognition and Early Management | 326 | ||
| Supportive Care and Medical Management of Complications | 327 | ||
| Intravenous Fluids and Hemodynamic Support | 327 | ||
| Diuretics | 328 | ||
| Vasodilators and Other Pharmacologic Agents | 328 | ||
| Nutritional Support | 328 | ||
| RENAL Replacement Therapy | 329 | ||
| Modalities | 329 | ||
| Timing of RENAL Replacement Therapy | 330 | ||
| Dose of RENAL Replacement Therapy | 331 | ||
| Vascular Access for RENAL Replacement Therapy | 331 | ||
| Anticoagulation for RENAL Replacement Therapy | 331 | ||
| Dialyzer/Hemofilter Membranes | 331 | ||
| Dialysate and Replacement Fluids | 332 | ||
| Discontinuing RENAL Replacement Therapy | 332 | ||
| Long-Term Follow-Up | 332 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 332 | ||
| Bibliography | 332.e1 | ||
| 6 Drugs and The Kidney | 333 | ||
| 35 Kidney Disease Caused by Therapeutic Agents | 334 | ||
| Abstract | 334 | ||
| Keywords | 334 | ||
| Kidney Susceptibility to Nephrotoxic Agents | 334 | ||
| Kidney Injury Associated With Medications | 334 | ||
| Diagnostic Agents | 335 | ||
| Radiocontrast Agents | 335 | ||
| Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents | 336 | ||
| Oral Sodium Phosphate Preparation | 337 | ||
| Therapeutic Agents | 337 | ||
| Analgesics | 337 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | 338 | ||
| Antiangiogenesis Drugs | 338 | ||
| Interferon | 338 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 338 | ||
| Platinum Compounds | 338 | ||
| Ifosfamide | 339 | ||
| Pemetrexed | 339 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antagonists | 339 | ||
| Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors | 339 | ||
| BRAF Inhibitors | 340 | ||
| Antimicrobial Agents | 340 | ||
| Antibiotics | 340 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 340 | ||
| Vancomycin | 341 | ||
| Polymyxins | 341 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 341 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin | 341 | ||
| Antiviral Drugs | 342 | ||
| Acyclovir | 342 | ||
| Indinavir and Atazanavir | 342 | ||
| Tenofovir | 342 | ||
| Antifungal Agents | 343 | ||
| Amphotericin B | 343 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 343 | ||
| Anticoagulant-Related Nephropathy | 343 | ||
| Osmotic Agents | 343 | ||
| Lithium | 344 | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitors | 344 | ||
| Bibliography | 344 | ||
| 36 Principles of Drug Therapy in Patients With Reduced Kidney Function | 345 | ||
| Abstract | 345 | ||
| Keywords | 345 | ||
| Drug Absorption | 345 | ||
| Drug Distribution | 345 | ||
| Drug Metabolism and Transport | 346 | ||
| Kidney Excretion of Drugs | 347 | ||
| Estimation of Kidney Function for Drug Dosing Purposes | 347 | ||
| Strategies for Drug Therapy Individualization | 348 | ||
| Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy | 349 | ||
| Patients Receiving Chronic Hemodialysis | 351 | ||
| Patients Receiving Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis | 352 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support Tools | 352 | ||
| Conclusions | 352 | ||
| Bibliography | 352 | ||
| 7 Hereditary Kidney Disease | 355 | ||
| 37 Genetics and Kidney Disease (APOL1) | 356 | ||
| Abstract | 356 | ||
| Keywords | 356 | ||
| Genomic Variation | 356 | ||
| Mendelian Gene Discovery | 356 | ||
| Variant Interpretation | 357 | ||
| Moving Beyond Monogenic Disease | 357 | ||
| Apolipoprotein L-1 as a Risk Variant | 358 | ||
| Additional Genome-Wide Association Studies in Kidney Disease | 358 | ||
| Copy Number Variants | 359 | ||
| Summary | 359 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 359 | ||
| Bibliography | 359.e1 | ||
| 38 Genetically Based Kidney Transport Disorders | 360 | ||
| Abstract | 360 | ||
| Keywords | 360 | ||
| Disorders of Proximal Tubular Transport Function | 360 | ||
| Selective Proximal Transport Defects | 360 | ||
| Impaired Proximal Phosphate Reabsorption | 360 | ||
| Excessive Proximal Phosphate Reabsorption | 362 | ||
| Impaired Proximal Bicarbonate Transport | 362 | ||
| Inherited Fanconi Syndrome: Hereditary Fructose Intolerance, Lowe Syndrome, and Dent Disease | 362 | ||
| Disorders of Transport in the Medullary Thick Ascending Limb of Henle | 363 | ||
| Bartter Syndrome | 363 | ||
| Inherited Hypomagnesemic Hypercalciuria | 364 | ||
| Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia | 364 | ||
| Disorders of Transport in the Distal Convoluted Tubule | 365 | ||
| Gitelman Syndrome | 365 | ||
| Impaired Distal Magnesium Reabsorption | 365 | ||
| Familial Hypomagnesemia With Secondary Hypocalcemia | 365 | ||
| Isolated Recessive Renal Hypomagnesemia | 366 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Hypomagnesemia With Hypocalciuria | 366 | ||
| SeSAME/EAST Syndromes | 366 | ||
| Isolated Hypomagnesemia With KCNA1 Mutation | 366 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia With Mitochondrial Inheritance | 366 | ||
| CNNM2 Mutations in Dominant Hypomagnesemia | 366 | ||
| Disorders of Transport in the Collecting Tubule | 366 | ||
| Liddle Syndrome | 366 | ||
| Pseudohypoaldosteronism Types 1 and 2 | 367 | ||
| Other Disorders Resembling Primary Hyperaldosteronism | 367 | ||
| Hereditary Renal Tubular Acidosis | 367 | ||
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | 368 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 368 | ||
| Bibliography | 368.e1 | ||
| 39 Sickle Cell Nephropathy | 369 | ||
| Abstract | 369 | ||
| Keywords | 369 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 369 | ||
| Kidney Hemodynamics | 369 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Disease | 369 | ||
| Impaired Urinary Concentration | 369 | ||
| Hematuria | 370 | ||
| Renal Papillary Necrosis | 371 | ||
| Renal Medullary Carcinoma | 371 | ||
| Acidification, Potassium Excretion, and Other Tubular Abnormalities | 372 | ||
| Sickle Cell Glomerulopathy | 372 | ||
| Albuminuria and Proteinuria | 373 | ||
| Treatment | 373 | ||
| Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Sickle Cell Disease | 373 | ||
| End-Stage Kidney Disease in Sickle Cell Disease | 374 | ||
| Sickle Cell Trait | 374 | ||
| Key bibliography | 374 | ||
| Bibliography | 374.e1 | ||
| 40 Polycystic and Other Cystic Kidney Diseases | 375 | ||
| Abstract | 375 | ||
| Keywords | 375 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease | 375 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 375 | ||
| Diagnosis | 376 | ||
| Kidney Manifestations and Complications | 376 | ||
| Extrarenal Manifestations | 379 | ||
| Polycystic Liver Disease | 379 | ||
| Cardiovascular Manifestations | 379 | ||
| Effects on Fertility and Pregnancy | 380 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Children | 380 | ||
| Therapy | 380 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease | 381 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis Complex | 382 | ||
| Von Hippel-Lindau Disease | 382 | ||
| Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease | 383 | ||
| Key bibliography | 384 | ||
| Bibliography | 384.e1 | ||
| 41 Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease | 385 | ||
| Abstract | 385 | ||
| Keywords | 385 | ||
| Epidemiology | 385 | ||
| Pathology | 385 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 385 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 387 | ||
| Nephronophthisis | 387 | ||
| Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease | 387 | ||
| Treatment | 388 | ||
| Bibliography | 388 | ||
| 42 Alport Syndrome and Related Disorders | 389 | ||
| Abstract | 389 | ||
| Keywords | 389 | ||
| Juvenile and Adult Forms | 389 | ||
| Biochemistry | 389 | ||
| Genetics | 389 | ||
| Immunochemistry | 389 | ||
| Pathology | 390 | ||
| Clinical Features | 391 | ||
| Kidney Features | 391 | ||
| Extrarenal Features | 391 | ||
| Hearing Loss | 391 | ||
| Ocular Defects | 391 | ||
| Leiomyomatosis | 391 | ||
| Diagnosis | 391 | ||
| Treatment | 392 | ||
| Related Disorders | 392 | ||
| Autosomal-Recessive Alport Syndrome | 392 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Alport Syndrome | 392 | ||
| Alport Syndrome With Thrombocytopathy: Epstein Syndrome and Fechtner Syndrome | 392 | ||
| Familial Thin Basement Membrane Disease | 393 | ||
| Familial Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | 393 | ||
| Approach to the Patient With Hereditary Nephritis | 393 | ||
| Bibliography | 393 | ||
| 43 Fabry Disease | 395 | ||
| Abstract | 395 | ||
| Keywords | 395 | ||
| Kidney Manifestations of Fabry Disease | 395 | ||
| Pathology of Kidney Disease in Fabry Disease | 395 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 395 | ||
| Light Microscopy | 395 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 397 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 397 | ||
| Treatment Issues in Fabry Disease | 398 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade | 398 | ||
| Dialysis and Transplantation | 399 | ||
| Enzyme Replacement Therapy | 399 | ||
| Pharmacologic Chaperones | 400 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 401 | ||
| Bibliography | 401.e1 | ||
| 8 Tubulointerstitial Diseases | 403 | ||
| 44 Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease | 404 | ||
| Abstract | 404 | ||
| Keywords | 404 | ||
| Histopathology | 404 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis | 404 | ||
| Clinical Features | 405 | ||
| Clinical Course and Therapy | 406 | ||
| Distinct Causes of Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis | 406 | ||
| Analgesic Nephropathy | 406 | ||
| Chronic Lead Nephropathy | 407 | ||
| Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy and Balkan Nephropathy | 408 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 409 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 409 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome | 409 | ||
| IgG4-Related Tubulointerstitial Nephritis | 410 | ||
| Mesoamerican Nephropathy and Sri Lankan Nephropathy | 410 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 410 | ||
| Bibliography | 411.e1 | ||
| 45 Obstructive Uropathy | 412 | ||
| Abstract | 412 | ||
| Keywords | 412 | ||
| Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction | 412 | ||
| Bilateral Ureteral Obstruction | 412 | ||
| Tubular Dysfunction | 412 | ||
| Sodium Reabsorption | 413 | ||
| Urinary Concentration | 414 | ||
| Potassium | 414 | ||
| Acidification | 414 | ||
| Fibrosis | 414 | ||
| Apoptosis | 415 | ||
| Postobstructive Diuresis | 415 | ||
| Specific Causes of Obstructions | 415 | ||
| Nephrolithiasis | 415 | ||
| Strictures | 416 | ||
| Malignancy | 416 | ||
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Prostate Cancer | 417 | ||
| Neurogenic Bladder | 417 | ||
| Congenital Defects in the Adult Population | 418 | ||
| Congenital Defects in the Pediatric Population | 418 | ||
| Pregnancy | 418 | ||
| Obstruction With Infection | 419 | ||
| Bibliography | 419 | ||
| 46 Nephrolithiasis | 420 | ||
| Abstract | 420 | ||
| Keywords | 420 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 420 | ||
| Acute Renal Colic | 420 | ||
| Types of Stones | 421 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 421 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 423 | ||
| Laboratory (Metabolic) Evaluation | 423 | ||
| Medical Treatments | 424 | ||
| Dietary Recommendations | 424 | ||
| Pharmacologic Options | 424 | ||
| Noncalcium Stones | 425 | ||
| Uric Acid Stones | 425 | ||
| Cystine Stones | 425 | ||
| Struvite Stones | 425 | ||
| Calcium Phosphate Stones | 425 | ||
| Surgical Management of Stones | 426 | ||
| Long-Term Follow-Up | 426 | ||
| Bibliography | 426 | ||
| 47 Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis | 427 | ||
| Abstract | 427 | ||
| Keywords | 427 | ||
| Acute Uncomplicated Urinary Infection | 427 | ||
| Acute Nonobstructive Pyelonephritis | 428 | ||
| Complicated Urinary Infection | 430 | ||
| Asymptomatic Urinary Infection | 431 | ||
| Special Populations | 431 | ||
| Urinary Infection in Children | 431 | ||
| Urinary Infection in Pregnancy | 432 | ||
| Urinary Infection in Men | 432 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections in Older Adults | 432 | ||
| Urinary Infection in Patients With Impaired Kidney Function | 433 | ||
| Urinary Infection in Patients With Cystic Kidney Disease | 433 | ||
| Other Presentations of Urinary Infection | 433 | ||
| Fungal Urinary Infection | 433 | ||
| Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis | 433 | ||
| Malakoplakia | 434 | ||
| Key bibliography | 434 | ||
| Bibliography | 434.e1 | ||
| 9 Special Circumstances | 435 | ||
| 48 Kidney Diseases in Infants and Children | 436 | ||
| Abstract | 436 | ||
| Keywords | 436 | ||
| Kidney Development and Maturation | 436 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 436 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 438 | ||
| Hypertension | 441 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 443 | ||
| Bibliography | 443.e1 | ||
| 49 The Kidney in Pregnancy | 444 | ||
| Abstract | 444 | ||
| Keywords | 444 | ||
| Kidney Anatomy and Physiology During Normal Pregnancy | 444 | ||
| Anatomic Changes During Gestation | 444 | ||
| Physiologic Changes During Gestation | 444 | ||
| Systemic Hemodynamic Changes | 444 | ||
| Renal Hemodynamic Changes | 444 | ||
| Volume Regulation and Electrolyte Changes | 444 | ||
| Tubular Changes | 445 | ||
| Assessment of Kidney Function | 446 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration Rate | 446 | ||
| Proteinuria | 446 | ||
| Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | 446 | ||
| Chronic Hypertension | 446 | ||
| Management of Hypertension in Pregnancy | 446 | ||
| Gestational Hypertension | 446 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 447 | ||
| Risk Factors | 447 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 447 | ||
| Definitions, Diagnosis, and Clinical Features | 447 | ||
| Management and Prevention | 448 | ||
| Long-Term Outcomes After Preeclampsia | 449 | ||
| Superimposed Preeclampsia | 449 | ||
| Secondary Hypertension | 449 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy | 449 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy | 449 | ||
| Hemodynamic Kidney Injury and Bilateral Cortical Necrosis | 449 | ||
| Preeclampsia/HELLP | 450 | ||
| Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy | 450 | ||
| Thrombotic Microangiopathies | 451 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 451 | ||
| Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury | 451 | ||
| Pregnancy in Women With Chronic Kidney Disease | 451 | ||
| Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy | 451 | ||
| Lupus Nephritis | 452 | ||
| Other Glomerular Diseases | 452 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome | 452 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease | 453 | ||
| Dialysis | 453 | ||
| Kidney Transplantation | 453 | ||
| Kidney Biopsy in Pregnancy | 454 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 454 | ||
| Bibliography | 454.e1 | ||
| 50 Kidney Disease in the Elderly | 455 | ||
| Abstract | 455 | ||
| Keywords | 455 | ||
| Age and the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease | 455 | ||
| Progression to End-Stage Renal Disease | 455 | ||
| High Competing Risk of Death at Older Ages | 455 | ||
| Age Differences in Loss of Kidney Function | 456 | ||
| Age Differences in End-Stage Renal Disease Treatment Decisions | 456 | ||
| Clinical Significance of Moderately Reduced Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | 457 | ||
| Comorbidity and Geriatric Syndromes | 458 | ||
| Outcomes Among Older Adults With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease | 458 | ||
| Dialysis Versus Conservative Therapy | 458 | ||
| Transplantation | 459 | ||
| Management of Older Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease | 459 | ||
| High Burden of Complex Comorbidity Complicating Management | 460 | ||
| Differences in Outcomes by Age and Impact on Treatment Effects | 461 | ||
| Limited Evidence to Support Recommended Interventions | 461 | ||
| Heterogeneity in Health Status, Life Expectancy, and Preferences | 461 | ||
| Individualized Approach to Management | 461 | ||
| Optimizing Individualized Treatment Decisions | 462 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 463 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 463 | ||
| Bibliography | 463.e1 | ||
| 10 Chronic Kidney Disease | 465 | ||
| 51 Development and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | 466 | ||
| Abstract | 466 | ||
| Keywords | 466 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease | 466 | ||
| Hemodynamic Injury | 466 | ||
| Nonhemodynamic Injury | 467 | ||
| Risk Factors for Progression | 469 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression | 471 | ||
| Antagonism of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | 471 | ||
| Blood Pressure Control | 473 | ||
| Lifestyle Modification | 474 | ||
| Albuminuria Reduction | 474 | ||
| Novel Methods | 475 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk Reduction | 475 | ||
| Conclusion | 475 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 475 | ||
| Bibliography | 475.e1 | ||
| 52 Staging and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease | 476 | ||
| Abstract | 476 | ||
| Keywords | 476 | ||
| Course, Definition, Classification, and Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease | 476 | ||
| Course of Chronic Kidney Disease | 476 | ||
| Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease | 476 | ||
| Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease | 478 | ||
| Prevalence | 479 | ||
| Detection, Evaluation, Predicting Prognosis, and Management | 479 | ||
| Detection | 480 | ||
| Evaluation | 480 | ||
| Evaluation of Duration | 481 | ||
| Evaluation of Cause | 481 | ||
| Evaluation of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 481 | ||
| Evaluation of Albuminuria | 481 | ||
| Predicting Prognosis | 481 | ||
| Management | 481 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease Care | 481 | ||
| Nephrology Referral | 482 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 483 | ||
| Bibliography | 483.e1 | ||
| 53 Nutrition and Kidney Disease | 484 | ||
| Abstract | 484 | ||
| Keywords | 484 | ||
| Nutrient Metabolism in Kidney Disease | 484 | ||
| Protein Metabolism and Requirements | 484 | ||
| Amino Acid Metabolism | 484 | ||
| Protein Intake in Nondialysis CKD Patients | 484 | ||
| Protein Restriction in Nondialysis CKD Patients | 484 | ||
| Maintenance Dialysis Patients | 485 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation | 486 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 486 | ||
| Hormonal Derangements | 486 | ||
| Energy Metabolism and Requirements | 487 | ||
| Lipid Metabolism and Requirements | 487 | ||
| Mineral, Vitamin, and Trace Element Requirements | 487 | ||
| Assessment of Nutritional Status in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients | 488 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment of Protein Energy Wasting | 489 | ||
| Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury | 491 | ||
| Bibliography | 491 | ||
| 54 Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease | 493 | ||
| Abstract | 493 | ||
| Keywords | 493 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Abnormal Mineral Metabolism and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease | 493 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Bone Disease Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease | 495 | ||
| Histologic Classification of Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease | 495 | ||
| High-Turnover Bone Disease | 496 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 496 | ||
| Adynamic Bone Disease | 497 | ||
| Epidemiology of Bone Disease | 497 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Bone Diseases Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease | 497 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Manifestations | 497 | ||
| Extraskeletal Manifestations | 497 | ||
| Calcemic Uremic Arteriolopathy | 498 | ||
| Disordered Mineral Metabolism and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease | 499 | ||
| Other Conditions Affecting Musculoskeletal Health: Amyloidosis | 499 | ||
| Diagnosis of Bone Diseases Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease | 499 | ||
| Biochemical Parameters | 499 | ||
| Bone Biopsy | 500 | ||
| Imaging | 500 | ||
| Treatment of Mineral and Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease | 500 | ||
| Controlling Serum Phosphorus | 501 | ||
| Activating the Calcium-Sensing and Vitamin D Receptors to Suppress Parathyroid Hormone Hyperfunction | 502 | ||
| Vitamin D Analogues | 502 | ||
| Calcimimetics | 502 | ||
| Parathyroidectomy | 503 | ||
| Patients With Stage 3 and Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease | 503 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 504 | ||
| Kidney Transplantation | 504 | ||
| Key bibliography | 504 | ||
| Bibliography | 505.e1 | ||
| 55 Cardiac Function and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease | 506 | ||
| Abstract | 506 | ||
| Keywords | 506 | ||
| Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease | 506 | ||
| Stages 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease | 506 | ||
| Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease/Dialysis | 507 | ||
| Types of Cardiovascular Diseases | 508 | ||
| Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease | 508 | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 508 | ||
| Prediction of Ischemic Heart Disease | 508 | ||
| Diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease | 508 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease | 510 | ||
| Stages 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease | 510 | ||
| Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease/Dialysis | 510 | ||
| Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure | 512 | ||
| Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure | 512 | ||
| Treatment of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure | 512 | ||
| Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death | 513 | ||
| Stroke | 513 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 513 | ||
| Bibliography | 514.e1 | ||
| 56 Anemia and Other Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease | 515 | ||
| Abstract | 515 | ||
| Keywords | 515 | ||
| Anemia | 515 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | 515 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 515 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 516 | ||
| Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents | 517 | ||
| Pure Red Cell Aplasia | 517 | ||
| Target Hemoglobin Level | 518 | ||
| New Agents | 519 | ||
| Iron Therapy | 521 | ||
| Resistance to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents and Adjuvant Therapy | 523 | ||
| Other Hematologic Manifestations of Kidney Disease | 523 | ||
| Abnormalities of Hemostasis | 523 | ||
| Abnormalities of Leukocytes | 524 | ||
| Bibliography | 524 | ||
| 11 Dialysis and Transplantation | 527 | ||
| 57 Hemodialysis and Hemofiltration | 528 | ||
| Abstract | 528 | ||
| Keywords | 528 | ||
| Principal Functions of Hemodialysis | 528 | ||
| Dialyzer | 528 | ||
| Structure | 528 | ||
| Principal Functions of the Dialyzer | 528 | ||
| Diffusion | 528 | ||
| Convection | 529 | ||
| Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration | 530 | ||
| Net Clearance | 530 | ||
| Assessing the Dialysis Dose | 531 | ||
| Solute Clearance Other Than Urea | 531 | ||
| Extracellular Volume Control (Ultrafiltration) | 532 | ||
| Dialysate | 532 | ||
| Bicarbonate | 532 | ||
| Potassium | 533 | ||
| Preparing Patients for Maintenance Hemodialysis | 533 | ||
| Patient Education and Choice of Therapy | 533 | ||
| 30-20-10 Program for Dialysis Preparation | 533 | ||
| Psychological Factors in Dialysis Initiations | 534 | ||
| Choice of Treatment Modalities | 534 | ||
| Vascular Access | 534 | ||
| Preparation and Timing of Vascular Access | 534 | ||
| Types of Arteriovenous Fistulas | 534 | ||
| Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistulas | 534 | ||
| Brachiocephalic and Brachiobasilic Fistulas | 535 | ||
| Access in Challenging Patients | 535 | ||
| Grafts. | 535 | ||
| Catheters. | 535 | ||
| Initiation and Prescription of Hemodialysis | 535 | ||
| Dialysis Time | 535 | ||
| Residual Kidney Function | 536 | ||
| Target or “Dry” Weight and Rate of Ultrafiltration | 536 | ||
| Dose of Delivered Dialysis | 537 | ||
| Potential Errors in Predialysis Urea Measurement | 537 | ||
| Potential Errors in Postdialysis Urea Measurement | 537 | ||
| Potential Errors in Treatment Time | 537 | ||
| Anticoagulation Prescriptions | 537 | ||
| Frequency of Dialysis and Alternative Modalities | 538 | ||
| Nocturnal Dialysis | 538 | ||
| Short Daily Hemodialysis | 538 | ||
| Bibliography | 538 | ||
| 58 Peritoneal Dialysis | 539 | ||
| Abstract | 539 | ||
| Keywords | 539 | ||
| Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis | 539 | ||
| The Peritoneal Membrane | 539 | ||
| Solute Movement | 539 | ||
| Fluid Movement | 539 | ||
| Assessing Peritoneal Membrane Characteristics | 540 | ||
| Peritoneal Catheters | 541 | ||
| Techniques of Peritoneal Dialysis | 541 | ||
| Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis | 541 | ||
| Automated Peritoneal Dialysis | 542 | ||
| Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis | 543 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions | 543 | ||
| Glucose-Based Solutions | 543 | ||
| Nonglucose-Based Solutions | 544 | ||
| Icodextrin Dialysate | 544 | ||
| Amino Acid–Based Dialysate | 544 | ||
| Management of Peritoneal Dialysis | 544 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription | 544 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy | 545 | ||
| Fluid Removal | 546 | ||
| Nutrition in Peritoneal Dialysis | 547 | ||
| Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis | 547 | ||
| Peritonitis | 547 | ||
| Peritoneal Catheter Exit-Site and Tunnel Infection | 549 | ||
| Catheter Malfunction, Hernias, and Fluid Leaks | 549 | ||
| Peritoneal Membrane Changes | 550 | ||
| Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis | 550 | ||
| Ultrafiltration Failure | 550 | ||
| Diabetes and Peritoneal Dialysis | 550 | ||
| Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis | 551 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis for Acute Kidney Injury | 551 | ||
| Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis | 551 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 552 | ||
| Bibliography | 552.e1 | ||
| 59 Outcomes of Kidney Replacement Therapies | 553 | ||
| Abstract | 553 | ||
| Keywords | 553 | ||
| Maintenance Dialysis Versus Kidney Transplantation | 553 | ||
| Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis | 554 | ||
| Alternative Hemodialysis Regimens | 556 | ||
| Incremental and Infrequent Hemodialysis | 559 | ||
| On-Line Hemodiafiltration | 559 | ||
| Variations in Peritoneal Dialysis Regimens | 561 | ||
| Dialysis Modality in Children | 561 | ||
| Implications for Dialysis Modality Selection | 563 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 563 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 564.e1 | ||
| Table 59.2 | 564.e1 | ||
| Table 59.3 | 564.e1 | ||
| Table 59.4 | 564.e1 | ||
| Table 59.6 | 564.e2 | ||
| 60 Selection of Prospective Kidney Transplant Recipients and Donors | 565 | ||
| Abstract | 565 | ||
| Keywords | 565 | ||
| Who Should Be Considered for Kidney Transplantation? | 565 | ||
| Timing of Referral | 565 | ||
| Medical Evaluation for Transplantation | 565 | ||
| General Considerations | 566 | ||
| Obesity | 566 | ||
| Kidney Disease | 566 | ||
| Infection | 567 | ||
| Malignancy | 568 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 568 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 569 | ||
| Liver Disease | 569 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease | 569 | ||
| Thrombotic Risk | 569 | ||
| Urologic Evaluation | 569 | ||
| Psychological Evaluation | 569 | ||
| Immunologic Considerations Before Transplantation | 570 | ||
| Deceased Donor Organs | 570 | ||
| Allocation of Deceased Donor Organs in the United States | 571 | ||
| Living Kidney Donation | 571 | ||
| Living Donor Evaluation Process | 572 | ||
| Age of the Living Kidney Donor | 573 | ||
| Kidney Function | 574 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 574 | ||
| Proteinuria | 574 | ||
| Hematuria | 574 | ||
| Diabetes | 575 | ||
| Obesity | 575 | ||
| Nephrolithiasis | 575 | ||
| Conclusion | 575 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 576 | ||
| Bibliography | 576.e1 | ||
| 61 Posttransplantation Monitoring and Outcomes | 577 | ||
| Abstract | 577 | ||
| Keywords | 577 | ||
| Recipient and Donor Characteristics | 577 | ||
| The First Week | 577 | ||
| Outpatient Care | 578 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 578 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Protocols | 579 | ||
| Long-Term Drug Dosing and Monitoring | 579 | ||
| Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions | 579 | ||
| Allograft Dysfunction | 580 | ||
| Acute Allograft Dysfunction | 580 | ||
| Chronic Allograft Dysfunction | 582 | ||
| Assessment of Allograft Dysfunction | 582 | ||
| Infectious Complications | 583 | ||
| Prophylaxis and Monitoring | 583 | ||
| Approach to Posttransplant Infections | 583 | ||
| Hematologic Complications | 583 | ||
| Metabolic Complications | 584 | ||
| Posttransplant Malignancy | 584 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | 586 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 586 | ||
| Obesity | 586 | ||
| Hypertension | 586 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 587 | ||
| New-Onset Diabetes After Transplantation | 587 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 587 | ||
| Bibliography | 588.e1 | ||
| 62 Immunosuppression in Transplantation | 589 | ||
| Abstract | 589 | ||
| Keywords | 589 | ||
| Physiology of Immunorecognition | 589 | ||
| Strategies for Immunosuppression | 591 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action of Immunosuppressive Drugs | 592 | ||
| Induction Therapy | 592 | ||
| Maintenance Immunotherapy | 593 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 593 | ||
| Calcineurin Inhibitors | 593 | ||
| Antiproliferative Agents | 595 | ||
| Biologics for Maintenance Immunosuppression | 596 | ||
| Small Molecules | 597 | ||
| Targeting B Cells and Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibody | 597 | ||
| Treatment of Rejection | 598 | ||
| Tolerance | 598 | ||
| Immune Monitoring | 599 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 600 | ||
| Bibliography | 600.e1 | ||
| 63 Infectious Complications of Solid Organ Transplantation | 601 | ||
| Abstract | 601 | ||
| Keywords | 601 | ||
| Timing of Infectious Complications in Kidney Transplantation | 601 | ||
| Donor-Derived Infections and Risk Mitigation Strategies | 602 | ||
| Infectious Disease Prevention Strategies | 604 | ||
| Common Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation | 605 | ||
| BK Virus Nephropathy | 605 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 606 | ||
| Diarrhea | 606 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 606 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 607 | ||
| Bibliography | 607.e1 | ||
| 12 Hypertension | 609 | ||
| 64 Pathogenesis of Hypertension | 610 | ||
| Abstract | 610 | ||
| Keywords | 610 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Hypertension | 610 | ||
| Integration of Cardiorenal Function | 610 | ||
| Kidney Mechanisms and Salt Balance | 610 | ||
| Total-Body Autoregulation | 612 | ||
| Structural Components to Hypertension | 612 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System, Brain, and Baroreflexes | 612 | ||
| Endothelium and Oxidative Stress | 613 | ||
| Genetic Contributions | 613 | ||
| Implicated Mediators of Hypertension | 613 | ||
| Renin, Angiotensin II, and Aldosterone | 613 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System and Catecholamines | 613 | ||
| Dopamine | 613 | ||
| Arachidonate Metabolites | 614 | ||
| l-Arginine–Nitric Oxide Pathway | 614 | ||
| Reactive Oxygen Species | 614 | ||
| Endothelins | 614 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide | 614 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease | 614 | ||
| Bibliography | 615 | ||
| 65 Evaluation and Management of Hypertension | 616 | ||
| Abstract | 616 | ||
| Keywords | 616 | ||
| Evaluation of Hypertension | 616 | ||
| Measuring Blood Pressure | 616 | ||
| Assessing Cardiovascular Risk and End-Organ Damage | 617 | ||
| Ambulatory and Home BP Monitoring | 620 | ||
| Management of Hypertension | 621 | ||
| Lifestyle Modifications | 621 | ||
| Pharmacologic Agents | 622 | ||
| Major Classes of Antihypertensive Agents and Associated Cardiovascular Benefits | 622 | ||
| Diuretics | 622 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade | 623 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 624 | ||
| Beta-Blockers | 624 | ||
| Other Agents | 624 | ||
| Novel Antihypertensive Therapies | 624 | ||
| Goal Blood Pressure Levels | 625 | ||
| Special Populations | 625 | ||
| Women | 625 | ||
| Blacks | 625 | ||
| Elderly | 625 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 626 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 626 | ||
| Heart Disease | 626 | ||
| Stroke | 626 | ||
| Resistant Hypertension | 627 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 627 | ||
| Obesity | 627 | ||
| Conclusion | 627 | ||
| Bibliography | 628 | ||
| 66 Secondary Hypertension | 629 | ||
| Abstract | 629 | ||
| Keywords | 629 | ||
| Definition and Prevalence of Secondary Hypertension | 629 | ||
| Clinical Opportunities to Diagnose Secondary Hypertension | 629 | ||
| Clinical Syndromes Suggestive of Secondary Hypertension | 630 | ||
| Hypertension and Hypokalemia | 630 | ||
| Hypertension With a Strong Family History of Hypertension Early in Life | 630 | ||
| Hypertension and Obesity | 630 | ||
| Drug-Induced Hypertension | 631 | ||
| Labile Hypertension or Hypertension With Symptoms of Catecholamine Excess | 632 | ||
| Specific Causes of Secondary Hypertension | 632 | ||
| Parenchymal Kidney Disease | 632 | ||
| Renovascular Disease | 632 | ||
| Diagnosis of Renal Artery Stenosis | 633 | ||
| Management of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis | 635 | ||
| Fibromuscular Dysplasia | 635 | ||
| Primary Aldosteronism | 636 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis | 636 | ||
| Subtype Differentiation | 637 | ||
| Interpretation of Adrenal Venous Sampling Results | 637 | ||
| Other Testing | 638 | ||
| Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism | 638 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma | 638 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis and Imaging of Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma | 639 | ||
| Genetic Testing in Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma | 639 | ||
| Treatment of Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma | 639 | ||
| Other Endocrine Causes of Hypertension | 640 | ||
| Cushing Syndrome | 640 | ||
| Thyroid Disease | 640 | ||
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 640 | ||
| Acromegaly | 640 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 640 | ||
| Coarctation of the Aorta and Other Aortopathies | 640 | ||
| Key Bibliography | 641 | ||
| Bibliography | 641.e1 | ||
| Index | 643 | ||
| A | 643 | ||
| B | 645 | ||
| C | 646 | ||
| D | 648 | ||
| E | 650 | ||
| F | 650 | ||
| G | 651 | ||
| H | 651 | ||
| I | 653 | ||
| J | 654 | ||
| K | 654 | ||
| L | 656 | ||
| M | 656 | ||
| N | 657 | ||
| O | 658 | ||
| P | 658 | ||
| Q | 660 | ||
| R | 660 | ||
| S | 661 | ||
| T | 662 | ||
| U | 663 | ||
| V | 664 | ||
| W | 664 | ||
| X | 664 | ||
| Y | 664 | ||
| Z | 664 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key ad | IBC1 |