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Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies, An Issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America E-Book

Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies, An Issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America E-Book

Manish A. Shah

(2017)

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Book Details

Abstract

This issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics will focus on Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies; specifically, articles on the following: Epidemiology / Genetics, H. pylori and the gastric microbiome in gastric cancer carcinogenesis; Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal cancer; Tumor Staging; Localized disease; Metastatic Disease; Immunotherapy Antiangiogenic therapy; and many more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Upper GastrointestinalMalignancies\r i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITORS iii
EDITOR iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Preface: The Management of Esophagogastric Cancers Enters a New Era\r vii
Tumor Biology vii
The Gastric Microbiome and Its Influence on Gastric Carcinogenesis: Current Knowledge and Ongoing Research\r vii
Barrett Esophagus and Intramucosal Esophageal Adenocarcinoma\r vii
Management vii
Staging in Esophageal and Gastric Cancers\r vii
Management of Locally Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer: Still a Multidisciplinary Global Challenge? \r viii
The Role of Radiotherapy in Localized Esophageal and Gastric Cancer\r viii
Management of Metastatic Gastric Cancer\r viii
Emerging Targeted Therapies viii
The Evolving Role of Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Gastroesophageal Cancer485 viii
Antiangiogenic Therapy in Gastroesophageal Cancer\r ix
Update on Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma Targeted Therapies\r ix
Emerging Novel Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Patients with Gastroesophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinoma\r ix
Future Directions in Improving Outcomes for Patients with Gastric and Esophageal Cancer\r x
HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r xi
FORTHCOMING ISSUES xi
August 2017 xi
October 2017 xi
RECENT ISSUES xi
April 2017 xi
February 2017 xi
Preface:\rThe Management of Esophagogastric Cancers Enters a New Era xiii
Tumor Biology A1
The Gastric Microbiome and Its Influence on Gastric Carcinogenesis 389
Key points 389
INTRODUCTION 389
MICROBIOME DIVERSITY ALONG THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 390
Gastric Bacteria 390
Esophageal Bacteria 391
Viruses 392
Archaea 393
Fungi 393
IDENTIFICATION METHODOLOGIES FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES 394
Experimental Approaches 394
Computational Identification of Microbiome 394
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS WITH DISEASES 395
Helicobacter pylori 395
Epstein-Barr Virus 396
Other 396
MOLECULAR ASSOCIATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF TUMORIGENESIS 396
Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Tumorigenicity 396
EVIDENCE FOR PROLONGED MICROBIOME SHIFTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIOR INFECTION WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI 397
Epstein-Barr Virus 398
Latent infection in gastric epithelial cells 398
Epigenetic alterations 398
Viral microRNAs 398
Mechanisms of Fusobacterium sp 399
Other Species 399
“COMMUNITY AS PATHOGEN”—COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AND PATHOBIONTS 399
CHALLENGES AND ONGOING RESEARCH 401
REFERENCES 401
Barrett Esophagus and Intramucosal Esophageal Adenocarcinoma 409
Key points 409
INTRODUCTION 409
EPIDEMIOLOGY, GENETICS, AND NATURAL HISTORY OF BARRETT ESOPHAGUS 412
PREDICTORS OF PROGRESSION (ENDOSCOPIC, HISTOLOGIC, AND MOLECULAR) 413
SCREENING FOR BARRETT ESOPHAGUS 414
ENDOSCOPIC SURVEILLANCE OF BARRETT ESOPHAGUS 414
BARRETT ESOPHAGUS EVALUATION 414
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES IN BARRETT ESOPHAGUS 415
MANAGEMENT OF UNDERLYING GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE 415
CHEMOPREVENTION IN BARRETT ESOPHAGUS 415
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 416
ERADICATION OF DYSPLASIA AND REDUCTION OF PROGRESSION TO ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA 416
NONDYSPLASTIC BARRETT ESOPHAGUS 416
BARRETT LOW-GRADE DYSPLASIA 417
BARRETT HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA AND INTRAMUCOSAL ADENOCARCINOMA 418
SUMMARY 419
REFERENCES 419
Staging in Esophageal and Gastric Cancers 427
Key points 427
INTRODUCTION 427
STAGING OF GASTRIC AND ESOPHAGEAL TUMORS 428
CANCER OF THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION 428
STAGING INVESTIGATIONS 431
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND AND ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION 431
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY 434
MRI 435
PET-COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY 435
STAGING LAPAROSCOPY 437
SUMMARY 437
Esophageal Cancer 437
Gastric Cancer 438
REFERENCES 438
Management of Locally Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer 441
Key points 441
OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION 442
DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE CATEGORIES GASTRIC, GASTRIC CARDIA, AND LOWER ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA: DOES LOCATION AND HISTOLOGY ... 442
MULTIMODAL TREATMENT OPTIONS: IMPORTANCE OF CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIOTHERAPY, AND SURGERY 443
Perioperative Chemotherapy 443
Preoperative Chemoradiation 444
Adjuvant Chemotherapy 445
Adjuvant Chemoradiation 445
OPTIONS TO IMPROVE CURRENT MULTIMODAL APPROACHES 446
Adaptive Therapy Based on Early Response Prediction 446
Optimization by Targeted Therapy 447
SUMMARY 447
REFERENCES 450
The Role of Radiotherapy in Localized Esophageal and Gastric Cancer 453
Key points 453
INTRODUCTION 453
RADIOTHERAPY IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 454
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Esophageal Cancer 454
DEFINITIVE CHEMORADIATION IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 456
RADIOTHERAPY IN GASTRIC CANCER 458
Adjuvant Chemoradiation in Gastric Cancer 458
NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIATION IN GASTRIC CANCER 460
RADIATION THERAPY 462
SUMMARY 464
REFERENCES 465
Management of Metastatic Gastric Cancer 469
Key points 469
INTRODUCTION 469
TREATMENT GOALS 470
FIRST-LINE CHEMOTHERAPY 472
Platinum Compounds 472
Fluoropyrimidines 472
Triplet Combinations with Epirubicine or Docetaxel 473
First-Line Chemotherapy for HER2-Positive Disease 474
Standard Treatment Regimens 475
SECOND-LINE CHEMOTHERAPY 475
SPECIAL SITUATIONS 478
Synchronous Metastases 478
Metastatectomy 479
Peritonectomy 479
SUMMARY AND PRACTICAL CONCLUSION 479
REFERENCES 479
Emerging Targeted Therapies A5
The Evolving Role of Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Gastroesophageal Cancer 485
Key points 485
INTRODUCTION 485
RATIONALE FOR INVESTIGATING CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL CANCER 486
High Somatic Burden 487
Chronic Inflammation 487
Genomic Instability 487
Infection 487
PROGRAMMED DEATH LIGAND 1 EXPRESSION IN ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC CANCER 488
PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS TO GUIDE USE OF CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL CANCER 488
Programmed Death Ligand 1/Programmed Death Ligand 2 Status 488
Mononuclear Inflammatory Score 488
Gene Signatures 489
EFFICACY OF PROGRAMMED DEATH-1/PROGRAMMED DEATH LIGAND 1 INHIBITORS IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL CANCER 489
Pembrolizumab (Programmed Death-1 Inhibitor) 489
Nivolumab (Programmed Death-1 Inhibitor) 490
Avelumab (Programmed Death Ligand 1 Inhibitor) 490
Durvalumab (Programmed Death Ligand 1 Inhibitor) 491
EFFICACY OF CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE ASSOCIATED-4 INHIBITORS IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL CANCER 491
Ipilimumab or Tremelimumab 491
ADJUVANT STUDIES 491
SUMMARY 495
REFERENCES 496
Antiangiogenic Therapy in Gastroesophageal Cancer 499
Key points 499
INTRODUCTION 499
ANGIOGENESIS PATHWAY 500
INHIBITION OF THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AXIS VIA MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 500
Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibody 500
Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Monoclonal Antibody 503
Second-line setting 503
First-line setting 503
TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION OF THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AXIS 504
Apatinib in Third-Line Setting 504
Regorafenib in Second-/Third-Line Setting 504
LOCALLY ADVANCED DISEASE 505
ONGOING AREAS OF RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 505
Combination with Immune Checkpoint Therapy 505
Combination with Anti–Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Therapy 506
Predictive Biomarkers 506
REFERENCES 508
Update on Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma Targeted Therapies 511
Key points 511
BACKGROUND 511
ERBB2 512
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 517
MET 518
SUMMARY 521
REFERENCES 522
Emerging Novel Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Patients with Gastroesophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinoma 529
Key points 529
INTRODUCTION 529
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2 INHIBITORS 530
AZD4547 530
Resistance to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Inhibitors 533
Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor in Traztuzumab Resistance 533
CANCER STEM CELLS 533
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 Inhibitors 533
OPB-31121 538
OPB-51602 538
Napabucasin (BBI608) 538
Combination study of napabucasin (BBI-608) and weekly paclitaxel 538
CLDN18.2 INHIBITORS 539
MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS 540
Marimastat 541
Specific Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Inhibitors 541
SUMMARY 542
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 542
REFERENCES 542
Future Directions in Improving Outcomes for Patients with Gastric and Esophageal Cancer 545
Key points 545
INTRODUCTION 545
DISEASE PREVENTION 546
MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE 547
IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH LOCALLY ADVANCED DISEASE 548
Integration of Targeted Therapies 549
Application of Novel Imaging to Identify Response 549
SUMMARY 550
REFERENCES 550
Index 553