Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Edition after edition, Burns & Grove’s Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice has been known as a leading textbook of nursing research for evidence-based practice (EBP). Now under the authorship of Drs. Grove and Gray, this streamlined and enhanced 7th edition gives you even sharper insights into understanding, appraising, and applying published research for evidence-based nursing practice. Known for its authoritative content, time-tested systematic approach, and unique research example format — the new edition of this bestselling textbook includes an enhanced EBP focus, new content on the emerging trend of mixed-methods research, and a spotlight on need-to-know information to equip you to apply the latest evidence to your clinical practice.
- Clear, step-by-step organization introduces the research process and demonstrates how this systematic framework relates to EBP.
- Research examples provide practice in working with published studies, with many of the examples including Critical Appraisal and Implications for Practice sections.
- Critical Appraisal Guidelines boxes provide step-by-step guidance in appraising published research studies.
- Balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative research prepares you to approach research questions and clinical questions with an unbiased view of the researcher's methodology.
- Authoritative content is written by pioneers and practitioners of nursing research, who offer unique, first-hand insights into the field.
- Strong emphasis on evidence-based practice helps you develop skills in studying and appraising published research, so you are prepared for your role in working with research evidence.
- NEW! Enhanced evidence-based practice focus equips you to apply the latest research findings to clinical practice.
- NEW! Streamlined research examples serve as concise and clinically relevant exemplars of key contents.
- NEW! Mixed-methods content focuses on need-to-know material on mixed-methods research, which is growing significantly in popularity.
- NEW! Improved legibility, usability, visual appeal, and readability meets the needs of visual learners with easy-to-understand content.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Contents | i | ||
| Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors And Reviewers | v | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Learning resources to accompany understanding nursing research, 7th edition | x | ||
| Evolve Instructor Resources | x | ||
| Test Bank | x | ||
| PowerPoint Slides | xi | ||
| Image Collection | xi | ||
| TEACH for Nurses | xi | ||
| Evolve Student Resources | xi | ||
| Study Guide | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Contents | xiv | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to Nursing Research and Its Importance in Building an Evidence-Based Practice | 1 | ||
| What is nursing research? | 2 | ||
| What is evidence-based practice? | 3 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for High Blood Pressure | 4 | ||
| Delivery of Evidence-Based Care to a Selected Patient Population With Hypertension | 5 | ||
| Historical development of research in nursing | 6 | ||
| Florence Nightingale | 6 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 1900s Through the 1970s | 6 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 1980s and 1990s | 8 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 21st Century | 10 | ||
| Linking Quality and Safety Education for Nursing Competencies and Nursing Research | 11 | ||
| Acquiring knowledge in nursing | 11 | ||
| Traditions | 11 | ||
| Authority | 11 | ||
| Borrowing | 12 | ||
| Trial and Error | 12 | ||
| Personal Experience | 12 | ||
| Role Modeling | 13 | ||
| Intuition | 13 | ||
| Reasoning | 13 | ||
| Acquiring knowledge through nursing research | 14 | ||
| Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Research | 15 | ||
| Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research | 16 | ||
| Introduction to Mixed Methods Research | 17 | ||
| Introduction to Outcomes Research | 17 | ||
| Purposes of research for implementing an evidence-based nursing practice | 18 | ||
| Description | 18 | ||
| Explanation | 18 | ||
| Prediction | 19 | ||
| Control | 19 | ||
| Understanding your role in nursing research | 20 | ||
| Determining the best research evidence for practice | 21 | ||
| Strategies Used to Synthesize Research Evidence | 21 | ||
| Levels of Research Evidence | 23 | ||
| Introduction to Evidence-Based Guidelines | 24 | ||
| Key points | 25 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| Chapter 2: Introduction to Quantitative Research | 29 | ||
| What is quantitative research? | 30 | ||
| Types of Quantitative Research | 30 | ||
| Descriptive Research | 30 | ||
| Correlational Research | 31 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Research | 31 | ||
| Experimental Research | 32 | ||
| Defining Terms Relevant to Quantitative Research | 32 | ||
| Basic Research | 33 | ||
| Applied Research | 33 | ||
| Rigor in Quantitative Research | 34 | ||
| Control in Quantitative Research | 34 | ||
| Extraneous Variables | 35 | ||
| Research Settings | 35 | ||
| Sampling and Assignment of Participants to Groups | 36 | ||
| Study Interventions | 36 | ||
| Problem-solving and nursing processes: basis for understanding the quantitative research process | 36 | ||
| Comparing Problem-Solving With the Nursing Process | 37 | ||
| Comparing the Nursing Process With the Research Process | 37 | ||
| Identifying the steps of the quantitative research process | 38 | ||
| Research Problem and Purpose | 38 | ||
| Review of Relevant Literature | 40 | ||
| Study Framework | 40 | ||
| Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses | 41 | ||
| Study Variables | 42 | ||
| Study Design | 43 | ||
| Population and Sample | 43 | ||
| Measurement Methods | 44 | ||
| Data Collection | 45 | ||
| Data Analysis | 45 | ||
| Discussion of Research Outcomes | 46 | ||
| Reading research reports | 48 | ||
| Sources of Research Reports | 48 | ||
| Content of Research Reports | 48 | ||
| Abstract Section | 48 | ||
| Introduction Section | 50 | ||
| Methods Section | 50 | ||
| Results Section | 50 | ||
| Discussion Section | 51 | ||
| References Section | 51 | ||
| Tips for Reading Research Reports | 51 | ||
| Practice reading a quasi-experimental study | 52 | ||
| Key Points | 56 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| Chapter 3: Introduction to Qualitative Research | 59 | ||
| Identifying the steps of the qualitative research process | 60 | ||
| Qualitative research approaches | 64 | ||
| Phenomenological Research | 64 | ||
| Philosophical Orientation | 64 | ||
| Phenomenology’s Outcome | 65 | ||
| Grounded Theory Research | 67 | ||
| Intended Outcome | 68 | ||
| Ethnographic Research | 70 | ||
| Intended Outcome | 71 | ||
| Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Research | 73 | ||
| Intended Outcome | 73 | ||
| Sampling and recruitment | 75 | ||
| Selection of Participants | 76 | ||
| Researcher–Participant Relationships | 76 | ||
| Data collection methods | 77 | ||
| Interviews | 77 | ||
| Focus Groups | 79 | ||
| Observation | 81 | ||
| Examination of Documents and Media | 82 | ||
| Data management and analysis | 84 | ||
| Transcribing Interviews | 84 | ||
| Data Organization | 84 | ||
| Data Analysis | 84 | ||
| Codes and Coding | 85 | ||
| Themes and Interpretation | 85 | ||
| Rigor in qualitative research | 86 | ||
| Key Points | 87 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Chapter 4: Examining Ethics in Nursing Research | 90 | ||
| Unethical research: 1930s through the 1980s | 91 | ||
| Nazi Medical Experiments | 91 | ||
| Tuskegee Syphilis Study | 91 | ||
| Willowbrook Study | 92 | ||
| Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study | 92 | ||
| Ethical standards for research | 92 | ||
| International Standards | 92 | ||
| Standards in the United States | 93 | ||
| Federal Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects | 94 | ||
| Protecting human subjects | 95 | ||
| Application of Ethical Principles | 95 | ||
| Right to Self-Determination | 96 | ||
| Persons With Diminished Autonomy and Research | 97 | ||
| Right to Privacy | 99 | ||
| Right to Anonymity and Confidentiality | 100 | ||
| Right to Protection From Discomfort and Harm | 101 | ||
| Right to Fair Selection and Treatment | 102 | ||
| Understanding informed consent | 104 | ||
| Four Elements of Informed Consent | 104 | ||
| Disclosure | 104 | ||
| Comprehension | 105 | ||
| Competence | 106 | ||
| Voluntary Agreement | 106 | ||
| Documentation of Informed Consent | 106 | ||
| Understanding institutional review | 108 | ||
| Institutional Review Board Composition and Function | 108 | ||
| Exempt and Expedited Levels of Reviews Conducted by Institutional Review Boards | 109 | ||
| Full Reviews Conducted by Institutional Review Boards | 110 | ||
| Current issues in research ethics | 112 | ||
| Genomics Research | 112 | ||
| Using Animals in Research | 114 | ||
| Research Misconduct | 114 | ||
| Key Points | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| Chapter 5: Examining Research Problems, Purposes, and Hypotheses | 119 | ||
| What are research problems and purposes? | 120 | ||
| Identifying the problem and purpose in quantitative and qualitative studies | 122 | ||
| Problems and Purposes in Types of Quantitative Studies | 122 | ||
| Problems and Purposes in Types of Qualitative Studies | 125 | ||
| Determining the significance of a study problem and purpose | 127 | ||
| Application to Nursing Practice | 128 | ||
| Expands Previous Research | 128 | ||
| Promotes Theory Testing or Development | 128 | ||
| Addresses Nursing Research Priorities | 128 | ||
| Examining the feasibility of a study problem and purpose | 130 | ||
| Researcher Expertise | 130 | ||
| Money Commitment | 131 | ||
| Availability of Subjects, Facilities, and Equipment | 131 | ||
| Ethical Considerations | 132 | ||
| Examining research objectives, questions, and hypotheses in research reports | 132 | ||
| Research Objectives | 132 | ||
| Research Questions | 133 | ||
| Hypotheses | 135 | ||
| Types of Hypotheses | 135 | ||
| Associative versus causal hypotheses | 135 | ||
| Simple versus complex hypotheses | 137 | ||
| Nondirectional versus directional hypotheses | 138 | ||
| Statistical versus research hypotheses | 139 | ||
| Testable Hypothesis | 140 | ||
| Understanding study variables and research concepts | 140 | ||
| Types of Variables in Quantitative Research | 141 | ||
| Research Variables | 141 | ||
| Independent and Dependent Variables | 141 | ||
| Extraneous Variables | 142 | ||
| Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Variables in Quantitative Research | 142 | ||
| Research Concepts Investigated in Qualitative Research | 144 | ||
| Demographic Variables | 145 | ||
| Key Points | 146 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Chapter 6: Understanding and Critically Appraising the Literature Review | 150 | ||
| Purpose of the literature review | 151 | ||
| Purpose of the Literature Review in Quantitative Research | 151 | ||
| Purpose of the Literature Review in Qualitative Research | 152 | ||
| Sources included in a literature review | 153 | ||
| Types of Publications | 153 | ||
| Content of Publications | 154 | ||
| Quality of Sources | 155 | ||
| Critically appraising literature reviews | 155 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of a Literature Review in a Quantitative Study | 156 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of a Literature Review in a Qualitative Study | 158 | ||
| Reviewing the literature | 160 | ||
| Preparing to Review the Literature | 160 | ||
| Clarify the Purpose of the Literature Review | 160 | ||
| Select Electronic Databases and Search Terms | 161 | ||
| Conducting the Literature Review | 161 | ||
| Search the Selected Databases | 161 | ||
| Use a Table or Other Method to Document the Results of Your Search | 162 | ||
| Refine Your Search | 162 | ||
| Review the Abstracts to Identify Relevant Studies | 163 | ||
| Obtain Full-Text Copies of Relevant Articles | 163 | ||
| Ensure That Information Needed to Cite the Source Is Recorded | 163 | ||
| Processing the Literature | 163 | ||
| Read the Articles | 163 | ||
| Appraise, Analyze, and Synthesize the Literature | 164 | ||
| Writing the Review of the Literature | 166 | ||
| Develop an Outline to Organize the Information From the Review | 166 | ||
| Write Each Section of the Review | 167 | ||
| Create the Reference List | 167 | ||
| Check the Review and the Reference List | 169 | ||
| Key Points | 169 | ||
| References | 169 | ||
| Chapter 7: Understanding Theory and Research Frameworks | 172 | ||
| Understanding the elements of theory | 173 | ||
| Theory | 174 | ||
| Philosophy | 174 | ||
| Concepts | 174 | ||
| Statements | 177 | ||
| Levels of theoretical thinking | 177 | ||
| Grand Nursing Theories | 178 | ||
| Middle Range and Practice Theories | 179 | ||
| Research Frameworks | 180 | ||
| Examples of critical appraisal of research frameworks | 181 | ||
| Framework From a Grand Nursing Theory | 182 | ||
| Framework Based on Middle Range Theory | 183 | ||
| Framework From a Tentative Theory | 184 | ||
| Framework for a Physiological Study | 186 | ||
| Key Points | 188 | ||
| References | 189 | ||
| Chapter 8: Clarifying Quantitative Research Designs | 191 | ||
| Identifying quantitative research designs in nursing studies | 192 | ||
| Understanding concepts relevant to quantitative research designs | 194 | ||
| Causality | 194 | ||
| Multicausality | 194 | ||
| Probability | 194 | ||
| Bias | 195 | ||
| Prospective Versus Retrospective | 195 | ||
| Control | 196 | ||
| Manipulation | 196 | ||
| Examining the design validity of quantitative studies | 196 | ||
| Construct Validity | 196 | ||
| Inadequate Definitions of Constructs | 198 | ||
| Mono-Operation Bias | 198 | ||
| Experimenter Expectancies (Rosenthal Effect) | 199 | ||
| Internal Validity | 199 | ||
| Participant Selection and Assignment to Groups | 199 | ||
| Participant Attrition | 199 | ||
| History | 200 | ||
| Maturation | 200 | ||
| External Validity | 200 | ||
| Interaction of Selection and Intervention | 200 | ||
| Interaction of Setting and Intervention | 201 | ||
| Interaction of History and Intervention | 201 | ||
| Statistical Conclusion Validity | 201 | ||
| Low Statistical Power | 201 | ||
| Reliability or Precision of Measurement Methods | 202 | ||
| Fidelity of the Intervention Implementation | 202 | ||
| Extraneous Variances in the Study Setting | 202 | ||
| Descriptive designs | 202 | ||
| Simple Descriptive Design | 204 | ||
| Comparative Descriptive Design | 205 | ||
| Correlational designs | 206 | ||
| Descriptive Correlational Design | 207 | ||
| Predictive Correlational Design | 208 | ||
| Model Testing Design | 210 | ||
| Elements of designs examining causality | 211 | ||
| Examining Interventions in Nursing Studies | 211 | ||
| Experimental and Control or Comparison Groups | 213 | ||
| Quasi-experimental designs | 214 | ||
| Pretest and Posttest Designs With Comparison Group | 214 | ||
| Experimental designs | 218 | ||
| Classic Experimental Pretest and Posttest Designs With Experimental and Control Groups | 218 | ||
| Posttest-Only With Control Group Design | 220 | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trials | 222 | ||
| Key Points | 226 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Chapter 9: Examining Populations and Samples in Research | 228 | ||
| Understanding the key concepts of sampling theory | 229 | ||
| Populations and Elements | 229 | ||
| Sampling or Eligibility Criteria | 230 | ||
| Representativeness of a sample in quantitative research | 231 | ||
| Random and Systematic Variation of Study Participants’ Values | 232 | ||
| Acceptance and Refusal Rates in Studies | 232 | ||
| Sample Attrition and Retention Rates in Studies | 233 | ||
| Sampling Frames | 236 | ||
| Sampling Methods or Plans | 236 | ||
| Probability sampling methods | 237 | ||
| Simple Random Sampling | 237 | ||
| Stratified Random Sampling | 239 | ||
| Cluster Sampling | 240 | ||
| Systematic Sampling | 241 | ||
| Nonprobability sampling methods commonly used in quantitative research | 242 | ||
| Convenience Sampling | 242 | ||
| Quota Sampling | 244 | ||
| Sample size in quantitative studies | 244 | ||
| Effect Size | 245 | ||
| Types of Quantitative Studies | 246 | ||
| Number of Variables | 246 | ||
| Measurement Sensitivity | 246 | ||
| Data Analysis Techniques | 246 | ||
| Sampling in qualitative research | 248 | ||
| Purposeful Sampling | 248 | ||
| Network Sampling | 249 | ||
| Theoretical Sampling | 250 | ||
| Sample size in qualitative studies | 251 | ||
| Scope of the Study | 252 | ||
| Nature of the Topic | 252 | ||
| Quality of the Information | 252 | ||
| Study Design | 252 | ||
| Research settings | 254 | ||
| Natural Setting | 254 | ||
| Partially Controlled Setting | 255 | ||
| Highly Controlled Setting | 255 | ||
| Key Points | 256 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Chapter 10: Clarifying Measurement and Data Collection in Quantitative Research | 259 | ||
| Concepts of measurement theory | 260 | ||
| Directness of Measurement | 260 | ||
| Levels of Measurement | 261 | ||
| Nominal-Level Measurement | 261 | ||
| Ordinal-Level Measurement | 262 | ||
| Interval-Level Measurement | 262 | ||
| Ratio-Level Measurement | 263 | ||
| Measurement Error | 263 | ||
| Reliability | 264 | ||
| Reliability Testing | 264 | ||
| Validity | 267 | ||
| Readability Level of Measurement Methods | 269 | ||
| Accuracy, precision, and error of physiological measures | 269 | ||
| Accuracy | 269 | ||
| Precision | 270 | ||
| Error | 270 | ||
| Use of sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios to determine the quality of diagnostic tests | 272 | ||
| Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of Diagnostic Tests | 272 | ||
| Likelihood Ratios | 275 | ||
| Measurement strategies in nursing | 276 | ||
| Physiological Measures | 276 | ||
| Observational Measurement | 277 | ||
| Interviews | 280 | ||
| Questionnaires | 281 | ||
| Scales | 282 | ||
| Rating Scales | 283 | ||
| Likert Scale | 283 | ||
| Visual Analog Scales | 284 | ||
| Data collection process | 286 | ||
| Recruitment of Study Participants | 286 | ||
| Consistency in Data Collection | 286 | ||
| Control in the Study Design | 287 | ||
| Studies Obtaining Data From Existing Databases | 287 | ||
| Key Points | 289 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| Chapter 11: Understanding Statistics in Research | 292 | ||
| Understanding theories and concepts of the statistical analysis process | 293 | ||
| Probability Theory | 293 | ||
| Decision Theory, Hypothesis Testing, and Level of Significance | 294 | ||
| Inference and Generalization | 295 | ||
| Normal Curve | 295 | ||
| Tailedness | 297 | ||
| Type I and Type II Errors | 297 | ||
| Power: Controlling the Risk of a Type II Error | 298 | ||
| Degrees of Freedom | 299 | ||
| Identifying the steps of the data analysis process | 299 | ||
| Management of Missing Data | 299 | ||
| Description of the Sample | 300 | ||
| Reliability of Measurement Methods | 300 | ||
| Exploratory Analyses | 300 | ||
| Inferential Statistical Analyses | 300 | ||
| Statistics conducted to describe variables | 301 | ||
| Frequency Distributions | 301 | ||
| Ungrouped Frequency Distributions | 301 | ||
| Grouped Frequency Distributions | 301 | ||
| Percentage Distributions | 302 | ||
| Measures of Central Tendency | 302 | ||
| Mode | 304 | ||
| Median | 304 | ||
| Mean | 304 | ||
| Measures of Dispersion | 304 | ||
| Range | 305 | ||
| Variance | 305 | ||
| Standard Deviation | 305 | ||
| Confidence Interval | 305 | ||
| Standardized Scores | 306 | ||
| Scatterplots | 306 | ||
| Understanding Descriptive Statistical Results | 307 | ||
| Determining the appropriateness of inferential statistics in studies | 309 | ||
| Critical Appraisal Guidelines for Data Analysis and Results Presented in Studies | 310 | ||
| Statistics conducted to examine relationships | 312 | ||
| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation | 312 | ||
| Interpreting Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis Results | 313 | ||
| Testing the Significance of a Correlation Coefficient | 314 | ||
| Factor Analysis | 316 | ||
| Statistics conducted to predict outcomes | 317 | ||
| Regression Analysis | 317 | ||
| Interpreting Regression Analysis Results | 317 | ||
| Statistics conducted to examine differences | 319 | ||
| Chi-Square Test of Independence | 320 | ||
| Interpreting Chi-Square Results | 320 | ||
| t-Test | 321 | ||
| Interpreting t-Test Results | 322 | ||
| Analysis of Variance | 323 | ||
| Interpreting Analysis of Variance Results | 324 | ||
| Analysis of Covariance | 325 | ||
| Interpreting research outcomes | 326 | ||
| Types of Results | 326 | ||
| Significant and Predicted Results | 326 | ||
| Nonsignificant Results | 326 | ||
| Significant and Unpredicted Results | 326 | ||
| Mixed Results | 326 | ||
| Unexpected Results | 327 | ||
| Findings | 327 | ||
| Exploring the Significance of Findings | 327 | ||
| Clinical Importance of Findings | 327 | ||
| Limitations | 328 | ||
| Conclusions | 328 | ||
| Generalizing the Findings | 328 | ||
| Implications for Nursing | 328 | ||
| Recommendations for Further Studies | 328 | ||
| Key Points | 330 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| Chapter 12: Critical Appraisal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Nursing Practice | 333 | ||
| Purpose of conducting critical appraisals of studies in nursing | 334 | ||
| Students’ Critical Appraisal of Studies | 334 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Studies by Practicing Nurses, Nurse Educators, and Researchers | 335 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research Following Presentation and Publication | 335 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research for Presentation and Publication | 336 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research Proposals | 336 | ||
| Key principles for conducting intellectual critical appraisals of quantitative and qualitative studies | 336 | ||
| Understanding the quantitative research critical appraisal process | 338 | ||
| Step 1: Identifying the Steps of the Research Process in Studies | 343 | ||
| Step 2: Determining the Strengths and Weaknesses in Studies | 343 | ||
| Step 3: Evaluating the Credibility and Meaning of Study Findings | 344 | ||
| Example of a critical appraisal of a quantitative study | 344 | ||
| Understanding the qualitative research critical appraisal process | 357 | ||
| Step 1: Identifying the Components of the Qualitative Research Process in Studies | 361 | ||
| Step 2: Determining the Strengths and Weaknesses in Studies | 361 | ||
| Step 3: Evaluating the Trustworthiness and Meaning of Study Findings | 362 | ||
| Example of a critical appraisal of a qualitative study | 362 | ||
| Key Points | 384 | ||
| References | 385 | ||
| Chapter 13: Building an Evidence-Based Nursing Practice | 387 | ||
| Benefits and challenges related to evidence-based nursing practice | 388 | ||
| Benefits of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice | 388 | ||
| Challenges to Evidence-Based Nursing Practice | 390 | ||
| Developing clinical questions to search for existing research-based evidence for use in practice | 390 | ||
| Evidence Focused on Aspiration During Intramuscular Injections | 392 | ||
| Critically appraising research syntheses: systematic reviews and meta-analyses | 394 | ||
| Critically Appraising Systematic Reviews | 394 | ||
| Step 1: Did the title indicate if a systematic review or meta-analysis was conducted? | 394 | ||
| Step 2: Did the abstract include a structured summary of the research synthesis? | 396 | ||
| Step 3: Was a significant, clear clinical question developed to direct the research synthesis? | 396 | ||
| Step 4: Were the purpose and/or the objectives or aims of the review expressed? | 397 | ||
| Step 5: Was the literature search criteria clearly identified? | 397 | ||
| Step 6: Was a comprehensive, systematic search of the research literature conducted? | 397 | ||
| Step 7: Was the process for selecting the studies for review detailed? | 398 | ||
| Step 8: Were publication biases addressed? | 400 | ||
| Step 9: Were key elements of the studies presented? | 400 | ||
| Step 10: Were the studies critically appraised and the risks for biases described? | 400 | ||
| Step 11: Was a meta-analysis conducted as part of the systematic review? | 401 | ||
| Step 12: Were the results of the review clearly presented? | 401 | ||
| Step 13: Did the report conclude with a clear discussion section? | 402 | ||
| Step 14: Was a clear and concise report developed for publication? | 402 | ||
| Critically Appraising Meta-Analyses | 402 | ||
| Clinical Question Directing a Meta-Analysis | 404 | ||
| Purpose and Questions to Direct a Meta-Analysis | 404 | ||
| Search Criteria and Strategies for Meta-Analyses | 404 | ||
| Possible Biases for Meta-Analyses | 405 | ||
| Results of Meta-Analysis | 406 | ||
| Critically appraising meta-syntheses | 406 | ||
| Introducing and Framing the Meta-Synthesis | 407 | ||
| Searching the Literature and Selecting Sources | 408 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Studies and Analysis of Data | 410 | ||
| Discussion of Meta-Synthesis Findings | 410 | ||
| Critically appraising mixed-methods systematic reviews | 410 | ||
| Introduction of the Mixed-Methods Systematic Review | 412 | ||
| Literature Search Methods and Selection of Sources | 412 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Studies and Results | 413 | ||
| Findings, Conclusions, and Implications for Research and Practice | 413 | ||
| Models to promote evidence-based practice in nursing | 414 | ||
| Stetler Model of Research Utilization to Facilitate Evidence-Based Practice | 414 | ||
| Phase I: Preparation | 414 | ||
| Phase II: Validation | 414 | ||
| Phase III: Comparative Evaluation/Decision Making | 415 | ||
| Phase IV: Translation/Application | 416 | ||
| Phase V: Evaluation | 416 | ||
| Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice | 416 | ||
| Application of the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice | 418 | ||
| Implementing evidence-based guidelines in practice | 420 | ||
| Resources for Evidence-Based Guidelines | 421 | ||
| Implementing an Evidence-Based Guideline for Management of Hypertension in Adults | 421 | ||
| Authors of the Guidelines | 422 | ||
| Significance of Healthcare Problem | 422 | ||
| Strength of Research Evidence | 423 | ||
| Link to National Standards and Cost-Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Guideline | 424 | ||
| Implementation of the Evidence-Based Guideline in Practice | 424 | ||
| Introduction to evidence-based practice centers | 425 | ||
| Introduction to translational research | 425 | ||
| Key Points | 426 | ||
| References | 427 | ||
| Chapter 14: Introduction to Additional Research Methodologies in Nursing: Mixed Methods and Outcomes Research | 430 | ||
| Mixed methods research and design | 431 | ||
| Philosophical Foundations of Mixed Methods Designs | 431 | ||
| Overview of Mixed Methods Designs | 431 | ||
| Convergent Concurrent Strategy | 432 | ||
| Exploratory Sequential Strategy | 433 | ||
| Explanatory Sequential Strategy | 435 | ||
| Challenges of Mixed Methods Designs | 436 | ||
| Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Data | 436 | ||
| Use of Resources | 436 | ||
| Funding | 437 | ||
| Critically Appraising Mixed Methods Designs | 437 | ||
| Significance | 437 | ||
| Expertise | 438 | ||
| Appropriateness | 439 | ||
| Sampling | 439 | ||
| Methods | 439 | ||
| Findings | 440 | ||
| Conclusions and Implications | 441 | ||
| Contributions to Knowledge | 441 | ||
| Outcomes research | 441 | ||
| Theoretical Basis of Outcomes Research | 442 | ||
| Nursing-Sensitive Outcomes | 443 | ||
| Origins of Outcomes and Performance Monitoring | 445 | ||
| National Initiatives in Outcomes Research | 446 | ||
| Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | 446 | ||
| Patient-Centered Outcomes Research | 446 | ||
| National Quality Forum | 447 | ||
| National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators | 447 | ||
| Oncology Nursing Society | 449 | ||
| Advanced Practice Nursing Outcomes Research | 449 | ||
| Outcomes Research and Nursing Practice | 449 | ||
| Evaluating Outcomes of Care | 449 | ||
| Evaluating Structure of Care | 452 | ||
| Evaluating Process of Care | 453 | ||
| Standards of care. | 453 | ||
| Practice styles, practice patterns, and evidence-based practice. | 453 | ||
| Methodologies for Outcomes Studies | 453 | ||
| Samples and Sampling | 454 | ||
| Large databases as sample sources. | 454 | ||
| Study Designs | 455 | ||
| Prospective cohort studies. | 456 | ||
| Retrospective cohort studies. | 456 | ||
| Population-based studies. | 457 | ||
| Economic studies. | 458 | ||
| Measurement Methods | 458 | ||
| Statistical Methods for Outcomes Studies | 459 | ||
| Analysis of Change | 459 | ||
| Analysis of Improvement | 459 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Outcomes Studies | 459 | ||
| Key Points | 462 | ||
| References | 463 | ||
| Glossary | 467 | ||
| Index | 487 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ES3 |