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Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Richard Polin’s Neonatology Questions and Controversies series highlights the most challenging aspects of neonatal care, offering trustworthy guidance on up-to-date diagnostic and treatment options in the field. In each volume, renowned experts address the clinical problems of greatest concern to today’s practitioners, helping you handle difficult practice issues and provide optimal, evidence-based care to every patient.
- Stay fully up to date in this fast-changing field with Nephrology and Fluid/Electrolyte Physiology, 3rd Edition.
- New chapters on Inherited Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium; Fluid and Electrolyte Management of High Risk Infants; Renal Development and Molecular Pathogenesis of Renal Dysplasia; and Prenatal Programming, which describes how prenatal insults can result in hypertension, kidney and cardiovascular disease.
- The most current clinical information, including new content on the molecular basis for hereditary tubulopathies and inherited disorders of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium homeostasis.
- New information on genetics and pharmacology, neonatal hypertension, diuretic use in the newborn, prenatal programming of adult diseases, lung fluid balance, and much more.
- Consistent chapter organization to help you find information quickly and easily.
- The most authoritative advice available from world-class neonatologists who share their knowledge of new trends and developments in neonatal care.
Purchase each volume individually, or get the entire 7-volume set! Gastroenterology and Nutrition Hematology, Immunology and Genetics Hemodynamics and Cardiology Infectious Disease and Pharmacology New Volume! Nephrology and Fluid/Electrolyte Physiology Neurology The Newborn Lung
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult ad with PIN code | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Series page | ii | ||
| Nephrology and Fluid/Electrolyte Physiology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Series Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| A Fetal and Neonatal Fluid and Electrolyte Composition | 1 | ||
| 1 Water Flux and Amniotic Fluid Volume | 3 | ||
| Abstract | 3.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 3.e1 | ||
| Clinical Scenarios | 3 | ||
| Maternal Dehydration | 3 | ||
| Reduced Maternal Plasma Oncotic Pressure | 4 | ||
| Fetal Water | 4 | ||
| Placental Water Flux | 4 | ||
| Fetal Water Compartments | 5 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Volume and Composition | 5 | ||
| Fetal Water Circulation | 6 | ||
| Urine Production | 6 | ||
| Lung Fluid Production | 6 | ||
| Fetal Swallowing | 7 | ||
| Intramembranous Flow | 7 | ||
| Mechanisms of Water Flow | 8 | ||
| Mechanism of Placental Water Flow | 9 | ||
| Placental Anatomy | 9 | ||
| Controversies in Placental Flow | 10 | ||
| Mechanism of Intramembranous Flow | 11 | ||
| Membrane Anatomy | 11 | ||
| Controversies Regarding Intramembranous Flow | 11 | ||
| Aquaporins | 12 | ||
| Aquaporins in Placentas and Membranes | 13 | ||
| Aquaporin and Intramembranous Water Flow | 14 | ||
| Conclusion | 14 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| 2 Body Composition in the Fetus and Newborn | 19 | ||
| Abstract | 19.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 19.e1 | ||
| Body Fluid Compartments | 19 | ||
| Body Water in Fetal Growth Aberration | 20 | ||
| Large for Gestational Age | 20 | ||
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction or Small for Gestational Age | 21 | ||
| Body Water and Solids in Intrauterine Growth Restriction or Small for Gestational Age Infants | 21 | ||
| Transitional Changes of Body Water After Birth | 23 | ||
| Clinical Implications of Transitional Body Water Changes in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants | 25 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| B Perinatal Mineral, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis | 29 | ||
| 3 Potassium Metabolism | 31 | ||
| Abstract | 31.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 31.e1 | ||
| Normal Metabolism | 31 | ||
| General Background | 31 | ||
| Regulation of Internal Potassium Balance | 31 | ||
| Regulation of External Potassium Balance | 33 | ||
| Routes of Potassium Excretion | 33 | ||
| Regulation of Potassium Excretion: Circadian Rhythm, Feedback, and Feedforward | 33 | ||
| Renal Potassium Handling | 34 | ||
| Proximal Tubule | 36 | ||
| Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle | 36 | ||
| Distal Nephron | 37 | ||
| Influencing Renal Potassium Excretion | 37 | ||
| Developmental Physiology | 40 | ||
| Potassium During Somatic Growth | 40 | ||
| Changes in Internal Potassium Balance | 40 | ||
| Changes in External Potassium Balance | 41 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 41 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 41 | ||
| Pseudohyperkalemia | 41 | ||
| Disorders of Internal Potassium Balance | 42 | ||
| Disorder of External Potassium Balance | 42 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 43 | ||
| Disorders of Internal Potassium Balance | 43 | ||
| Disorders of External Potassium Balance | 43 | ||
| Conclusions | 45 | ||
| References | 45 | ||
| 4 Renal Aspects of Sodium Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate | 47 | ||
| Abstract | 47.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 47.e1 | ||
| Fluid Compartments | 47 | ||
| Placenta and Amniotic Fluid | 47 | ||
| Developmental Changes in Renal Function and Tubular Transport | 49 | ||
| Renal Tubular Sodium Transport | 49 | ||
| Proximal Tubule Sodium Transport | 49 | ||
| Proximal Tubule Water Transport | 52 | ||
| Development of Proximal Tubule Sodium Reabsorption | 52 | ||
| Development of Proximal Tubule Water Permeability | 53 | ||
| Thin Descending and Thin Ascending Loops of Henle | 55 | ||
| Thick Ascending Limb of Henle | 55 | ||
| Distal Convoluted Tubule | 56 | ||
| Collecting Duct | 57 | ||
| Developmental Changes in CCD Sodium Transport | 60 | ||
| Developmental Changes in CCD Water Transport | 60 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| 5 Perinatal Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism | 65 | ||
| Abstract | 65.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 65.e1 | ||
| Body Distribution of Calcium and Phosphorous | 65 | ||
| Calcium | 65 | ||
| Phosphorus | 66 | ||
| Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis | 67 | ||
| Placental Transport | 67 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 68 | ||
| Vitamin D | 68 | ||
| Calcitonin | 69 | ||
| Regulation of Phosphorus Homeostasis | 69 | ||
| Placental Transport | 69 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 70 | ||
| Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 | 70 | ||
| Renal Excretion | 72 | ||
| Clinical Disorders Associated With Abnormal Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis | 73 | ||
| Neonatal Hypocalcemia | 73 | ||
| Definition | 73 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 73 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 73 | ||
| Diagnosis | 74 | ||
| Therapeutic Approaches | 74 | ||
| Neonatal Hypercalcemia | 75 | ||
| Definition | 75 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 75 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 76 | ||
| Diagnosis | 76 | ||
| Therapeutic Approaches | 77 | ||
| Neonatal Hypophosphatemia | 78 | ||
| Definition | 78 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 78 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 79 | ||
| Therapeutic Approaches | 79 | ||
| Neonatal Hyperphosphatemia | 80 | ||
| Definition | 80 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 80 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 80 | ||
| Therapeutic Approaches | 81 | ||
| References | 81 | ||
| 6 Acid-Base Homeostasis in the Fetus and Newborn | 85 | ||
| Abstract | 85.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 85.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 85 | ||
| Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis | 85 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis | 85 | ||
| Correction of Fetal Respiratory Acidosis | 86 | ||
| Correction of Postnatal Respiratory Acidosis | 86 | ||
| Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis | 86 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 86 | ||
| Fetoplacental Elimination of Metabolic Acid Load | 87 | ||
| Postnatal Elimination of Metabolic Acid Load | 88 | ||
| Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis | 89 | ||
| Respiratory Alkalosis | 89 | ||
| Correction of Fetal Respiratory Alkalosis | 89 | ||
| Correction of Postnatal Respiratory Alkalosis | 90 | ||
| Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis | 90 | ||
| Metabolic Alkalosis | 90 | ||
| Correction of Fetal Metabolic Alkalosis | 90 | ||
| Correction of Postnatal Metabolic Alkalosis | 90 | ||
| Normal Acid-Base Balance and Growth | 91 | ||
| Obstetrical Management and Fetal and Neonatal Acid-Base Balance | 92 | ||
| Summary | 93 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| C Glomerular Filtration Rate in Neonates | 97 | ||
| 7 Glomerular Filtration Rate in Neonates | 99 | ||
| Abstract | 99.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 99.e1 | ||
| Development of Glomerular Filtration | 99 | ||
| Vasoactive Factors | 100 | ||
| Angiotensin II | 100 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 101 | ||
| Maturational Aspects of the Renin-Angiotensin and Prostaglandins Systems | 101 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin System | 101 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 102 | ||
| Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 102 | ||
| Endogenous Markers | 103 | ||
| Creatinine | 103 | ||
| Creatinine as a Marker of Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Neonate | 103 | ||
| Plasma Creatinine Concentration | 104 | ||
| Estimation of Creatinine Clearance by the Length/Plasma Creatinine Ratio | 106 | ||
| U • V/P Urinary Clearance of Creatinine | 106 | ||
| Special Case of Cystatin C: A Nonclassical Glomerular Marker! | 106 | ||
| Cystatin C as a Marker of Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Neonate | 108 | ||
| Serum Cystatin Concentration | 108 | ||
| Exogenous Markers of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 109 | ||
| Inulin | 109 | ||
| Inulin as a Marker of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Neonates | 109 | ||
| Urinary U • V/P Clearance of Inulin | 109 | ||
| Constant Infusion Technique Without Urine Collection | 109 | ||
| Single-Injection (Plasma Disappearance Curve) Technique | 110 | ||
| Iohexol | 110 | ||
| Iothalamate Sodium | 110 | ||
| 99mTc-Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid and 51Cr-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid | 110 | ||
| Assessment of Renal Function in Neonates: Which Method for Which Purpose? | 110 | ||
| Developmental Investigative Studies | 110 | ||
| Clinical Purposes | 111 | ||
| Conditions and Factors That Impair Glomerular Filtration Rate | 111 | ||
| Perinatal Asphyxia | 111 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents | 112 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists | 113 | ||
| Prevention of Oliguric States Caused by Low Glomerular Filtration Rate | 113 | ||
| Furosemide in Oliguric Neonates | 113 | ||
| Dopaminergic Agents (Dopamine, Dopexamine) in Oliguric Neonates | 113 | ||
| Theophylline in Oliguric Neonates | 113 | ||
| References | 114 | ||
| D Normal and Abnormal Renal Development and Abnormalities of Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis | 119 | ||
| 8 Renal Development and Molecular Pathogenesis of Renal Dysplasia | 121 | ||
| Abstract | 121.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 121.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 121 | ||
| Nephrogenic Mesenchyme | 121 | ||
| Specification of Nephrogenic Mesenchyme | 122 | ||
| Nephron Induction | 123 | ||
| Nephron Segmentation | 124 | ||
| Podocyte Differentiation | 124 | ||
| Ureteric Bud | 124 | ||
| Development of the Nephric Duct | 125 | ||
| Ureteric Bud Outgrowth | 125 | ||
| Ureteric Bud Branching Morphogenesis and Collecting Duct Elongation | 127 | ||
| Stromal Mesenchyme | 127 | ||
| Origin and Development | 127 | ||
| Stromal Genetics (and Epigenetics) Implicated in Renal Development | 128 | ||
| Vasculature | 129 | ||
| Origin and Development of Renal Endothelial Cells | 129 | ||
| Renal Vascular Mural Cell Development, Genetics, and Epigenetics | 129 | ||
| Human Renal Dysplasia | 130 | ||
| Syndromic Renal Dysplasia | 131 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| 9 Prenatal Programming of Hypertension and Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease | 139 | ||
| Abstract | 139.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 139.e1 | ||
| Prenatal Programming of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease | 139 | ||
| Prenatal Programming of Nephron Endowment: Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension | 140 | ||
| Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis | 142 | ||
| Animal Models of Prenatal Programming | 143 | ||
| Postnatal Modulation of Prenatal Insults | 145 | ||
| Very Premature Infants and Programming | 146 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| 10 Fluid and Electrolyte Management of High-Risk Infants | 151 | ||
| Abstract | 151.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 151.e1 | ||
| Changes in Body Water in the Fetus and Newborn | 151 | ||
| Fetal Water Balance | 151 | ||
| Newborn Water Balance | 152 | ||
| Insensible Water Loss | 153 | ||
| Fetal Sodium Balance | 153 | ||
| Neonatal Sodium Balance | 154 | ||
| Aldosterone | 155 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide | 155 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin System | 156 | ||
| Principles of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy | 156 | ||
| Calculations of Fluid Requirement | 156 | ||
| Calculations of Electrolyte Requirements | 158 | ||
| References | 161 | ||
| 11 Renal Modulation | 165 | ||
| Abstract | 165.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 165.e1 | ||
| Components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | 165 | ||
| Angiotensin Generation | 165 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin System Outside Juxtaglomerular Cells | 166 | ||
| Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Nonangiotensin-Converting Enzymes Other Than the Production of Angiotensin II | 167 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 168 | ||
| Adipocyte | 168 | ||
| Kidney | 168 | ||
| Blood Vessel | 169 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin System and Brain | 169 | ||
| Angiotensin II and Its Metabolites | 169 | ||
| Aldosterone | 171 | ||
| Gene Targeting of Angiotensin Synthesis: Lessons From Genetically Manipulated Rodents | 171 | ||
| Gene Targeting of Angiotensin Receptors: Lessons From Genetically Manipulated Rodents | 172 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptors | 172 | ||
| Gene Targeting of Angiotensin Receptors | 174 | ||
| Other Angiotensin Receptors | 174 | ||
| (Pro)Renin Receptor | 174 | ||
| Physiologic Effects of Angiotensin II | 175 | ||
| Via the Ang II Type 1 Receptor | 175 | ||
| Via the Ang II Type 2 Receptor | 176 | ||
| Indirect Effects | 176 | ||
| Regulators of the Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System | 176 | ||
| Ontogeny | 176 | ||
| Development of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Structure of the Kidney and Urinary Tract | 176 | ||
| Postnatal Changes in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Structure and Function in Humans | 176 | ||
| Studies in Humans | 176 | ||
| Postnatal Changes in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Structure and Function in Humans | 177 | ||
| Unconventional Behavior of Renin-Angiotensin System Components | 178 | ||
| Fetal Programming for Hypertension: Failure of Renoprotection? | 178 | ||
| Clinical Aspects | 178 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| 12 Renal Modulation | 189 | ||
| Abstract | 189.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 189.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 189 | ||
| Arginine Vasopressin | 189 | ||
| Arginine Vasopressin Synthesis and Secretion | 189 | ||
| Development | 191 | ||
| Vasopressin Signal Transduction | 192 | ||
| Development | 192 | ||
| Aquaporins: Water Channels | 193 | ||
| Development | 194 | ||
| Medullary Interstitium Tonicity | 194 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide | 194 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Synthesis and Secretion | 194 | ||
| Development | 196 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Signal Transduction | 196 | ||
| Development | 197 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| 13 Acute Problems of Prematurity | 205 | ||
| Abstract | 205.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 205.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 205 | ||
| Immature Epidermal Barrier Function and the Extremely Low Birth Weight Habitus | 206 | ||
| Transcutaneous (Insensible) Water Loss | 207 | ||
| Water Loss and Pathogenesis of Transcutaneous Dehydration | 208 | ||
| Salt Restriction Prophylaxis | 209 | ||
| Nonoliguric Hyperkalemia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants | 210 | ||
| The Epidermal Barrier: Reducing Transcutaneous Evaporation | 213 | ||
| Environmental Humidification | 213 | ||
| Skin Emollients | 214 | ||
| Plastic Shields, Bags, or Blankets | 215 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema Formation | 215 | ||
| Prevention of Iatrogenic Fluid Overload | 216 | ||
| Diuretic Therapy | 218 | ||
| Corticosteroid Therapy | 218 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances and Neurodevelopment | 218 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 218 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 219 | ||
| Areas for Further Investigation | 220 | ||
| Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Suggestions for Vigilant Fluid Balance Therapy in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants | 220 | ||
| References | 221 | ||
| 14 Lung Fluid Balance in Developing Lungs and Its Role in Neonatal Transition | 225 | ||
| Abstract | 225.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 225.e1 | ||
| Fetal Lung Liquid and Its Physiologic Significance | 225 | ||
| How Is the Fetal Lung Fluid Cleared? | 228 | ||
| Sodium Channel Pathology in the Lung | 229 | ||
| What Causes the Neonatal Lung Epithelium to Switch to an Absorptive Mode? | 231 | ||
| Summary | 233 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| 15 Use of Diuretics in the Newborn | 237 | ||
| Abstract | 237.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 237.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 237 | ||
| Body Fluid Homeostasis | 237 | ||
| Extracellular Fluid Volume | 237 | ||
| Plasma Osmolality | 238 | ||
| Clinical Use of Diuretics | 238 | ||
| Sodium-Retaining States | 238 | ||
| Oliguric States | 238 | ||
| Respiratory Disorders | 238 | ||
| Central Nervous System Disorders | 238 | ||
| Electrolyte Disorders | 238 | ||
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | 239 | ||
| Arterial Hypertension | 239 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Tubulopathies | 239 | ||
| Classification of Diuretics According to the Site of Action | 239 | ||
| Filtration Diuretics | 240 | ||
| Osmotic Diuretics | 242 | ||
| Chemistry | 242 | ||
| Mechanisms and Sites of Action | 242 | ||
| Index | 411 | ||
| A | 411 | ||
| B | 412 | ||
| C | 413 | ||
| D | 414 | ||
| E | 415 | ||
| F | 416 | ||
| G | 417 | ||
| H | 418 | ||
| I | 419 | ||
| J | 419 | ||
| K | 419 | ||
| L | 420 | ||
| M | 420 | ||
| N | 421 | ||
| O | 422 | ||
| P | 422 | ||
| R | 424 | ||
| S | 424 | ||
| T | 425 | ||
| U | 426 | ||
| V | 426 | ||
| W | 427 | ||
| X | 427 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key ad | IBC1 |