BOOK
Cardiovascular Disease, An Issue of Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, E-Book
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, Guest Edited by Dr. Mark B. Stephens, is devoted to Cardiovascular Disease. Articles in this issue include: State of the Heart: Overview of disease burden of cardiovascular disease from an epidemiologic perspective; Heavy Heart: Economic burden of heart disease with projections/implications for impact on the health care system; Prevention of Heart Disease; Coronary Artery Disease; Congestive Heart Failure; Valvular Heart Disease; Peripheral Vascular Disease; The Athlete’s Heart and Sudden Death; Metabolic Syndrome: systems thinking in heart disease; Women and Heart Disease; Heart Disease in Children; and Cardiac Imaging.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: The Price of the Heart | vii | ||
| Preface: Be Still My Beating Heart: Cardiovascular Disease in the United States | vii | ||
| State of the Heart: An Overview of the Disease Burden of Cardiovascular Disease from an Epidemiologic Perspective | vii | ||
| Heavy Heart: The Economic Burden of Heart Disease in the United States Now and in the Future | vii | ||
| Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease | vii | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease: Diagnosis and Management | viii | ||
| Heart Failure: Optimizing Recognition and Management in Outpatient Settings | viii | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | viii | ||
| Preparticipation Screening of Young Athletes: Identifying Cardiovascular Disease | viii | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome: Systems Thinking in Heart Disease | ix | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease in Women | ix | ||
| Heart Disease in Children | ix | ||
| Cardiac Imaging Modalities and Appropriate Use | ix | ||
| PRIMARY CARE:\rCLINICS IN OFFICE PRACTICE\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2018 | xi | ||
| September 2018 | xi | ||
| December 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2017 | xi | ||
| September 2017 | xi | ||
| June 2017 | xi | ||
| Foreword: The Price of the Heart\r\r | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rBe Still My Beating Heart: Cardiovascular Disease in the United States | xv | ||
| State of the Heart | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 2 | ||
| Nonmodifiable Risk Factors | 2 | ||
| Maybe Modifiable Risk Factors | 2 | ||
| Modifiable Risk Factors | 3 | ||
| PREVALENCE OR INCIDENCE | 4 | ||
| CLINICAL CORRELATION | 8 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPACT OF SELECT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS | 8 | ||
| COMMUNITY HEALTH | 9 | ||
| PREVENTION: THE KEY TO EPIDEMIOLOGIC CHANGE, PRENATAL CARE | 9 | ||
| CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE | 10 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION IN WOMEN | 10 | ||
| SUMMARY | 11 | ||
| REFERENCES | 12 | ||
| Heavy Heart | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| THE COST OF CARDIOVASCULAR CARE AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS | 17 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM | 18 | ||
| EXPLORING COST GROWTH IN CARDIOVASCULAR CARE | 19 | ||
| FLAT OF THE CURVE CARE IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE | 20 | ||
| FLAT-OF-THE-CURVE “EXPANDED USE” IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE | 21 | ||
| SUPPLY-SENSITIVE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE | 21 | ||
| SUMMARY | 23 | ||
| REFERENCES | 23 | ||
| Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease | 25 | ||
| Key points | 25 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 25 | ||
| PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION | 26 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE USE OF GLOBAL RISK CALCULATORS | 26 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION AND THE SIMPLE 7 | 27 | ||
| A CLOSER LOOK AT THE SIMPLE 7: TOBACCO CESSATION | 29 | ||
| WEIGHT MANAGEMENT | 29 | ||
| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | 30 | ||
| DIETARY INTAKE | 30 | ||
| Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet | 30 | ||
| Mediterranean Diet | 31 | ||
| American Heart Association Heart-Healthy Eating Pattern | 33 | ||
| LIPID MANAGEMENT | 33 | ||
| Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins | 34 | ||
| Nonstatin Medications | 35 | ||
| HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT | 35 | ||
| GLUCOSE MANAGEMENT | 38 | ||
| ASPIRIN | 39 | ||
| SUMMARY | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 40 | ||
| Heart Failure | 63 | ||
| Key points | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| Nature of the Problem | 64 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 64 | ||
| Diagnosis of Heart Failure | 64 | ||
| TREATMENT | 66 | ||
| Stage A | 66 | ||
| Hypertension | 66 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 68 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 68 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 69 | ||
| Tobacco | 69 | ||
| Obesity | 69 | ||
| Stage B | 69 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatments | 69 | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 69 | ||
| Angiotensin-receptor blockers | 69 | ||
| Beta-blockers | 69 | ||
| Thiazide diuretics | 70 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 70 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatments | 70 | ||
| Implantable cardiac defibrillator | 70 | ||
| Stage C | 70 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatments | 70 | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 70 | ||
| Angiotensin-receptor blockers | 70 | ||
| Angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor | 71 | ||
| Beta-blockers | 71 | ||
| Aldosterone antagonists | 72 | ||
| Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate | 72 | ||
| Loop diuretics | 72 | ||
| Ivabradine | 72 | ||
| Digoxin | 72 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatments | 73 | ||
| Implantable cardiac defibrillator | 73 | ||
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 73 | ||
| Stage D | 73 | ||
| Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction | 73 | ||
| Blood pressure control | 73 | ||
| Volume management | 74 | ||
| Statins | 74 | ||
| Other considerations | 74 | ||
| SELF-MANAGEMENT | 74 | ||
| SUMMARY | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 75 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 81 | ||
| Key points | 81 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 82 | ||
| AORTIC STENOSIS | 82 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 82 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 83 | ||
| Symptoms | 83 | ||
| Murmur | 83 | ||
| Diagnosis | 84 | ||
| Surveillance and Referral | 84 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 84 | ||
| AORTIC REGURGITATION | 85 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 85 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 85 | ||
| Symptoms | 85 | ||
| Murmur | 85 | ||
| Diagnosis | 86 | ||
| Surveillance or Referral | 86 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 86 | ||
| MITRAL STENOSIS | 86 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 87 | ||
| Symptoms | 87 | ||
| Physical Examination and Diagnosis | 87 | ||
| Surveillance and Referral | 88 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 88 | ||
| MITRAL REGURGITATION | 88 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 89 | ||
| Symptoms | 89 | ||
| Physical Examination and Diagnosis | 89 | ||
| Surveillance and Referral | 90 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 90 | ||
| TRICUSPID STENOSIS | 90 | ||
| Physical Examination | 91 | ||
| Diagnosis | 91 | ||
| Management | 91 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 91 | ||
| TRICUSPID REGURGITATION | 91 | ||
| Diagnosis | 92 | ||
| Management | 92 | ||
| Indications for Intervention | 92 | ||
| PULMONIC VALVE DISEASE | 92 | ||
| REFERENCES | 93 | ||
| Preparticipation Screening of Young Athletes | 95 | ||
| Key points | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 95 | ||
| Overview of Athlete’s Heart | 96 | ||
| Overview of Sudden Cardiac Death | 98 | ||
| THE CARDIOVASCULAR PREPARTICIPATION EVALUATION | 99 | ||
| Patient History | 100 | ||
| Physical Examination | 101 | ||
| IMAGING AND ADDITIONAL TESTING | 102 | ||
| CARDIAC CLEARANCE FOR PARTICIPATION | 105 | ||
| SUMMARY | 105 | ||
| REFERENCES | 105 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 109 | ||
| Key points | 109 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 109 | ||
| COMMON CLINICAL SCENARIOS | 110 | ||
| DEFINITION | 110 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 113 | ||
| FRUCTOSE AND URIC ACID | 113 | ||
| METABOLIC SYNDROME PHENOTYPES AND STAGING | 114 | ||
| MANAGEMENT: TREATMENT GOALS IN METABOLIC SYNDROME | 115 | ||
| Lifestyle Changes | 115 | ||
| Commercial Weight Loss Programs | 117 | ||
| Exercise | 117 | ||
| Dietary Approaches | 118 | ||
| Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | 118 | ||
| Mediterranean diet | 118 | ||
| Dietary sugar | 118 | ||
| Low glycemic diet | 119 | ||
| When Are Medications an Option? | 119 | ||
| Who Is a Candidate for Surgery? | 120 | ||
| Self-Management Strategies | 120 | ||
| CASE DISCUSSIONS REVISITED | 120 | ||
| Case 1: Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype: Adiposity, Vascular, Other; Stage D | 123 | ||
| Case 2: Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype: Insulin Resistance, Other; Stage B | 123 | ||
| Case 3: Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype: Lipid Dominant, Insulin Resistance; Stage C | 123 | ||
| Case 4: Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype: Preadiposity Dominant, Pre-insulin Resistance; Stage A | 123 | ||
| SUMMARY | 125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease in Women | 131 | ||
| Key points | 131 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN | 132 | ||
| CORONARY MICROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION | 132 | ||
| SPECIFIC NUANCE OF HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN: SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION, APICAL BALLOONING SYNDROME, CORONARY VAS ... | 133 | ||
| ATHEROSCLEROTIC CORONARY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE IN WOMEN | 134 | ||
| HORMONAL DIFFERENCES: PHYSIOLOGIC AND IATROGENIC | 135 | ||
| PREGNANCY-RELATED CONDITIONS: PREECLAMPSIA AND PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY | 136 | ||
| BREAST CANCER THERAPY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 137 | ||
| GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PHARMACOTHERAPY | 138 | ||
| SUMMARY | 138 | ||
| REFERENCES | 139 | ||
| Heart Disease in Children | 143 | ||
| Key points | 143 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 143 | ||
| THE FETAL CIRCULATION AND TRANSITION TO NEONATAL LIFE | 143 | ||
| SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: WHEN AND WHO? | 144 | ||
| DUCTAL-DEPENDENT CRITICAL CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 146 | ||
| ROUTINE WELL-CHILD CHECKUP: WHO NEEDS TO SEE A PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGIST? | 146 | ||
| History | 146 | ||
| Vital Signs (Including the Growth Chart) | 146 | ||
| Physical Examination—Murmurs are Common | 146 | ||
| COMMON CHIEF COMPLAINTS IN THE OFFICE: CHEST PAIN, SYNCOPE, AND IRREGULAR HEART RHYTHM | 147 | ||
| SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION: SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT | 148 | ||
| DYSLIPIDEMIA SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT | 148 | ||
| ENDOCARDITIS IN CHILDREN | 149 | ||
| KAWASAKI DISEASE | 151 | ||
| GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS PHARYNGITIS: PREVENTING ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE | 151 | ||
| THE ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE IN CHILDREN WITH HEART TRANSPLANTATIONS | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | 153 | ||
| Cardiac Imaging Modalities and Appropriate Use | 155 | ||
| Key points | 155 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 156 | ||
| CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORING AND CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY | 156 | ||
| CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORING | 157 | ||
| Technique | 157 | ||
| Incidental Coronary Calcium on Noncardiac Chest Computed Tomography | 157 | ||
| Appropriate Use | 157 | ||
| CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY | 158 | ||
| Technique | 158 | ||
| Imaging Challenges | 158 | ||
| Appropriate Use | 159 | ||
| Radiation Dose | 159 | ||
| Interpretation | 160 | ||
| CARDIAC MRI: “ONE-STOP SHOP”? | 160 | ||
| CARDIAC MRI | 162 | ||
| Technique | 162 | ||
| Imaging Challenges and Patient Safety | 162 | ||
| Implanted Devices | 163 | ||
| Stress Testing | 164 | ||
| MRI Contrast Agents | 164 | ||
| Appropriate Use | 164 | ||
| SUMMARY | 165 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 165 | ||
| REFERENCES | 166 |