Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Exploring the immunologic concerns of both large and small animals, Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction,10th Edition is the only complete resource on immunology for veterinary practitioners. This new edition has been meticulously updated to continue its trend of incorporating the latest advances and topics in the field. It features a straightforward presentation of basic immunologic principles along with thorough and timely information on the most significant immunologic diseases and responses seen in domestic animals.
- Comprehensive coverage clearly explains the general principles of immunology, and provides information on the most significant immunologic diseases and immunologic responses seen in domestic animals and marine mammals.
- A wealth of clinical examples show how principles will be experienced and addressed in the clinical setting.
- Educator and student resources on Evolve feature an image collection, enhanced animations, flashcards, content updates, and a test bank for instructors.
- Improved images clarify new content and enhance your understanding.
- NEW! Updated content covers new T cell subpopulations, newly described interleukins; new approaches to cancer immunotherapy; immunology of fish; and new advances in genomics.
- NEW! Learning objectives have been added to the beginning of each chapter.
- NEW! Chapter on commensal bacterial will address the role of commensal bacteria in veterinary immunology and provide convincing explanations for previously poorly understood phenomena.
- NEW! Information on the pathogenesis and treatment of atopic dermatitis has been added to help inform veterinarians who treat pets with dermatologic conditions.
- NEW! Revised content on cancer immunology reflects the vast expansion of information that has been uncovered in the past five years.
- NEW! Expanded information on the role of nutrition in animal immunity offers a rational basis for examining data of those who claim nutritional benefits.
- NEW! Full-color histologic images replace black and white images to more effectively convey concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Veterinary Immunology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface | vi | ||
| Acknowledgments | viii | ||
| Table Of Contents | ix | ||
| 1 Surviving in a Microbial World | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 1 | ||
| The Microbial World | 2 | ||
| The Defenders | 2 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 2 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 3 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 4 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 5 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 6 | ||
| Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity | 7 | ||
| Where to Go for Additional Information | 7 | ||
| 2 Innate Immunity | 9 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 9 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 9 | ||
| How Invaders Are Recognized | 9 | ||
| Pattern-Recognition Receptors | 10 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors | 10 | ||
| RIG-1-Like Receptors | 13 | ||
| NOD-Like Receptors | 13 | ||
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns | 14 | ||
| Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides | 14 | ||
| Bacterial Peptidoglycans | 14 | ||
| Bacterial DNA | 14 | ||
| Viral Nucleic Acids | 15 | ||
| Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns | 15 | ||
| Soluble Pattern-Recognition Receptors | 16 | ||
| Sentinel Cells | 17 | ||
| Macrophages | 17 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 17 | ||
| Mast Cells | 17 | ||
| 3 Humoral Innate Immunity | 18 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 18 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 18 | ||
| Products of Sentinel Cells | 18 | ||
| Cytokines | 19 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α | 19 | ||
| Interleukin-1 | 19 | ||
| Interleukin-6 | 20 | ||
| Chemokines | 20 | ||
| Inflammatory Mediators | 22 | ||
| Vasoactive Amines | 23 | ||
| Vasoactive Peptides | 23 | ||
| Vasoactive Lipids | 23 | ||
| The Coagulation System | 24 | ||
| Antimicrobial Molecules | 24 | ||
| Peptides | 24 | ||
| Lysozyme | 25 | ||
| Complement | 25 | ||
| 4 Humoral Innate Immunity | 26 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 26 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 26 | ||
| Complement Proteins | 27 | ||
| Activation Pathways | 27 | ||
| The Alternative Pathway | 27 | ||
| The Lectin Pathway | 29 | ||
| The Classical Pathway | 30 | ||
| The Amplification Pathway | 31 | ||
| Regulation of Complement Activation | 32 | ||
| Complement Receptors (CR) | 32 | ||
| Other Consequences of Complement Activation | 33 | ||
| Opsonization | 33 | ||
| Removal of Apoptotic Cells | 33 | ||
| Inflammation | 33 | ||
| Blood Coagulation | 33 | ||
| Chemotaxis | 34 | ||
| Immune Regulation | 34 | ||
| Complement Genes | 35 | ||
| Complement Deficiencies | 35 | ||
| Canine C3 Deficiency | 35 | ||
| Porcine Factor H Deficiency | 36 | ||
| Other Complement Deficiencies | 37 | ||
| 5 Cellular Innate Immunity | 38 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 38 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 38 | ||
| Leukocyte Classification | 39 | ||
| Neutrophils | 39 | ||
| Structure | 40 | ||
| Emigration From the Bloodstream | 41 | ||
| Changes in Endothelial Cells | 41 | ||
| Changes in Neutrophils | 41 | ||
| Integrins | 41 | ||
| Emigration and Swarming | 42 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 42 | ||
| Activation | 42 | ||
| Chemotaxis | 42 | ||
| Adherence and Opsonization | 43 | ||
| Extracellular Traps | 43 | ||
| Ingestion | 44 | ||
| Destruction | 45 | ||
| The Respiratory Burst | 45 | ||
| Lytic Enzymes | 46 | ||
| Cytokines | 46 | ||
| Surface Receptors | 47 | ||
| Fate | 47 | ||
| 6 Cellular Innate Immunity | 49 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 49 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 49 | ||
| Macrophages | 49 | ||
| Structure | 50 | ||
| Life History | 50 | ||
| Functions | 51 | ||
| Sentinel Cells | 51 | ||
| Inflammation | 51 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 51 | ||
| Generation of Reactive Nitrogen Species | 52 | ||
| Macrophage Polarization | 52 | ||
| Activation | 53 | ||
| Receptors | 54 | ||
| Fate of Foreign Material | 55 | ||
| Soluble Proteins Given Intravenously | 56 | ||
| Fate of Material Administered by Other Routes | 56 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 56 | ||
| Resolution of Inflammation | 57 | ||
| 7 Sickness | 60 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 60 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 60 | ||
| Sickness Behavior | 60 | ||
| Systemic Innate Responses | 62 | ||
| Metabolic Changes | 62 | ||
| Acute-Phase Proteins | 62 | ||
| Soluble Pattern-Recognition Receptors | 62 | ||
| Iron-Binding Molecules | 63 | ||
| Other Acute-Phase Proteins | 64 | ||
| Acute-Phase Proteins as “Biomarkers” of Disease | 65 | ||
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome | 65 | ||
| Bacterial Septic Shock | 65 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 66 | ||
| Multiple-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) | 68 | ||
| Bacterial Toxic Shock | 68 | ||
| SIRS-Associated Laminitis | 68 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 69 | ||
| Protein Misfolding Diseases | 69 | ||
| 8 How Immune Cells Communicate | 72 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 72 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 72 | ||
| Cytokine Nomenclature | 72 | ||
| Cytokine Functions | 73 | ||
| Cytokine Structure | 74 | ||
| Cytokine Receptors | 74 | ||
| Receptor Families | 76 | ||
| Cytokine Regulation | 76 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 77 | ||
| Protein Phosphorylation | 77 | ||
| Transduction Pathways | 78 | ||
| NF-κB Pathway | 78 | ||
| NF-AT Pathway | 79 | ||
| JAK-STAT Pathway | 80 | ||
| Gene Transcription | 81 | ||
| 9 Antigens | 82 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 82 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 82 | ||
| Microbial Antigens | 82 | ||
| Bacterial Antigens | 82 | ||
| Viral Antigens | 83 | ||
| Other Microbial Antigens | 83 | ||
| Nonmicrobial Antigens | 84 | ||
| Cell Surface Antigens | 84 | ||
| Autoantigens | 84 | ||
| What Makes a Good Antigen? | 84 | ||
| Foreignness | 85 | ||
| Epitopes | 86 | ||
| Haptens | 86 | ||
| Some Examples of Haptens | 87 | ||
| Cross-Reactions | 87 | ||
| 10 Dendritic Cells and Antigen Processing | 89 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 89 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 89 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 90 | ||
| Origin | 90 | ||
| Structure | 90 | ||
| Subpopulations | 90 | ||
| Classical DCs | 91 | ||
| Plasmacytoid DCs | 92 | ||
| Langerhans Cells | 92 | ||
| Follicular DCs | 92 | ||
| Dendritic Cell Maturation | 92 | ||
| Immature DCs | 92 | ||
| Mature DCs | 93 | ||
| Tolerance Induction | 93 | ||
| cDC1 and cDC2 Cells | 94 | ||
| Interleukin-12 | 94 | ||
| Dendritic Cells in Domestic Animals | 95 | ||
| Other Antigen-Processing Cells | 96 | ||
| Macrophages | 96 | ||
| B Cells | 96 | ||
| Other Cells | 96 | ||
| Antigen Processing | 96 | ||
| MHC Class II Pathway | 96 | ||
| MHC Class I Pathway | 97 | ||
| Cross-Priming | 99 | ||
| Histiocytosis and Histiocytomas | 99 | ||
| 11 The Major Histocompatibility Complex | 100 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 100 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 100 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex | 100 | ||
| MHC Class Ia Molecules | 101 | ||
| Structure | 101 | ||
| Gene Arrangement | 102 | ||
| Polymorphism | 102 | ||
| Nonpolymorphic MHC Class I Molecules | 102 | ||
| MHC Class II Molecules | 103 | ||
| Structure | 103 | ||
| Gene Arrangement | 104 | ||
| Polymorphism | 104 | ||
| MHC Class III Molecules | 104 | ||
| MHC of Domestic Animals | 104 | ||
| MHC Molecules and Disease | 104 | ||
| MHC and Body Odors | 107 | ||
| 12 Organs of the Immune System | 108 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 108 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 108 | ||
| Sources of Lymphocytes | 109 | ||
| Primary Lymphoid Organs | 109 | ||
| Thymus | 109 | ||
| Structure | 109 | ||
| Function | 110 | ||
| Thymic Hormones | 111 | ||
| Bursa of Fabricius | 111 | ||
| Structure | 111 | ||
| Function | 111 | ||
| Peyer’s Patches | 112 | ||
| Structure | 112 | ||
| Function | 113 | ||
| Lymphoglandular Complexes | 113 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 113 | ||
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs | 113 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 113 | ||
| Structure | 113 | ||
| Function | 115 | ||
| Lymphocyte Circulation | 117 | ||
| Species Differences | 117 | ||
| Hemolymph Nodes | 118 | ||
| Spleen | 118 | ||
| Structure of White Pulp | 118 | ||
| Function | 119 | ||
| Other Secondary Lymphoid Organs | 120 | ||
| Tertiary Lymphoid Organs | 121 | ||
| 13 Lymphocytes | 122 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 122 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 122 | ||
| Lymphocyte Structure | 122 | ||
| Lymphocyte Populations | 123 | ||
| Lymphocyte Surface Molecules | 125 | ||
| Antigen Receptor Complexes | 125 | ||
| Molecules That Regulate Lymphocyte Function | 127 | ||
| Cytokine Receptors | 128 | ||
| Antibody Receptors | 128 | ||
| Complement Receptors | 128 | ||
| Adherence Molecules | 128 | ||
| Integrins | 128 | ||
| Selectins | 129 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Superfamily | 129 | ||
| CD58 and CD2 | 129 | ||
| Other Major Surface Molecules | 129 | ||
| WC1 | 129 | ||
| Changes in Phenotype | 129 | ||
| Species Differences | 129 | ||
| Horses | 129 | ||
| Bovine | 129 | ||
| Sheep | 130 | ||
| Pigs | 130 | ||
| Dogs and Cats | 130 | ||
| Lymphocyte Mitogens | 130 | ||
| 14 Helper T Cells and Their Response to Antigens | 131 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 131 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 131 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Superfamily | 132 | ||
| T Cell Antigen Receptors | 132 | ||
| The Antigen-Binding Chains | 132 | ||
| Signal Transduction Component | 134 | ||
| CD3 Complex | 134 | ||
| CD4 and CD8 | 134 | ||
| Co-Stimulators | 134 | ||
| Co-Stimulatory Receptors | 135 | ||
| CD40-CD154 Signaling | 135 | ||
| CD28-CD80/CD86 Signaling | 135 | ||
| Co-Stimulatory Cytokines | 136 | ||
| Adhesion Molecules | 136 | ||
| Immunological Synapse Formation | 136 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 137 | ||
| Overall Considerations | 137 | ||
| Superantigens | 138 | ||
| Helper T Cell Subpopulations | 139 | ||
| Th1 Cells | 140 | ||
| Interferon-γ | 140 | ||
| Interleukin-2 | 140 | ||
| Th2 Cells | 140 | ||
| Interleukin-4 | 140 | ||
| Th17 Cells | 143 | ||
| Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) | 143 | ||
| Species Differences | 144 | ||
| γ/δ T Cells | 144 | ||
| Memory T Cells | 145 | ||
| 15 B Cells and Their Response to Antigens | 147 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 147 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 147 | ||
| B Cell Antigen Receptors | 148 | ||
| Antigen-Binding Component | 148 | ||
| Light Chains | 148 | ||
| Heavy Chains | 148 | ||
| Variable Regions | 148 | ||
| Constant Regions | 149 | ||
| Hinge Region | 149 | ||
| Signal Transducing Component | 149 | ||
| Antigen Presentation by B Cells | 150 | ||
| Co-stimulation of B Cells | 150 | ||
| T Cell Help | 150 | ||
| Cytokine Secretion | 151 | ||
| Cell-Cell Signaling | 151 | ||
| Complement Help | 151 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors and PAMP Help | 151 | ||
| B Cell Response | 151 | ||
| Differential Signaling | 152 | ||
| Cellular Responses | 154 | ||
| Plasma Cells | 154 | ||
| Memory B Cells | 154 | ||
| Germinal Centers | 156 | ||
| B Cell Subpopulations | 157 | ||
| Myelomas | 157 | ||
| Polyclonal Gammopathies | 159 | ||
| Hybridomas | 159 | ||
| 16 Antibodies | 162 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 162 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 162 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 162 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Classes | 163 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G | 163 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 164 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 165 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 165 | ||
| Immunoglobulin D | 165 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Structure of Immunoglobulins | 167 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Variants | 168 | ||
| Subclasses | 168 | ||
| Allotypes | 168 | ||
| Idiotypes | 168 | ||
| Production of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains | 168 | ||
| Class Switch Recombination | 169 | ||
| B Cell Antigen Receptors and Soluble Immunoglobulins | 169 | ||
| Immunoglobulins of Domestic Mammals | 170 | ||
| Horses | 170 | ||
| Cattle | 170 | ||
| Sheep | 171 | ||
| Pigs | 172 | ||
| Dogs and Cats | 172 | ||
| Primates | 172 | ||
| Other Mammals | 172 | ||
| 17 How Antigen-Binding Receptors Are Made | 173 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 173 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 173 | ||
| Receptor-Antigen Binding | 174 | ||
| Antigen Receptor Genes | 174 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Diversity | 175 | ||
| Gene Recombination | 175 | ||
| IGL Locus | 175 | ||
| IGK Locus | 175 | ||
| IGH Locus | 175 | ||
| Generation of Junctional Diversity | 176 | ||
| Gene Rearrangement | 176 | ||
| Base Deletion | 177 | ||
| Base Insertion | 177 | ||
| Receptor Editing | 177 | ||
| Somatic Mutation | 178 | ||
| Gene Conversion | 179 | ||
| Receptor Assembly | 180 | ||
| Potential Immunoglobulin Diversity | 180 | ||
| Species Differences | 181 | ||
| Horses | 181 | ||
| Cattle | 181 | ||
| Sheep | 181 | ||
| Pigs | 182 | ||
| Dogs and Cats | 182 | ||
| Humans and Mice | 182 | ||
| Intestinal Bacteria and Expansion of the B Cell Repertoire | 182 | ||
| T Cell Receptor Diversity | 183 | ||
| T Cell Receptor Gene Structure | 183 | ||
| α Chain | 183 | ||
| β Chain | 183 | ||
| δ Chain | 183 | ||
| γ Chain | 183 | ||
| Generation of T Cell Receptor V-Region Diversity | 183 | ||
| Gene Rearrangement | 183 | ||
| Base Insertion and Deletion | 184 | ||
| Somatic Mutation | 185 | ||
| Where Does This Happen? | 185 | ||
| T Cell Receptor Diversity | 185 | ||
| γ/δ T Cell Diversity | 185 | ||
| Epigenetic Regulation | 185 | ||
| 18 T Cells and the Destruction of Cell-Associated Invaders | 187 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 187 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 187 | ||
| Endogenous Antigens | 187 | ||
| Apoptosis | 188 | ||
| Cell Cooperation | 189 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cell Responses | 190 | ||
| Perforin Pathway | 191 | ||
| Adhesion Phase | 191 | ||
| Lethal Hit | 192 | ||
| CD95 Pathway | 192 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cell Subsets | 193 | ||
| Other Mechanisms of Cellular Cytotoxicity | 193 | ||
| Macrophage Activation | 194 | ||
| Classical Macrophage Activation | 194 | ||
| Alternative Macrophage Activation | 196 | ||
| Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions | 197 | ||
| Effector T Cell Memory | 197 | ||
| 19 Innate Lymphoid Cells | 198 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 198 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 198 | ||
| Innate Helper Cells | 199 | ||
| Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells | 199 | ||
| Group 2 ILCs | 199 | ||
| Group 3 ILCs | 199 | ||
| Innate Cytotoxic Cells | 200 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 200 | ||
| Origins and Location | 200 | ||
| Target Cell Recognition | 200 | ||
| Receptors | 201 | ||
| KIR Receptors | 201 | ||
| Ly49 Receptors | 203 | ||
| NKG2 Receptors | 203 | ||
| Fc Receptors | 203 | ||
| Effector Mechanisms | 203 | ||
| Functions | 204 | ||
| Memory NK Cells | 204 | ||
| NK Cell Subsets | 204 | ||
| Species Differences | 204 | ||
| Horses | 204 | ||
| Cattle | 204 | ||
| Sheep | 205 | ||
| Pigs | 205 | ||
| Dogs | 205 | ||
| Cats | 206 | ||
| NKT Cells | 206 | ||
| Species Differences | 206 | ||
| 20 Regulation of Adaptive Immunity | 207 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 207 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 207 | ||
| Tolerance | 208 | ||
| T Cell Tolerance | 208 | ||
| Central T Cell Tolerance | 208 | ||
| Negative Selection | 208 | ||
| Receptor Editing | 210 | ||
| Peripheral T Cell Tolerance | 210 | ||
| Clonal Anergy | 210 | ||
| B Cell Tolerance | 210 | ||
| Peripheral B Cell Tolerance | 211 | ||
| Duration of Tolerance | 211 | ||
| Control of Immune Responses | 211 | ||
| Antigen Regulation of Immune Responses | 212 | ||
| Antigen Processing and Immune Regulation | 212 | ||
| Antibody Regulation of Immune Responses | 212 | ||
| Inhibitory Receptors | 212 | ||
| Regulatory Cells | 213 | ||
| Regulatory T Cells | 213 | ||
| Interleukin-10 | 215 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β | 215 | ||
| Regulation by the Innate Immune System | 216 | ||
| Th17 Cells | 216 | ||
| Interleukin-17 | 216 | ||
| Regulatory Macrophages | 218 | ||
| Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tolerance | 218 | ||
| Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells | 218 | ||
| Regulatory B Cells | 218 | ||
| Natural Suppressor Cells | 218 | ||
| When Do Regulatory Cells Work? | 218 | ||
| Regulation of Apoptosis | 218 | ||
| Neural Regulation of Immunity | 219 | ||
| Stress | 219 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 220 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Axis | 220 | ||
| Neuropeptides and Lymphocytes | 220 | ||
| 21 The Microbiota and the Immune System | 221 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 221 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 221 | ||
| The Locations of the Microbiota | 222 | ||
| The Skin | 222 | ||
| The Respiratory Tract | 223 | ||
| The Genitourinary System | 224 | ||
| The Gastrointestinal Tract | 224 | ||
| The Rumen | 224 | ||
| The Cecum and Large Intestine | 225 | ||
| The Functions of the Microbiota | 225 | ||
| Nutritional Efficiency | 225 | ||
| Intestinal Protection | 225 | ||
| Development of Lymphoid Organs | 226 | ||
| Microbiota Signals to the Body | 227 | ||
| Immune Responses to the Microbiota | 228 | ||
| Enterocytes | 228 | ||
| ILC3 Cells | 229 | ||
| B Cell Functions | 229 | ||
| T Cell Functions | 229 | ||
| Treg cells. | 229 | ||
| Th17 cells. | 230 | ||
| Retinoic acid. | 230 | ||
| Interleukin-22. | 230 | ||
| Dysbiosis | 230 | ||
| Odors | 232 | ||
| The Virome | 232 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | 232 | ||
| 22 Immunity at Body Surfaces | 234 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 234 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 234 | ||
| Immunity on Body Surfaces | 234 | ||
| The Defenses of the Skin | 234 | ||
| Immunity in the Mammary Gland | 236 | ||
| Immunity in the Respiratory Tract | 236 | ||
| Immunity in the Urogenital Tract | 238 | ||
| Immunity in the Gastrointestinal Tract | 239 | ||
| Mucosal Lymphoid Tissues | 241 | ||
| Inductive Sites | 241 | ||
| Effector Sites | 242 | ||
| B Cells | 242 | ||
| T Cells | 242 | ||
| Adaptive Protective Mechanisms | 243 | ||
| Immune Exclusion | 243 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 243 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 245 | ||
| Immune Elimination | 245 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 245 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G | 246 | ||
| Immunity to Food | 246 | ||
| Vaccination on Body Surfaces | 246 | ||
| 23 Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn | 247 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 247 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 247 | ||
| Development of the Immune System | 248 | ||
| Specific Animal Immune Systems | 248 | ||
| Foal | 248 | ||
| Calf | 248 | ||
| Lamb | 248 | ||
| Piglet | 249 | ||
| Puppy | 249 | ||
| Kitten | 249 | ||
| The Immune System and Intrauterine Infection | 250 | ||
| Immune Response of Newborn Mammals | 251 | ||
| Role of the Intestinal Microbiota | 251 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 251 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 252 | ||
| Transfer of Immunity From Mother to Offspring | 253 | ||
| Secretion and Composition of Colostrum and Milk | 253 | ||
| Absorption of Colostrum | 254 | ||
| MicroRNAs and Intestinal Development | 255 | ||
| Failure of Passive Transfer | 256 | ||
| Production Failure | 256 | ||
| Ingestion Failure | 256 | ||
| Absorption Failure | 256 | ||
| Diagnosis of Failure of Passive Transfer | 256 | ||
| Management of Failure of Passive Transfer | 257 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity and Colostrum | 257 | ||
| Development of Adaptive Immunity in Neonatal Mammals | 258 | ||
| Local Immunity | 258 | ||
| Systemic Immunity | 258 | ||
| Vaccination of Young Animals | 259 | ||
| 24 Vaccines and Their Production | 261 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 261 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 261 | ||
| Types of Immunization Procedures | 261 | ||
| Passive Immunization | 261 | ||
| Active Immunization | 263 | ||
| Living and Killed Vaccines | 264 | ||
| Inactivation | 264 | ||
| Attenuation | 265 | ||
| Modern Vaccine Technology | 265 | ||
| Antigens Generated by Gene Cloning (Category I) | 265 | ||
| Genetically Attenuated Organisms (Category II) | 267 | ||
| Live Recombinant Organisms (Category III) | 267 | ||
| Polynucleotide Vaccines (Category IV) | 268 | ||
| Prime-Boost Strategies | 269 | ||
| Reverse Vaccinology | 270 | ||
| Adjuvants | 270 | ||
| Aluminum Salts | 270 | ||
| Saponin-Based Adjuvants | 271 | ||
| Water-in-Oil Emulsions | 271 | ||
| Particulate Adjuvants | 272 | ||
| Immunostimulatory Adjuvants | 272 | ||
| Combined Adjuvants | 273 | ||
| 25 The Use of Vaccines | 274 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 274 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 274 | ||
| Administration of Vaccines | 275 | ||
| Multiple-Antigen Vaccines | 275 | ||
| Vaccination Schedules | 276 | ||
| Initial Series | 276 | ||
| Revaccination and Duration of Immunity | 276 | ||
| Vaccination Strategies | 277 | ||
| Vaccine Assessment | 278 | ||
| Failures in Vaccination | 278 | ||
| Failure to Vaccinate | 278 | ||
| Failure to Respond | 279 | ||
| Correct Administration and Response | 280 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of Vaccination | 280 | ||
| “Normal” Toxicity | 281 | ||
| Inappropriate Responses | 281 | ||
| Errors in Manufacture or Administration | 282 | ||
| Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Disease | 283 | ||
| Vaccine-Induced Osteodystrophy | 283 | ||
| Injection Site–Associated Sarcomas | 283 | ||
| Adverse Effect Principles | 283 | ||
| Production, Presentation, and Control of Vaccines | 283 | ||
| 26 Immunity to Bacteria and Fungi | 285 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 285 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 285 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 286 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 287 | ||
| Immunity to Toxigenic Bacteria | 287 | ||
| Immunity to Invasive Bacteria | 287 | ||
| Heat-Shock Protein Response | 287 | ||
| Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria | 288 | ||
| Modification of Bacterial Disease by Immune Responses | 288 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response | 289 | ||
| Evasion of Innate Immunity | 289 | ||
| Evasion of Adaptive Immunity | 292 | ||
| Some Antibacterial Vaccines | 293 | ||
| Toxoids | 293 | ||
| Bacterins | 293 | ||
| Living Bacterial Vaccines | 294 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of the Immune Responses | 294 | ||
| Serology of Bacterial Infections | 294 | ||
| Immunity to Fungal Infections | 295 | ||
| 27 Immunity to Viruses | 297 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 297 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 297 | ||
| Virus Structure and Antigens | 298 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Virus Infections | 298 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 299 | ||
| Pattern-Recognition Receptors | 299 | ||
| Interferons | 299 | ||
| Antiviral Activities | 299 | ||
| RNA Interference | 301 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 301 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 301 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 302 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response by Viruses | 302 | ||
| Negative Cytokine Regulation | 302 | ||
| Interference With Antigen Processing Pathways | 303 | ||
| Evasion of Natural Killer Cells | 303 | ||
| Alterations in the B Cell System | 303 | ||
| Alterations in the T Cell System | 304 | ||
| Viral Evasion Through Latency | 305 | ||
| Inhibition of Apoptosis | 305 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of Immunity to Viruses | 305 | ||
| Antibody-Dependent Enhancement | 305 | ||
| Some Selected Virus Diseases | 306 | ||
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis | 306 | ||
| Aleutian Disease of Mink | 307 | ||
| Equine Infectious Anemia | 308 | ||
| Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome | 308 | ||
| Some Antiviral Vaccines | 308 | ||
| Serology of Viral Diseases | 309 | ||
| Tests to Detect and Identify Viruses | 309 | ||
| Tests to Detect and Identify Antiviral Antibodies | 309 | ||
| 28 Immunity to Parasites | 310 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 310 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 310 | ||
| Immunity to Protozoa | 311 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 311 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 311 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 313 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response | 313 | ||
| Adverse Consequences | 314 | ||
| Vaccination | 315 | ||
| Immunity to Helminths | 315 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 315 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 316 | ||
| Immunity to Tissue Helminths | 316 | ||
| Eosinophils and Parasite Destruction | 316 | ||
| Immunity to Adult Helminths | 317 | ||
| Variations among worms. | 319 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 319 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response | 320 | ||
| Evasion of Innate Responses | 320 | ||
| Evasion of Adaptive Responses | 320 | ||
| Vaccination | 321 | ||
| Immunity to Arthropods | 322 | ||
| Demodectic Mange | 322 | ||
| Flea-Bite Dermatitis | 322 | ||
| Tick Infestation | 322 | ||
| Hypoderma Infestation | 323 | ||
| 29 Mast Cell and Eosinophil-Mediated Hypersensitivity | 324 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 324 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 324 | ||
| Induction of Type I Hypersensitivity | 324 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 325 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E Production | 325 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E Receptors | 325 | ||
| Mast Cells | 326 | ||
| Structure and Location | 327 | ||
| Life History | 327 | ||
| Response of Mast Cells to Antigen | 328 | ||
| Mast Cell–Derived Mediators | 329 | ||
| Interleukin-33 | 329 | ||
| Regulation of Mast Cell Degranulation | 330 | ||
| Regulation of the Response to Mast Cell Mediators | 331 | ||
| Mast Cells in Infections | 331 | ||
| Late-Phase Reaction | 331 | ||
| Basophils | 331 | ||
| Eosinophils | 332 | ||
| Eosinophil Activation | 332 | ||
| Eosinophil Degranulation and Mediators | 332 | ||
| 30 Allergic Diseases | 335 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 335 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 335 | ||
| The Hygiene Hypothesis | 335 | ||
| Specific Allergic Diseases | 336 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 336 | ||
| Milk Allergy | 338 | ||
| Food Allergies | 338 | ||
| Allergic Respiratory Disease | 339 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 340 | ||
| Clinical Disease | 340 | ||
| Genetic Background | 340 | ||
| Environmental Influences | 341 | ||
| Skin Lesions, Cells, Cytokines, and Chemokines | 341 | ||
| Pruritus | 342 | ||
| The Role of IgE | 342 | ||
| Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction | 343 | ||
| Infections | 343 | ||
| Allergies to Vaccines and Drugs | 343 | ||
| Allergies to Parasites | 344 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex | 344 | ||
| Diagnosis of Type I Hypersensitivity | 345 | ||
| Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity | 346 | ||
| Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy | 346 | ||
| 31 Red Cell Antigens and Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity | 348 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 348 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 348 | ||
| Blood Groups | 348 | ||
| Blood Transfusion and Incompatible Transfusions | 349 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 349 | ||
| Blood Groups, Blood Transfusion, and Hemolytic Disease in Domestic Animals | 350 | ||
| Horses | 350 | ||
| Cattle | 351 | ||
| Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia | 352 | ||
| Sheep | 353 | ||
| Pigs | 353 | ||
| Dogs | 354 | ||
| Cats | 354 | ||
| Humans | 355 | ||
| Parentage Testing | 355 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Syndrome | 355 | ||
| Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions to Drugs | 356 | ||
| Type II Hypersensitivity in Infectious Diseases | 356 | ||
| 32 Immune Complexes and Neutrophil-Mediated Hypersensitivity | 357 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 357 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 357 | ||
| Classification of Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 357 | ||
| Local Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 358 | ||
| Blue-Eye | 360 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 360 | ||
| Equine Asthma | 360 | ||
| Recurrent airway obstruction. | 360 | ||
| Inflammatory airway disease. | 361 | ||
| Staphylococcal Hypersensitivity | 361 | ||
| Generalized Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 361 | ||
| Serum Sickness | 361 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 362 | ||
| Type I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 362 | ||
| Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 363 | ||
| Type III Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 363 | ||
| Clinical Features of Glomerulonephritis | 363 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 365 | ||
| Swine Glomerulopathy | 365 | ||
| Dirofilariasis | 365 | ||
| Finnish-Landrace Glomerulopathy | 365 | ||
| Canine Glomerulopathy | 366 | ||
| Other Immune Complex–Mediated Lesions | 366 | ||
| Purpura Hemorrhagica | 366 | ||
| Dietary Hypersensitivity | 366 | ||
| Polyarthritis | 366 | ||
| Drug Hypersensitivities | 366 | ||
| 33 T Cell–Mediated Hypersensitivity | 367 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 367 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 367 | ||
| The Tuberculin Reaction | 367 | ||
| Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity | 369 | ||
| Tuberculin Reactions in Cattle | 369 | ||
| Tuberculin Reactions in Other Animals | 370 | ||
| Johnin Reactions | 370 | ||
| Other Skin Tests | 370 | ||
| Tuberculosis Serology | 371 | ||
| Pathological Consequences of Type IV Hypersensitivity | 371 | ||
| Tubercle Formation | 371 | ||
| Allergic Contact Dermatitis | 371 | ||
| Mucocutaneous Diseases | 373 | ||
| Measurement of Cell-Mediated Immunity | 374 | ||
| In Vivo Techniques | 374 | ||
| In Vitro Techniques | 374 | ||
| 34 Organ Graft Rejection and Pregnancy | 377 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 377 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 377 | ||
| Grafting of Organs | 377 | ||
| Allograft Rejection | 378 | ||
| Histocompatibility Antigens | 378 | ||
| Renal Allografts | 379 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Allograft Rejection | 380 | ||
| Innate Mechanisms | 380 | ||
| Adaptive Mechanisms | 380 | ||
| Graft Destruction | 381 | ||
| Prevention of Allograft Rejection | 382 | ||
| Skin Allografts | 382 | ||
| Liver Allografts | 382 | ||
| Cardiac Allografts | 382 | ||
| Corneal Allografts | 382 | ||
| Bone Allografts | 383 | ||
| Bone Marrow Allografts | 383 | ||
| Graft-versus-Host Disease | 383 | ||
| Xenografts | 384 | ||
| Allografts and the Reproductive System | 385 | ||
| Sperm | 385 | ||
| Pregnancy | 385 | ||
| 35 Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy | 388 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 388 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 388 | ||
| Tumors as Allografts? | 389 | ||
| Tumor Neoantigens | 389 | ||
| Inflammation and Tumors | 390 | ||
| Cellular Defenses | 390 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 390 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cells | 391 | ||
| Macrophage-Mediated Immunity | 391 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 392 | ||
| Failure of Immunity to Cancer Cells | 392 | ||
| Cancer Cell Selection | 392 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 392 | ||
| T Cell Dysfunction | 393 | ||
| CD95 Ligand | 393 | ||
| Regulatory Cells | 393 | ||
| Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells | 393 | ||
| Blocking Antibodies | 393 | ||
| Tumor Immunotherapy | 393 | ||
| Active Immunotherapy | 394 | ||
| Passive Immunotherapy | 394 | ||
| Cytokine Therapy | 394 | ||
| Adoptive Cell Transfer | 394 | ||
| Immune Checkpoint Therapy | 395 | ||
| Antibody Therapy | 395 | ||
| Immunoprevention | 395 | ||
| Some Selected Tumors | 396 | ||
| Injection Site Sarcomas | 396 | ||
| Canine Transmissible Venereal Sarcoma | 397 | ||
| Devil Facial Tumor Disease | 398 | ||
| Papillomas | 398 | ||
| Equine Sarcoids | 398 | ||
| Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinomas | 398 | ||
| Swine Melanomas | 398 | ||
| Lymphoid Tumors | 399 | ||
| Bovine Lymphosarcoma | 399 | ||
| Lymphomas in Other Species | 400 | ||
| Avian Lymphoid Tumors | 400 | ||
| 36 Autoimmunity | 401 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 401 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 401 | ||
| Induction of Autoimmunity | 402 | ||
| Normal Immune Responses | 402 | ||
| Antigens Hidden in Cells or Tissues (Cryptic Antigens) | 402 | ||
| Antigens Generated by Molecular Changes | 403 | ||
| Receptor Editing | 403 | ||
| Abnormal Immune Responses | 403 | ||
| Failure of Regulatory Control | 403 | ||
| Infection-Induced Autoimmunity | 403 | ||
| Molecular Mimicry | 404 | ||
| Epitope Spreading | 405 | ||
| Bystander Activation | 405 | ||
| Microchimerism | 405 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 406 | ||
| Genetic Predisposition | 406 | ||
| Breed Predispositions | 406 | ||
| Intestinal Microbiota | 407 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Autoimmunity | 407 | ||
| Type I Hypersensitivity | 407 | ||
| Type II Hypersensitivity | 407 | ||
| Type III Hypersensitivity | 408 | ||
| Type IV Hypersensitivity | 408 | ||
| 37 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases | 409 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 409 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 409 | ||
| Autoimmune Endocrine Disease | 409 | ||
| Lymphocytic Thyroiditis | 410 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 410 | ||
| Lymphocytic Parathyroiditis | 410 | ||
| Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus | 410 | ||
| Atrophic Lymphocytic Pancreatitis | 411 | ||
| Autoimmune Adrenalitis | 411 | ||
| Autoimmune Neurological Disease | 411 | ||
| Equine Polyneuritis | 411 | ||
| Canine Polyneuritis | 411 | ||
| Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis | 411 | ||
| Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis | 412 | ||
| Degenerative Myelopathy | 412 | ||
| Cerebellar Degeneration | 412 | ||
| Autoimmune Eye Disease | 412 | ||
| Equine Recurrent Uveitis | 412 | ||
| Uveodermatological Syndrome | 413 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Keratoconjunctivitis | 413 | ||
| Autoimmune Reproductive Diseases | 414 | ||
| Autoimmune Skin Diseases | 414 | ||
| Hair Follicle Diseases | 414 | ||
| Alopecia Areata | 414 | ||
| Blistering Diseases | 414 | ||
| Skin Basement Membrane Diseases | 415 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 416 | ||
| Linear Immunoglobulin A Dermatosis | 416 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita | 416 | ||
| Relapsing Polychondritis | 417 | ||
| Autoimmune Nephritis | 417 | ||
| Autoimmune Blood Diseases | 417 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 417 | ||
| Immune Suppression of Hematopoiesis | 419 | ||
| Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia | 419 | ||
| Autoimmune Muscle Diseases | 419 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 419 | ||
| Polymyositis | 420 | ||
| Autoimmune Masticatory Myositis | 421 | ||
| Canine Cardiomyopathy | 421 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 421 | ||
| Chronic Active Hepatitis | 421 | ||
| 38 Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases | 423 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 423 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 423 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 423 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 424 | ||
| Genetic factors. | 424 | ||
| T cell abnormalities. | 424 | ||
| B cell abnormalities. | 424 | ||
| Impaired apoptosis. | 425 | ||
| Multiple autoantibodies. | 425 | ||
| Equine Lupus | 426 | ||
| Canine Lupus | 426 | ||
| Feline Lupus | 427 | ||
| Diagnosis | 427 | ||
| Treatment | 427 | ||
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | 428 | ||
| Sjögren’s Syndrome | 428 | ||
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 428 | ||
| Chronic Superficial Keratitis | 429 | ||
| Autoimmune Polyarthritis | 429 | ||
| Erosive Polyarthritis | 429 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 429 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 429 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 431 | ||
| Treatment. | 431 | ||
| Nonerosive Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Equine Polyarthritis/Polysynovitis | 432 | ||
| Canine Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Lupus Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Polyarthritis With Polymyositis | 432 | ||
| Idiopathic Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Feline Polyarthritis | 433 | ||
| Cruciate Ligament Rupture | 433 | ||
| Immune Vasculitis | 433 | ||
| 39 Primary Immunodeficiencies | 435 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 435 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 435 | ||
| Inherited Defects in Innate Immunity | 435 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome | 436 | ||
| Pelger-Huët Anomaly | 436 | ||
| Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) | 436 | ||
| Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency | 437 | ||
| Canine Cyclical Neutropenia | 438 | ||
| Other Examples of Defective Neutrophil Function | 438 | ||
| Inherited Defects in the Adaptive Immune System | 439 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Horses | 439 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 439 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 440 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Deficiencies | 441 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency | 441 | ||
| Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 441 | ||
| Prevalence of Equine Immunodeficiencies | 442 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Cattle | 442 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 442 | ||
| Selective Immunoglobulin G2 Deficiency | 442 | ||
| Hereditary Parakeratosis | 442 | ||
| Other Immunodeficiencies | 442 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Pigs | 442 | ||
| Porcine SCID | 442 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Dogs | 443 | ||
| Combined Immunodeficiencies | 443 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Deficiencies | 444 | ||
| T Cell Deficiencies | 445 | ||
| Uncharacterized Immunodeficiencies | 446 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Cats | 446 | ||
| Hypotrichosis With Thymic Aplasia | 446 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Mice | 446 | ||
| Nude Mice | 446 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice | 447 | ||
| Moth-Eaten Mice | 447 | ||
| X-Linked Immunodeficiency | 447 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Humans | 447 | ||
| T Cell Deficiencies | 447 | ||
| B Cell Deficiencies | 447 | ||
| 40 Secondary Immunological Defects | 449 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 449 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 449 | ||
| Virus-Induced Immunosuppression | 449 | ||
| Canine Distemper | 450 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Primates | 450 | ||
| Type D Simian Retrovirus | 451 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Cats | 451 | ||
| Feline Leukemia | 451 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 452 | ||
| T cell defects. | 452 | ||
| B cell defects. | 452 | ||
| Immunity | 452 | ||
| Diagnosis | 452 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 452 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 453 | ||
| Immunity and Diagnosis | 454 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Cattle | 455 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Dogs | 455 | ||
| Circovirus Infections | 455 | ||
| Other Causes of Secondary Immunodeficiency | 455 | ||
| Bacterial and Parasite Infections | 455 | ||
| Toxin-Induced Immunosuppression | 455 | ||
| Malnutrition and Immunity | 455 | ||
| Obesity | 456 | ||
| Trace Elements | 456 | ||
| Vitamins | 457 | ||
| Exercise and Immunity | 459 | ||
| Posttraumatic Immune Deficiency | 460 | ||
| Age and Immunity | 460 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 460 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 461 | ||
| B Cell Responses | 461 | ||
| T Cell Responses | 461 | ||
| Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies | 461 | ||
| 41 Drugs and Other Agents That Affect the Immune System | 463 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 463 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 463 | ||
| Suppression of the Immune System | 463 | ||
| Nonspecific Immunosuppression | 463 | ||
| Radiation | 463 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 464 | ||
| Cytotoxic Drugs | 465 | ||
| Alkylating Agents | 465 | ||
| Folic Acid Antagonists | 465 | ||
| DNA Synthesis Inhibitors | 466 | ||
| Selective Immunosuppression | 466 | ||
| Calcineurin Inhibitors | 466 | ||
| Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors | 467 | ||
| Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors | 468 | ||
| Leflunomide | 468 | ||
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy | 468 | ||
| Stimulation of the Immune System | 468 | ||
| Bacteria and Bacterial Products | 468 | ||
| Complex Carbohydrates | 469 | ||
| Vitamins | 469 | ||
| Cytokines and Monoclonal Antibodies | 469 | ||
| 42 Immunodiagnostic Techniques | 471 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 471 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 471 | ||
| Reagents Used in Serological Tests | 472 | ||
| Serum | 472 | ||
| Antiglobulins | 472 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 472 | ||
| Specific Antibodies | 472 | ||
| Primary Binding Tests | 472 | ||
| Radioimmunoassays | 472 | ||
| Immunofluorescence Assays | 473 | ||
| Direct Fluorescent Antibody Tests | 473 | ||
| Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests | 473 | ||
| Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassays | 474 | ||
| Immunoenzyme Assays | 474 | ||
| Microwell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Tests | 474 | ||
| Western Blotting | 476 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 478 | ||
| Disposable Immunoassay Devices | 478 | ||
| Bidirectional Flow ELISA Techniques | 478 | ||
| Immunochromatography | 479 | ||
| Antibody Labels | 479 | ||
| The Flow Cytometer | 480 | ||
| Secondary Binding Tests | 481 | ||
| Precipitation Tests | 481 | ||
| Immunodiffusion | 482 | ||
| Radial Immunodiffusion | 482 | ||
| Immunoelectrophoresis and Related Techniques | 483 | ||
| Titration of Antibodies | 484 | ||
| Agglutination | 484 | ||
| Antiglobulin Tests | 484 | ||
| Passive Agglutination | 484 | ||
| Viral Hemagglutination and Its Inhibition | 485 | ||
| Complement Fixation | 485 | ||
| Cytotoxicity Tests | 485 | ||
| Assays in Living Systems | 486 | ||
| Neutralization Tests | 486 | ||
| Protection Tests | 486 | ||
| Molecular Methods | 487 | ||
| Diagnostic Applications of Immunological Tests | 487 | ||
| 43 Evolution of the Immune System | 490 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 490 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 490 | ||
| Immunity in Invertebrates | 491 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 491 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 491 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 491 | ||
| Prophenoloxidase (proPO) System | 491 | ||
| Antimicrobial Peptides | 492 | ||
| RNA Interference | 492 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 492 | ||
| Graft Rejection | 492 | ||
| Immunity in Vertebrates | 493 | ||
| Immunity in Cyclostomes | 493 | ||
| Immunological “Big Bang” | 493 | ||
| Immunity in Jawed Fish | 494 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 494 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 494 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 495 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 496 | ||
| Immunity in Amphibians | 496 | ||
| Urodele Amphibians | 496 | ||
| Anuran Amphibians | 497 | ||
| Immunity in Reptiles | 498 | ||
| Immunity in Birds | 499 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules | 500 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Classes | 501 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Y | 501 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 501 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 501 | ||
| Generation of Antibody Diversity | 502 | ||
| Maternal Immunity | 502 | ||
| Immunity in Monotremes and Marsupials | 502 | ||
| Mammalian Phylogeny | 503 | ||
| Fever | 503 | ||
| Appendix 1 Annotated List of Selected CD Molecules | 506 | ||
| Appendix 2 Some Selected Cytokines | 510 | ||
| Appendix 3 Some Important Abbreviations | 513 | ||
| Glossary | 515 | ||
| A | 515 | ||
| B | 515 | ||
| C | 516 | ||
| D | 516 | ||
| E | 516 | ||
| F | 517 | ||
| G | 517 | ||
| H | 517 | ||
| I | 518 | ||
| J | 518 | ||
| K | 518 | ||
| L | 518 | ||
| M | 519 | ||
| N | 519 | ||
| O | 519 | ||
| P | 519 | ||
| R | 520 | ||
| S | 520 | ||
| T | 521 | ||
| U | 521 | ||
| V | 521 | ||
| X | 521 | ||
| Index | 522 | ||
| A | 522 | ||
| B | 523 | ||
| C | 524 | ||
| D | 526 | ||
| E | 527 | ||
| F | 527 | ||
| G | 528 | ||
| H | 528 | ||
| I | 529 | ||
| J | 531 | ||
| K | 531 | ||
| L | 531 | ||
| M | 532 | ||
| N | 534 | ||
| O | 534 | ||
| P | 534 | ||
| Q | 535 | ||
| R | 535 | ||
| S | 536 | ||
| T | 537 | ||
| U | 538 | ||
| V | 539 | ||
| W | 539 | ||
| X | 539 | ||
| Y | 539 | ||
| Z | 539 | ||
| Greek Letters | IBC1 |