Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn to master the latest lab testing techniques! Ideal for Medical Assisting and Medical Laboratory Technician programs, Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing in Ambulatory Care: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals, 4th Edition, covers the procedures and techniques of commonly used and new CLIA-waived, point-of-care tests, along with some moderately complex tests. Clear, step-by-step instructions and nearly 600 full-color photographs make it easy for you to learn each test and procedure. This edition includes a focus on new technology and the resulting significant advancements in testing.. Expanded coverage of electrocardiography and spirometry reflect the expanding roles of Medical Assistants and Medical Laboratory Technicians. Review questions in the book are accompanied by practice quizzes and videos online to help you master content and hone skills.
- Comprehensive coverage of the most common CLIA-waived tests prepares you for laboratory testing in the ambulatory setting.
- A triad organization gives chapters a consistent, easy-to-follow format, with 1) fundamental concepts, 2) step-by-step instructions for CLIA-waived procedures, and 3) advanced concepts help hone your critical-thinking and decision-making skills.
- Procedure boxes provide step-by-step instructions and full-color photos and illustrations for today’s commonly requested CLIA-waived lab tests.
- NEW! Content coverage of the latest CLIA-waived and moderately complex testing (including automated CBCs and automated chemistries) and the significant technological advancements
- NEW! Chapter quizzes online help you ensure comprehension and prepare for classroom and certification exams.
- UPDATED art program with more than 100 new and updated images that showcase new technology and the lab testing steps and techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | IFC | ||
| Front Matter | i | ||
| LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTING IN AMBULATORY CARE | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| REVIEWERS | iii | ||
| PREFACE | iv | ||
| OUTSTANDING FEATURES | iv | ||
| ON-LINE RESOURCES: | iv | ||
| New to This Edition | iv | ||
| Workbook for Laboratory and Diagnostic Testingin Ambulatory Care (ISBN 9780323532242) | iv | ||
| TEACH Instructor’s Resources for Laboratory andDiagnostic Testing in Ambulatory Care, located onthe Evolve site at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Garrels/laboratory | v | ||
| ONLINE LEARNING | v | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | vi | ||
| Table of Contents | vii | ||
| PROCEDURES | ix | ||
| 1 Introduction to the laboratory and safety training | 1 | ||
| Abbreviations | 3 | ||
| Objectives | 3 | ||
| Key terms | 3 | ||
| Introduction to the clinical laboratory | 3 | ||
| Purpose of medical laboratories | 3 | ||
| Why laboratory tests are ordered | 3 | ||
| To screen patients for possible disorders. | 3 | ||
| To establish a diagnosis. | 3 | ||
| To monitor the patient’s condition or treatment. | 3 | ||
| Three general ways to analyze specimens | 4 | ||
| Measuring the levels of analytes compared with reference values. | 4 | ||
| Observing and detecting abnormal cells under the microscope. | 4 | ||
| Detecting the presence or absence of an infection. | 4 | ||
| Types of medical laboratories and personnel | 4 | ||
| Reference (or referral) laboratories | 4 | ||
| Reference laboratory professionals | 4 | ||
| Hospital laboratories | 6 | ||
| Ambulatory care settings | 7 | ||
| Advantages of physician’s office laboratory testing. | 7 | ||
| Advantages of reference and hospital laboratories. | 7 | ||
| Physician office laboratory personnel. | 7 | ||
| Attributes of a laboratory professional | 7 | ||
| Laboratory documentation | 8 | ||
| Laboratory requisitions | 8 | ||
| Laboratory reports | 10 | ||
| Laboratory measurements | 12 | ||
| Safety training in the laboratory | 13 | ||
| Biohazard training | 13 | ||
| Cdc and infection control | 13 | ||
| Transmission and the chain of infection. | 13 | ||
| Standard precautions. | 13 | ||
| Hand hygiene. | 13 | ||
| Antimicrobial soap hand wash. | 14 | ||
| Alcohol-based hand rub. | 16 | ||
| Personal protective equipment. | 16 | ||
| Osha biohazard training in bloodborne pathogens standard | 16 | ||
| Diseases caused by bloodborne pathogens. | 17 | ||
| Additional facts regarding the bloodborne viruses | 17 | ||
| Preventive measures to minimize exposure. | 17 | ||
| Procedure after exposure to blood. | 20 | ||
| Documentation of bbps compliance. | 21 | ||
| Chemical hazard training | 21 | ||
| Physical hazard training | 23 | ||
| Laboratory safety evaluation | 23 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 278. | 27 | ||
| Websites | 27 | ||
| 2 Regulations, microscope setup, and quality assurance | 28 | ||
| Abbreviations | 29 | ||
| Objectives | 29 | ||
| Key terms | 29 | ||
| Clia: Government regulations | 29 | ||
| Clia levels of complexity and their certification requirements | 29 | ||
| Clia certificate of waiver | 29 | ||
| Clia high and moderately complex laboratories | 29 | ||
| Clia: Provider-performed microscopy procedures certificate | 31 | ||
| Microscope procedure | 32 | ||
| Identifying the parts and functions of a microscope | 32 | ||
| Foundational structures and their functions | 32 | ||
| Illuminating structures and their functions | 32 | ||
| Magnifying structures and their functions | 32 | ||
| Good laboratory practices | 36 | ||
| Quality assurance | 36 | ||
| Quality control | 36 | ||
| Quality control monitoring of qualitative waived tests | 37 | ||
| Quality control monitoring of semiquantitative waived tests | 38 | ||
| Quality control monitoring of quantitative waived tests | 38 | ||
| Optics. | 38 | ||
| External controls. | 38 | ||
| Quality assurance and quality control checklists | 40 | ||
| Hipaa privacy rule | 41 | ||
| Risk management | 41 | ||
| Electronic medical records and bar coding | 43 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 278. | 44 | ||
| Websites | 44 | ||
| 3 Urinalysis | 45 | ||
| Objectives | 45 | ||
| Key terms | 45 | ||
| Fundamental concepts and collection procedures | 46 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology of the urinary system | 46 | ||
| Structures of the urinary system | 46 | ||
| Kidneys. | 46 | ||
| Ureters. | 46 | ||
| Urinary bladder. | 46 | ||
| Urethra. | 46 | ||
| Function of the urinary system | 46 | ||
| Formation and flow of urine | 48 | ||
| Filtration. | 48 | ||
| Reabsorption. | 48 | ||
| Secretion. | 48 | ||
| Flow of blood and urine through the urinary system. | 48 | ||
| Composition of urine. | 48 | ||
| Urine specimen collection | 48 | ||
| Random specimen | 49 | ||
| First morning specimen | 50 | ||
| Clean-catch midstream urine specimen | 50 | ||
| Timed urine specimen | 50 | ||
| 24-hour collection procedure. | 50 | ||
| Behavioral criteria when working with patients | 51 | ||
| Clia-waived tests | 53 | ||
| Routine urinalysis | 53 | ||
| Physical routine urinalysis | 54 | ||
| Color. | 54 | ||
| Odor. | 55 | ||
| Appearance. | 55 | ||
| Chemical urinalysis | 55 | ||
| Chemical urinalysis—quality assurance. | 55 | ||
| Reagent strip quality control. | 56 | ||
| Automated clinitek method. | 57 | ||
| Urine test strips | 57 | ||
| Specific gravity. | 57 | ||
| Ph. | 57 | ||
| Glucose. | 58 | ||
| Ketones. | 58 | ||
| Bilirubin. | 58 | ||
| Urobilinogen. | 58 | ||
| Blood. | 59 | ||
| Protein. | 59 | ||
| Nitrites. | 59 | ||
| Leukocytes. | 59 | ||
| Microscopic urinalysis | 59 | ||
| Becoming proficient at urinalysis physical and chemical testing and preparing a urine for microscopic testing. | 60 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 67 | ||
| Microscopic elements in urine and their significance | 67 | ||
| Cells (see first row of the atlas—figure 3.14) | 67 | ||
| Red blood cells. | 67 | ||
| White blood cells. | 68 | ||
| Epithelial cells. | 68 | ||
| Casts (see second row of the atlas—figure 3.14) | 68 | ||
| Hyaline casts. | 68 | ||
| Red blood cell casts. | 69 | ||
| White blood cell casts. | 69 | ||
| Renal epithelial cell casts. | 69 | ||
| Granular casts. | 69 | ||
| Waxy casts. | 69 | ||
| Crystals (see third and fourth rows of the atlas) | 69 | ||
| Crystals in acidic urine. | 69 | ||
| Crystals in alkaline urine. | 70 | ||
| Abnormal crystals in acidic urine. | 70 | ||
| Other substances (see fifth row of the atlas) | 70 | ||
| Bacteria. | 70 | ||
| Yeast. | 70 | ||
| Parasites. | 70 | ||
| Sperm. | 70 | ||
| Mucus. | 70 | ||
| Artifacts. | 70 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 278. | 71 | ||
| Websites | 71 | ||
| 4 Blood collection | 72 | ||
| Abbreviations | 73 | ||
| Objectives | 73 | ||
| Key terms | 73 | ||
| Fundamental concepts: Theory, safety, and patient preparation | 73 | ||
| Function and structures of blood vessels | 73 | ||
| Types of blood vessels | 73 | ||
| Comparison of blood analytes in capillary and venous blood | 75 | ||
| Most commonly used veins | 75 | ||
| Federal law concerning safety equipment | 75 | ||
| Procedure preparation | 76 | ||
| Proper completion of requisitions | 76 | ||
| Proper identification of the patient | 76 | ||
| Proper patient positioning | 76 | ||
| Blood collection procedures: Capillary puncture and venipuncture | 77 | ||
| Capillary puncture | 77 | ||
| Equipment used in capillary puncture | 77 | ||
| Capillary puncture devices. | 77 | ||
| POCT blood collection devices. | 78 | ||
| Capillary tubes. | 78 | ||
| Plastic pipettes. | 79 | ||
| Microcollection tubes. | 79 | ||
| Order of draw for capillary puncture tubes. | 79 | ||
| Appropriate site selection | 79 | ||
| Site preparation | 79 | ||
| Additional information | 80 | ||
| Newborn screening (formerly pku) | 80 | ||
| Becoming proficient at capillary puncture | 82 | ||
| Venipuncture | 82 | ||
| Equipment used in venipuncture | 82 | ||
| Vacuum collection tubes. | 82 | ||
| Additives and color-coded vacuum tubes. | 82 | ||
| Vacuum tube method using the vacutainer collection system | 85 | ||
| Equipment used in the vacutainer method | 85 | ||
| Vacutainer needle. | 85 | ||
| Vacutainer holder. | 85 | ||
| Tourniquet. | 85 | ||
| Site preparation. | 85 | ||
| Syringe method | 86 | ||
| Equipment used in the syringe method | 87 | ||
| Syringe. | 87 | ||
| Syringe needle. | 87 | ||
| Butterfly needle method | 88 | ||
| Order of draw for all venipuncture methods and other quality assurance considerations | 88 | ||
| Becoming proficient at venipuncture | 91 | ||
| Advanced concepts: Specimen and patient care | 108 | ||
| Preparing blood specimens for laboratory pickup | 108 | ||
| Centrifuge safety | 108 | ||
| Patient issues when locating a suitable vein | 108 | ||
| Obesity | 108 | ||
| Complications during blood collection | 109 | ||
| Hematomas | 109 | ||
| Failure to obtain blood when needle is in the arm | 109 | ||
| Mastectomy | 110 | ||
| Intravenous therapy | 110 | ||
| Edema | 111 | ||
| Areas to avoid | 111 | ||
| Hemolysis | 111 | ||
| Excessive bleeding | 111 | ||
| Neurologic problems | 111 | ||
| Risk management | 111 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 278. | 112 | ||
| Websites | 112 | ||
| 5 Hematology | 113 | ||
| Abbreviations | 114 | ||
| Objectives | 114 | ||
| Key terms | 114 | ||
| Fundamental concepts | 114 | ||
| Overview of hematology and blood | 114 | ||
| Red blood cells (erythrocytes) | 115 | ||
| White blood cells | 117 | ||
| Granulocytes. | 117 | ||
| Neutrophils. | 117 | ||
| Eosinophils. | 117 | ||
| Basophils. | 117 | ||
| Nongranulocytes (agranulocytes). | 117 | ||
| Platelets (thrombocytes) | 118 | ||
| Preparing a blood smear to be viewed by the physician or laboratory technician | 118 | ||
| White blood cell identification and differential | 120 | ||
| Red blood cell identification and description | 124 | ||
| Red blood cell atlas. | 124 | ||
| Platelet description | 124 | ||
| Theory of hemostasis | 124 | ||
| Coagulation and testing | 124 | ||
| Summary of fundamental concepts | 125 | ||
| Clia-waived hematology tests | 126 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 126 | ||
| Hemoglobin testing methods | 127 | ||
| Hemocue method | 127 | ||
| I-stat method | 127 | ||
| Hematocrit | 127 | ||
| General spun microhematocrit procedures | 127 | ||
| Hematastat procedure | 128 | ||
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | 128 | ||
| False increased rates | 128 | ||
| False decreased rates | 128 | ||
| Other interferences | 128 | ||
| Sediplast ESR system | 128 | ||
| Streck 30-minute manual ESR system | 129 | ||
| Prothrombin time | 129 | ||
| Becoming proficient at clia-waived hematology tests | 129 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 139 | ||
| Complete blood count | 139 | ||
| Abnormal complete blood count findings | 140 | ||
| Anemias | 141 | ||
| White blood cell disorders | 141 | ||
| Clia-nonwaived (moderately complex) automated hematology systems | 142 | ||
| Qbc star centrifugal hematology system | 142 | ||
| Quality assurance | 143 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 278. | 143 | ||
| 6 Chemistry | 144 | ||
| Abbreviations | 145 | ||
| Objectives | 145 | ||
| Key terms | 145 | ||
| Fundamental concepts | 145 | ||
| Blood plasma | 145 | ||
| Blood chemistry specimens | 146 | ||
| Reference laboratory specimens for blood chemistry testing | 146 | ||
| Physician’s office laboratory specimens for clia-waived chemistry tests | 147 | ||
| Glucose and lipid metabolism | 149 | ||
| Glucose metabolism | 149 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 150 | ||
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1). | 150 | ||
| Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2). | 150 | ||
| Prediabetes. | 151 | ||
| Gestational diabetes. | 151 | ||
| Transient diabetes. | 151 | ||
| Blood glucose screening and monitoring tests | 151 | ||
| Fasting blood glucose. | 151 | ||
| Oral glucose tolerance test or 2-hour postprandial blood sugar. | 151 | ||
| Random glucose test. | 152 | ||
| Glucose tolerance test. | 152 | ||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, hgb a1c , or “a1c”. | 152 | ||
| Lipid metabolism and testing | 153 | ||
| Lipid metabolism | 153 | ||
| Cholesterol. | 153 | ||
| Lipoproteins. | 153 | ||
| Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio. | 154 | ||
| Triglycerides. | 154 | ||
| The lipid panel | 154 | ||
| Clia-waived chemistry tests | 154 | ||
| Principle of photometers and spectrophotometers | 154 | ||
| Quality assurance when using optical instruments | 154 | ||
| Westgard’s rules for monitoring quality control results | 155 | ||
| Clia-waived glucose tests | 155 | ||
| Glucose monitoring devices | 155 | ||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (a1c) | 156 | ||
| Cholesterol and lipid profiles with the cholestech ldx | 156 | ||
| Liver enzyme testing with the cholestech ldx | 156 | ||
| I-stat chem8 | 156 | ||
| Fecal occult blood testing—three methods | 156 | ||
| Occult blood testing with the guaiac slide method | 157 | ||
| Colocare method using test pads | 157 | ||
| Ifob (immunochemical fecal occult blood) method (or “fit” fecal immunochemical test) | 157 | ||
| Summary of clia-waived tests | 158 | ||
| Becoming proficient at clia-waived chemistry testing | 158 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 173 | ||
| I-stat | 173 | ||
| Piccolo xpress | 173 | ||
| Metabolic panels: Basic and comprehensive | 173 | ||
| Kidney or renal panel | 174 | ||
| Electrolyte panel | 174 | ||
| Liver or hepatic panel | 175 | ||
| Cardiac panel | 175 | ||
| Thyroid panel | 175 | ||
| Individual analytes and their disease associations | 175 | ||
| Summary | 178 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 278. | 178 | ||
| Websites | 179 | ||
| 7 Immunology | 180 | ||
| Objectives | 180 | ||
| Key terms | 180 | ||
| Fundamental concepts | 181 | ||
| Overview of immunology | 181 | ||
| The immune process | 181 | ||
| First line of defense: Natural barriers. | 182 | ||
| Second line of defense: Nonspecific internal response. | 182 | ||
| Third line of defense: Acquired (adaptive) immunity. | 182 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity. | 182 | ||
| Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity). | 183 | ||
| Classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins). | 184 | ||
| Ways to acquire specific immunity. | 184 | ||
| Two types of allergy testing | 184 | ||
| In vivo testing | 184 | ||
| In vitro testing | 184 | ||
| Clia-waived immunology tests | 185 | ||
| Clia-waived enzyme-linked immunoassays | 185 | ||
| Pregnancy testing | 185 | ||
| Mononucleosis testing | 186 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori testing | 187 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 187 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 198 | ||
| Agglutination reactions (non–clia-waived tests) | 198 | ||
| Immunohematology | 198 | ||
| Abo blood typing | 198 | ||
| Rh system | 198 | ||
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn and rhogam. | 199 | ||
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Quantitative analysis | 199 | ||
| Antibody titers | 199 | ||
| Summary of immunologic tests | 200 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 279. | 201 | ||
| Websites | 201 | ||
| 8 Microbiology | 202 | ||
| Objectives | 202 | ||
| Key terms | 202 | ||
| Fundamental concepts | 203 | ||
| Overview of microbiology | 203 | ||
| Classification of microorganisms | 203 | ||
| Viruses. | 203 | ||
| Bacteria. | 203 | ||
| Fungi. | 203 | ||
| Parasites. | 203 | ||
| Nomenclature of microorganisms | 203 | ||
| Structural characteristics of bacteria | 203 | ||
| Coccus. | 204 | ||
| Bacillus. | 205 | ||
| Spirillum. | 205 | ||
| Other bacterial structures. | 205 | ||
| Collecting, transporting, and processing microbiology specimens | 205 | ||
| Collecting a throat specimen | 206 | ||
| Collecting a nasal specimen | 206 | ||
| Collecting a blood culture specimen | 206 | ||
| Collecting a urine culture specimen | 207 | ||
| Collecting a chlamydia specimen | 207 | ||
| Collecting a gonorrhea specimen | 207 | ||
| Collecting a fecal specimen for ova, parasites, and bacteria | 208 | ||
| Transporting specimens by mail | 208 | ||
| Microbiology smears, stains, and wet mounts | 209 | ||
| Gram stain | 209 | ||
| Smear preparation | 209 | ||
| Acid-fast stains | 210 | ||
| Wet mounts | 211 | ||
| Koh preparation | 211 | ||
| Pinworm specimen collection and microscopic results | 211 | ||
| Clia-waived microbiology tests | 215 | ||
| Streptococcus group a testing | 215 | ||
| Rapid strep testing (clia waived) | 216 | ||
| Bacitracin method | 216 | ||
| Influenza | 216 | ||
| Influenza testing (clia waved) | 216 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 221 | ||
| Growth requirements of bacteria | 221 | ||
| Oxygen requirements | 221 | ||
| Nutrient requirements | 221 | ||
| Media used for growing bacteria | 221 | ||
| Microbiology equipment | 222 | ||
| Equipment used to inoculate culture plates | 222 | ||
| Equipment used for incineration | 222 | ||
| Culturing methods | 222 | ||
| Inoculation of media | 222 | ||
| Sensitivity testing | 223 | ||
| Urine culture | 223 | ||
| Pathogenic organisms seen frequently in physician office laboratories | 224 | ||
| Pathogenic bacteria | 224 | ||
| Pathogenic fungi | 224 | ||
| Parasites and protozoa | 224 | ||
| Emerging infectious diseases | 224 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 224 | ||
| Agents used in viral bioterrorism | 224 | ||
| Smallpox. | 224 | ||
| Viral hemorrhagic fever. | 224 | ||
| Biological toxin used in bioterrorism | 224 | ||
| Botulism. | 224 | ||
| Agents used in bacterial bioterrorism | 225 | ||
| Plague. | 225 | ||
| Tularemia. | 225 | ||
| Anthrax. | 226 | ||
| Reference tables for common infectious diseases categorized | 226 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 279. | 231 | ||
| Websites | 232 | ||
| 9 Toxicology | 233 | ||
| Objectives | 233 | ||
| Key terms | 233 | ||
| Fundamental concepts | 233 | ||
| Overview of toxicology | 233 | ||
| Drugs of abuse | 234 | ||
| Clia-waived drug screening tests | 236 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 240 | ||
| Therapeutic drug monitoring | 240 | ||
| Common therapeutic drugs that are tested for toxicity | 240 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 240 | ||
| Liberation | 240 | ||
| Absorption and distribution | 240 | ||
| Metabolism and elimination | 240 | ||
| Drug half-life and specimen collection | 241 | ||
| Other toxicology tests | 241 | ||
| Summary | 241 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 279. | 241 | ||
| True or false | 241 | ||
| Fill in the blanks | 241 | ||
| Multiple choice | 241 | ||
| Websites | 241 | ||
| 10 Electrocardiography | 243 | ||
| Abbreviations | 244 | ||
| Objectives | 244 | ||
| Key terms | 244 | ||
| Fundamental concepts | 244 | ||
| Anatomy of the heart | 244 | ||
| Chambers and vessels of the heart | 244 | ||
| Cardiac cycle and electrical conduction system in the heart | 244 | ||
| Brief history of the electrocardiogram | 245 | ||
| Modern electrocardiography monitors and tracings | 245 | ||
| Electrodes | 246 | ||
| Limb lead wires | 246 | ||
| Standard limb leads. | 248 | ||
| Augmented limb leads. | 248 | ||
| Precordial chest lead wires | 248 | ||
| Standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiograph | 248 | ||
| Standardization. | 248 | ||
| Interpretation of electrocardiogram. | 249 | ||
| Diagnostic procedures: Electrocardiography | 250 | ||
| Electrocardiography patient preparations, instructions, and identification of artifacts | 250 | ||
| Patient preparation | 250 | ||
| Identifying and correcting electrocardiography artifacts | 250 | ||
| Advanced concepts | 257 | ||
| Ambulatory electrocardiography monitoring | 257 | ||
| Zio patch wireless electrocardiography monitoring | 257 | ||
| Cardiac arrhythmias and the electrocardiogram | 258 | ||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 258 | ||
| Atlas of atrial arrhythmias | 258 | ||
| Atlas of ventricular arrhythmias | 258 | ||
| Becoming proficient at electrocardiography tests. | 262 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 279. | 263 | ||
| Website | 263 | ||
| 11 Spirometry | 264 | ||
| Abbreviations | 264 | ||
| Objectives | 264 | ||
| Key terms | 264 | ||
| Fundamental spirometry concepts | 264 | ||
| Anatomy of the lungs | 265 | ||
| Modern spirometry testing and tracings | 265 | ||
| Volume/time chart | 267 | ||
| Flow/volume chart—”peak flow chart” | 267 | ||
| Predicted values and percentiles | 267 | ||
| Quality control–spirometer calibration | 267 | ||
| Diagnostic procedures: Spirometry | 267 | ||
| Spirometer patient preparations, instructions, and identification of artifacts | 267 | ||
| Patient preparation | 267 | ||
| Coaching the maneuver | 267 | ||
| Postbronchodilator response | 268 | ||
| Advanced spirometry concepts | 270 | ||
| Peak expiratory flow screening and monitoring | 270 | ||
| Asthma therapies: Inhalers, nebulizers, and oxygen | 271 | ||
| Nebulizer procedure | 272 | ||
| Administering oxygen by nasal cannula | 273 | ||
| Becoming proficient at spirometry diagnostic tests | 273 | ||
| Review questions**Answers to these Review Questions are located in the Appendix on p. 279. | 277 | ||
| Websites | 277 | ||
| APPENDIX A Answers to Review Questions | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 | 279 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 | 279 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 | 279 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 | 279 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 | 279 | ||
| APPENDIX B Herb/Laboratory Test Interactions | 280 | ||
| APPENDIX C Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 283 | ||
| BLOOD ANALYSIS | 283 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 283 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Count | 283 | ||
| Hemoglobin Count | 283 | ||
| Hematocrit Count | 283 | ||
| White Blood Cell Count | 283 | ||
| Differential White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Count | 284 | ||
| Platelet (Thrombocyte) Count | 284 | ||
| BLOOD CHEMISTRIES | 284 | ||
| Chemistries | 284 | ||
| Albumin | 284 | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase | 284 | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase) | 285 | ||
| Bilirubin | 285 | ||
| Creatinine | 285 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 285 | ||
| Total Protein | 285 | ||
| Urea Nitrogen/Blood Urea Nitrogen | 285 | ||
| Uric Acid | 285 | ||
| Thyroid Function Tests | 286 | ||
| Thyroxine | 286 | ||
| Triiodothyronine | 286 | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | 286 | ||
| Lipid Profile | 286 | ||
| Total Cholesterol | 286 | ||
| Triglycerides | 286 | ||
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 286 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 287 | ||
| Electrolytes | 287 | ||
| Chloride | 287 | ||
| Potassium | 287 | ||
| Sodium | 287 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide | 287 | ||
| Calcium | 287 | ||
| Ionized Calcium | 288 | ||
| Magnesium | 288 | ||
| Phosphorus | 288 | ||
| CLOTTING AND COAGULATION STUDIES | 288 | ||
| Partial Thromboplastin Time | 288 | ||
| Prothrombin Time | 288 | ||
| Critical Value | 288 | ||
| Bleeding Times | 288 | ||
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 288 | ||
| GLUCOSE MONITORING | 289 | ||
| Glucose Tolerance Test | 289 | ||
| Fasting Blood Glucose Levels | 289 | ||
| Two-Hour Postprandial | 289 | ||
| Glycosylated Hemoglobin/Glycohemoglobin | 289 | ||
| TOXICOLOGY STUDIES AND DRUG SCREENS | 289 | ||
| BLOOD SCREENING TESTS | 290 | ||
| Drug Levels | 290 | ||
| Digoxin | 290 | ||
| Digitoxin | 290 | ||
| Theophylline | 290 | ||
| Lidocaine | 290 | ||
| Lithium | 290 | ||
| Prograf (Tacrolimus)/FK-506 | 290 | ||
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) | 290 | ||
| Alcohol Levels | 290 | ||
| CARDIAC ENZYMES/CARDIAC ISOENZYMES | 290 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 290 | ||
| Creatine Kinase | 291 | ||
| Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes | 291 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 291 | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase) | 291 | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase (Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase) | 291 | ||
| URINE STUDIES | 291 | ||
| Urinalysis/Clean Catch Urinalysis | 291 | ||
| Culture and Sensitivity of Urine | 292 | ||
| CARDIOLOGY TESTS | 292 | ||
| Electrocardiogram (12 Lead) | 292 | ||
| Echocardiogram | 292 | ||
| Cardiac Stress Echocardiogram | 292 | ||
| Holter Monitor | 292 | ||
| Cardiac Event Recorders | 292 | ||
| Multigated Blood Pool Study Scan | 293 | ||
| Cardiac Stress Test (Cardiac Perfusion Scan) | 293 | ||
| Exercise Tolerance Test | 293 | ||
| Hepatobiliary (Gallbladder) Scan with Ejection Fraction | 293 | ||
| Pulse Oximeter | 293 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 293 | ||
| IMAGING STUDIES | 293 | ||
| Radiographs | 293 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Magnetic Resonance Angiogram Scan | 294 | ||
| Computerized Tomography Scan | 294 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 294 | ||
| Sonogram, Ultrasound, and Echogram | 294 | ||
| Myelogram | 294 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography Scan | 294 | ||
| STOOL ANALYSIS | 295 | ||
| Hemoccult/Guaiac Test | 295 | ||
| Ova, Larva, and Parasite Tests | 295 | ||
| ENDOSCOPY TESTS | 295 | ||
| Endoscopy | 295 | ||
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy/Upper Endoscopy | 295 | ||
| Esophagoscopy | 295 | ||
| Gastroscopy | 295 | ||
| Colonoscopy | 295 | ||
| Sigmoidoscopy | 295 | ||
| Proctoscopy | 295 | ||
| Cystoscopy | 295 | ||
| Ureteroscopy | 295 | ||
| Bronchoscopy | 296 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 296 | ||
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES | 296 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gas Analysis | 296 | ||
| PULMONARY FUNCTION STUDIES | 296 | ||
| Pulse Oximeter | 296 | ||
| Peak Flow | 296 | ||
| Spirometry | 296 | ||
| Methacholine Challenge | 297 | ||
| Sputum Studies | 297 | ||
| Pulmonary Function | 297 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS TESTS | 297 | ||
| Culture and Sensitivity Studies | 297 | ||
| Bone Marrow Studies | 297 | ||
| Immune and Immunoglobulin Studies | 297 | ||
| Biopsies | 297 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture | 297 | ||
| Electroencephalogram | 298 | ||
| Electromyelography | 298 | ||
| Gastric Analysis | 298 | ||
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | 298 | ||
| SCREENING | 298 | ||
| Tuberculosis Screening (Mantoux) | 298 | ||
| Cancer or Tumor Markers as Screening Tools | 298 | ||
| Prostate-Specific Antigen | 298 | ||
| CA 125 | 299 | ||
| CA 19-9 | 299 | ||
| CA 15-3 | 299 | ||
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 299 | ||
| Alpha-Fetoprotein | 299 | ||
| Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear | 299 | ||
| Class System | 299 | ||
| Bethesda System | 299 | ||
| Mammogram | 300 | ||
| INDEX | 301 | ||
| A | 301 | ||
| B | 301 | ||
| C | 302 | ||
| D | 303 | ||
| E | 303 | ||
| F | 303 | ||
| G | 304 | ||
| H | 304 | ||
| I | 305 | ||
| J | 305 | ||
| K | 305 | ||
| L | 305 | ||
| M | 306 | ||
| N | 306 | ||
| O | 306 | ||
| P | 307 | ||
| Q | 308 | ||
| R | 308 | ||
| S | 308 | ||
| T | 309 | ||
| U | 309 | ||
| V | 309 | ||
| W | 310 | ||
| Y | 310 | ||
| Z | 310 |