Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Reflecting recent major advances in the field, Müller's Imaging of the Chest, 2nd Edition, by Drs. Christopher M. Walker and Jonathan H. Chung, remains your go-to reference for all aspects of chest radiology, including the latest diagnostic modalities and interventional techniques. This exhaustive resource begins with a review of normal anatomy, progressing to expert coverage based first on how patients present in clinical practice, then on diagnosis or diagnostic category. This practical, easy-to-use format helps you effectively select and interpret the best imaging studies for the everyday challenges you face in thoracic imaging.
- Provides extensive new information on lung cancer screening, detailing the technique required to perform a lung cancer screening CT as well as how to interpret these examinations using ACR Lung-RADS.
- Contains four all-new chapters: Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features, Non-infectious complications of lung and stem cell transplantation, and Leukemia.
- Updates you on recent advances regarding interstitial lung disease diagnosis, diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH), interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF), pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, and much more.
- Explains the recent CT classification in usual interstitial pneumonia/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (UIP/IPF) diagnosis and what features are required to correctly categorize a CT into one of four specific patterns.
- Covers current topics such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, and new staging and histologic classifications for various lung neoplasms including lung cancer and mesothelioma.
- Features more than 3,100 superior, large digital-quality images (many in full color) depicting all of the chest imaging findings you’re likely to see, and helping you distinguish between conditions with similar manifestations.
- Provides boxes highlighting key points to assist you with report writing, as well as suggestions for treatment and future imaging studies.
- Features a full-color design throughout, color-coded tables, classic signs boxes, and bulleted lists that highlight key concepts and get you to the information you need quickly.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Muller's Imaging of the Chest | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| Second half title page | xv | ||
| 1 Normal Chest | 1 | ||
| 1 Normal Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography* | 1 | ||
| Radiography | 1 | ||
| Technique | 1 | ||
| Projections | 1 | ||
| Basic Radiographic Techniques | 1 | ||
| Patient Positioning and Respiration | 1 | ||
| Exposure | 1 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 1 | ||
| Image Acquisition | 1 | ||
| Computed Radiography | 1 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 2 | ||
| Normal Anatomy of the Chest | 2 | ||
| Airways | 2 | ||
| Trachea and Bronchi | 2 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial and Venous Circulation | 3 | ||
| Pulmonary Arteries | 3 | ||
| Pulmonary Veins | 6 | ||
| Pulmonary Hila | 6 | ||
| Lung Parenchyma | 9 | ||
| Secondary Lobule | 9 | ||
| Segments and Lobes | 9 | ||
| Radiographic Density | 9 | ||
| Pulmonary Markings | 9 | ||
| Pleura | 9 | ||
| Interlobar Fissures | 9 | ||
| Accessory Fissures | 10 | ||
| Azygos Fissure. | 10 | ||
| Inferior Accessory Fissure. | 10 | ||
| Superior Accessory Fissure. | 10 | ||
| Left Minor Fissure. | 10 | ||
| Pulmonary Ligament | 10 | ||
| Thoracic Inlet | 12 | ||
| Mediastinum | 12 | ||
| Anatomy | 12 | ||
| Frontal Chest Radiograph | 14 | ||
| Lateral Chest Radiograph | 17 | ||
| Heart | 17 | ||
| Diaphragm | 18 | ||
| Chest Wall | 19 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 19 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 19 | ||
| Incremental and Continuous Volume (Spiral) Computed Tomography | 20 | ||
| Imaging Parameters | 23 | ||
| High-Resolution Computed Tomography | 27 | ||
| Radiation Dose | 28 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 28 | ||
| Airways | 28 | ||
| Trachea and Main Bronchi | 28 | ||
| Lobar Bronchi and Bronchopulmonary Segments | 29 | ||
| Normal Bronchi on Computed Tomography | 29 | ||
| Bronchioles | 37 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial and Venous Circulation | 37 | ||
| Pulmonary Arteries | 37 | ||
| Pulmonary Veins | 38 | ||
| Bronchial Circulation | 38 | ||
| Lung Parenchyma | 38 | ||
| Secondary Pulmonary Lobule | 38 | ||
| Acinus | 42 | ||
| Lung Density on Computed Tomography | 42 | ||
| Pleura | 42 | ||
| Anatomy | 42 | ||
| Interlobar Fissures | 43 | ||
| Accessory Fissures | 43 | ||
| Azygos Fissure. | 43 | ||
| Inferior Accessory Fissure. | 43 | ||
| Superior Accessory Fissure. | 43 | ||
| Pulmonary Ligament | 43 | ||
| Mediastinum | 44 | ||
| Supraaortic Region | 44 | ||
| Aortic Arch to Tracheal Carina | 46 | ||
| Subcarinal Region | 48 | ||
| Lymphatic System of the Lungs, Pleura, and Mediastinum | 48 | ||
| Thoracic Duct and Right Lymphatic Duct | 49 | ||
| Lymph Nodes. | 49 | ||
| Parietal and Visceral Groups of Thoracic Lymph Nodes. | 49 | ||
| Lymph Node Size. | 49 | ||
| Diaphragm. | 54 | ||
| Chest Wall. | 54 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 56 | ||
| References | 56.e1 | ||
| 2 Radiologic Manifestations of Lung Disease | 57 | ||
| 2 Consolidation* | 57 | ||
| Chest Radiograph | 57 | ||
| Silhouette Sign | 57 | ||
| Focal and Multifocal Consolidation | 57 | ||
| Extensive Confluent and Diffuse Consolidation | 62 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 65 | ||
| Acute Causes of Parenchymal Consolidation | 66 | ||
| Pneumonia | 66 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 67 | ||
| Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage | 67 | ||
| Chronic Causes of Parenchymal Consolidation | 68 | ||
| Organizing Pneumonia | 68 | ||
| Eosinophilic Lung Disease | 68 | ||
| Lipoid Pneumonia | 69 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 69 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 70 | ||
| References | 70.e1 | ||
| 3 Atelectasis* | 71 | ||
| Mechanisms of Atelectasis | 71 | ||
| Obstructive Atelectasis | 71 | ||
| Passive Atelectasis | 71 | ||
| Compressive Atelectasis | 71 | ||
| Round Atelectasis | 71 | ||
| Adhesive Atelectasis | 72 | ||
| Cicatrization Atelectasis | 73 | ||
| Radiologic Signs of Atelectasis | 75 | ||
| Direct Signs | 75 | ||
| Displacement of Interlobar Fissures | 75 | ||
| Crowding of Vessels and Bronchi | 75 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 75 | ||
| Patterns of Atelectasis | 76 | ||
| Total Pulmonary Atelectasis | 77 | ||
| Lobar Atelectasis | 77 | ||
| Right Upper Lobe | 77 | ||
| Left Upper Lobe | 79 | ||
| Right Middle Lobe | 79 | ||
| Lower Lobes | 79 | ||
| Combined Lobar Atelectasis | 83 | ||
| Combined Right Middle and Lower Lobe Atelectasis. | 83 | ||
| Combined Right Upper and Middle Lobe Atelectasis. | 87 | ||
| Combined Right Upper and Lower Lobe Atelectasis. | 87 | ||
| Migrating Lobar Atelectasis | 87 | ||
| Segmental Atelectasis | 88 | ||
| Linear (Plate-Like) Atelectasis | 90 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 90 | ||
| References | 90.e1 | ||
| 4 Nodules and Masses* | 91 | ||
| Solitary Lung Nodule or Mass | 91 | ||
| Location of the Lesion | 91 | ||
| Imaging Characteristics of Lung Nodules | 91 | ||
| Size | 91 | ||
| Change in Size | 91 | ||
| Attenuation: Calcification | 94 | ||
| Attenuation: Fat Density | 96 | ||
| Attenuation: Water Density | 96 | ||
| Attenuation: Air Bronchogram | 96 | ||
| Attenuation: Bubble Lucencies (Pseudocavitation) | 96 | ||
| Attenuation: Focal Nodular Ground-Glass Opacity | 98 | ||
| Attenuation: Computed Tomography Halo Sign | 98 | ||
| Character of the Nodule-Lung Interface | 99 | ||
| Nodule Enhancement: Computed Tomography | 100 | ||
| Nodule Metabolism: Positron Emission Tomography | 100 | ||
| Solitary Pulmonary Mass | 100 | ||
| Algorithm for Evaluation of Pulmonary Nodules | 103 | ||
| Multiple Lung Nodules and Masses | 104 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 108 | ||
| References | 108.e1 | ||
| 5 Interstitial Patterns* | 109 | ||
| Septal Pattern | 109 | ||
| Reticular Pattern | 109 | ||
| Cystic Pattern | 117 | ||
| Nodular Pattern | 124 | ||
| Perilymphatic Nodular Pattern | 124 | ||
| Centrilobular Nodular Pattern | 126 | ||
| Tree-in-Bud Pattern | 130 | ||
| Random Distribution | 132 | ||
| Ground-Glass Pattern | 132 | ||
| “Crazy Paving” Pattern | 137 | ||
| Limitations of the Pattern Approach | 137 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 137 | ||
| References | 137.e1 | ||
| 6 Decreased Lung Density* | 138 | ||
| Alteration in Pulmonary Volume | 138 | ||
| General Excess of Air | 138 | ||
| Local Excess of Air | 139 | ||
| Bulla | 141 | ||
| Bleb | 142 | ||
| Pneumatocele | 142 | ||
| Alteration in Pulmonary Vasculature | 143 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 146 | ||
| References | 146.e1 | ||
| 3 Developmental Lung Disease | 147 | ||
| 7 Airway and Parenchymal Anomalies* | 147 | ||
| Anomalous Tracheobronchial Branching | 147 | ||
| Tracheal Bronchus | 147 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 147 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 147 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 147 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 147 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 147 | ||
| Accessory Cardiac Bronchus | 147 | ||
| 4 Pulmonary Infection | 193 | ||
| 9 Bacterial Pneumonia* | 193 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 193 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 193 | ||
| Pathologic Findings and Pathophysiology | 193 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 194 | ||
| Radiography and Computed Tomography | 194 | ||
| Lobar Pneumonia | 195 | ||
| Bronchopneumonia and Bronchiolitis | 195 | ||
| Hematogenous Spread of Infection | 195 | ||
| Complications | 197 | ||
| Specific Organisms | 203 | ||
| Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 203 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 203 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 203 | ||
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 203 | ||
| Atypical Infections | 206 | ||
| Legionella pneumophila | 206 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 206 | ||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | 207 | ||
| Health Care–Associated, Hospital-Acquired, and Ventilator-Acquired Pneumonia | 208 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 208 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 208 | ||
| Enterobacteriaceae | 208 | ||
| Anaerobic Bacteria | 210 | ||
| Zoonotic Infections | 210 | ||
| Higher-Form Bacteria | 212 | ||
| Nocardia asteroides | 212 | ||
| Actinomyces israelii | 212 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 212 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 214 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 214 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 218 | ||
| References | 218.e1 | ||
| 10 Pulmonary Tuberculosis | 219 | ||
| Overview | 219 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 219 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 219 | ||
| Pathologic Findings and Pathophysiology | 219 | ||
| New Concept of Manifestations of the Disease | 220 | ||
| Radiographic Findings | 220 | ||
| Multidetector or High-Resolution Computed Tomography | 226 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm Based on Pros and Cons of Various Modalities | 238 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 239 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 240 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 240 | ||
| References | 240.e1 | ||
| 11 Nontuberculous (Atypical) Mycobacterial Infection* | 241 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 241 | ||
| Classification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 241 | ||
| Clinical Presentation: Colonization Versus Infection | 241 | ||
| Pathology | 242 | ||
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex | 242 | ||
| Manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Infection | 242 | ||
| Radiography. | 242 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 243 | ||
| Mycobacterium kansasii | 245 | ||
| Mycobacterium xenopi | 246 | ||
| Mycobacterium malmoense | 246 | ||
| Mycobacterium gordonae | 246 | ||
| Mycobacteria Chelonae and Other Rapidly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 246 | ||
| Hot Tub Lung | 247 | ||
| Coexisting Disease and Infection With Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 247 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 248 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 249 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 249 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 250 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 250 | ||
| References | 250.e1 | ||
| 12 Fungal Infections | 251 | ||
| Etiology | 251 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 251 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 251 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 251 | ||
| Pathology | 251 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 251 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 251 | ||
| Acute Histoplasmosis | 251 | ||
| General. | 251 | ||
| Radiography. | 251 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 251 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography. | 252 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms. | 252 | ||
| Chronic Histoplasmosis | 252 | ||
| General. | 252 | ||
| Radiography. | 253 | ||
| 5 Pulmonary Neoplasms | 317 | ||
| 16 Screening for Lung Cancer | 317 | ||
| Background | 317 | ||
| Conditions for Screening | 317 | ||
| History of Lung Cancer Screening | 317 | ||
| History of Computed Tomography Screening | 317 | ||
| Screening Programs and Reimbursement | 318 | ||
| Lung Computed Tomography Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) | 318 | ||
| Enriching the Screened Population | 321 | ||
| Computer-Aided Detection Assessment of Nodules | 321 | ||
| Biomarkers | 322 | ||
| Conclusion | 322 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 323 | ||
| References | 323.e1 | ||
| 17 Lung Cancer | 324 | ||
| Etiology | 324 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 324 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 324 | ||
| Asymptomatic | 324 | ||
| Symptomatic | 324 | ||
| Pathology | 325 | ||
| Lung Function | 326 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 327 | ||
| Radiography | 327 | ||
| Solitary Pulmonary Nodule or Mass | 327 | ||
| Lobar or Segmental Consolidation or Atelectasis | 327 | ||
| Hyperlucent Lung | 328 | ||
| Hilar or Mediastinal Mass | 330 | ||
| Diffuse Interstitial Disease | 330 | ||
| Chest Wall and Lung Apex Involvement | 330 | ||
| Pleural Effusion and Pleural Thickening | 330 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 330 | ||
| Pulmonary Nodule(s) | 330 | ||
| Lobar or Segmental Consolidation or Atelectasis | 331 | ||
| Hilar or Mediastinal Disease | 331 | ||
| Chest Wall and Pleural Involvement | 331 | ||
| Computed Tomography–Guided Biopsy of Intrathoracic Lesions | 331 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 332 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 332 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 332 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 335 | ||
| Solitary Pulmonary Nodule | 335 | ||
| Hemoptysis | 335 | ||
| Hilar or Mediastinal Mass on Radiography | 335 | ||
| Lobar Consolidation or Atelectasis | 337 | ||
| Peripheral Lesion | 337 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 339 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 339 | ||
| Hemoptysis | 339 | ||
| Cough | 339 | ||
| Dyspnea | 339 | ||
| Constitutional and Paraneoplastic Symptoms (Fever, Weakness, Weight Loss) | 339 | ||
| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | 339 | ||
| Vocal Cord Paralysis | 339 | ||
| Horner Syndrome | 339 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 340 | ||
| Solitary Pulmonary Nodule | 340 | ||
| Lobar Consolidation or Atelectasis | 340 | ||
| Mediastinal or Hilar Mass | 340 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 340 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 340 | ||
| References | 340.e1 | ||
| 18 Pulmonary Carcinoma Staging | 341 | ||
| Schemes for Staging | 341 | ||
| Methods of Staging | 341 | ||
| T (Primary Tumor) | 341 | ||
| Radiography | 341 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 341 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 342 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 343 | ||
| N (Lymph Nodes) | 343 | ||
| Radiography and Computed Tomography | 343 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 349 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 351 | ||
| M (Distant Metastases) | 353 | ||
| Conventional Staging | 354 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 354 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 354 | ||
| Bone Scintigraphy | 354 | ||
| Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography | 354 | ||
| Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 354 | ||
| Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography–Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 354 | ||
| Adrenal Imaging | 354 | ||
| Staging for Lung Cancers With Multiple Pulmonary Sites of Involvement | 361 | ||
| Tumor-Node-Metastisis Staging for Small Cell Lung Cancer | 361 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 363 | ||
| Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer | 363 | ||
| Small Cell Lung Cancer | 364 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 364 | ||
| References | 364.e1 | ||
| 19 Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia, Pulmonary Tumorlets, and Carcinoid Tumors* | 365 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia and Pulmonary Tumorlets | 365 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 365 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 365 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 365 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 365 | ||
| Radiography | 365 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 365 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 366 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 366 | ||
| Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors | 367 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 367 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 367 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 367 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 367 | ||
| Radiography | 367 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 369 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance, Scintigraphy, and Positron Emission Tomography | 369 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 374 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 374 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 375 | ||
| References | 375.e1 | ||
| 20 Pulmonary Hamartoma* | 376 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 376 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 376 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 376 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 376 | ||
| Radiography | 376 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 376 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 379 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 379 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 379 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 379 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 380 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 380 | ||
| References | 380.e1 | ||
| 21 Inflammatory Pseudotumor* | 381 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 381 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 381 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 381 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 381 | ||
| Radiography | 381 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 381 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 381 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 381 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 381 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 381 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 383 | ||
| References | 383.e1 | ||
| 22 Pulmonary Metastases* | 384 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 384 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 384 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 384 | ||
| Hematogenous Spread | 384 | ||
| Lymphatic Spread | 384 | ||
| Aerogenous Spread | 384 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 384 | ||
| Radiography | 384 | ||
| Lung Nodules | 384 | ||
| Lymphatic Spread (Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis) | 384 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 385 | ||
| Lung Nodules | 385 | ||
| Lymphatic Spread (Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis) | 388 | ||
| Intravascular Tumor Emboli | 388 | ||
| Bronchial and Tracheal Metastases | 389 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 389 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 391 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 391 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 391 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 392 | ||
| References | 392.e1 | ||
| 6 Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Leukemia | 393 | ||
| 23 Pulmonary Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia)* | 393 | ||
| Pulmonary Lymphoid Hyperplasia (Follicular Bronchiolitis) | 393 | ||
| 7 Diffuse Lung Diseases | 429 | ||
| 27 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis* | 429 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 429 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 429 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 429 | ||
| Pathology | 429 | ||
| Lung Function | 430 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 431 | ||
| Radiography | 431 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 432 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 437 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 438 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 439 | ||
| References | 439.e1 | ||
| 28 Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia* | 440 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 440 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 440 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 440 | ||
| Pathology | 440 | ||
| Lung Function | 440 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 440 | ||
| Radiography | 440 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 442 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 445 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 447 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 448 | ||
| References | 448.e1 | ||
| 29 Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia/Secondary Organizing Pneumonia* | 449 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 449 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 449 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 449 | ||
| Pathology | 449 | ||
| Lung Function | 449 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 449 | ||
| Radiography | 449 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 450 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 453 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 455 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 455 | ||
| References | 455.e1 | ||
| 30 Acute Interstitial Pneumonia* | 456 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 456 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 456 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 456 | ||
| Pathology | 456 | ||
| Lung Function | 456 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 456 | ||
| Radiography | 456 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 456 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 456 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 460 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 460 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 460 | ||
| References | 460.e1 | ||
| 31 Sarcoidosis* | 461 | ||
| Etiology | 461 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 461 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 461 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 462 | ||
| Pathology | 462 | ||
| Lung Function | 463 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 463 | ||
| Radiography | 463 | ||
| Lymph Node Enlargement Without Pulmonary Abnormality | 465 | ||
| Diffuse Pulmonary Disease With or Without Lymph Node Enlargement | 465 | ||
| Nodular Pattern. | 465 | ||
| Reticulonodular Pattern. | 465 | ||
| Parenchymal Consolidation. | 465 | ||
| Fibrosis. | 466 | ||
| Cavitation and Mycetoma Formation. | 466 | ||
| Pleural Disease. | 466 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease. | 466 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 466 | ||
| Pulmonary Manifestations | 466 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | 474 | ||
| Hilar and Mediastinal Nodes | 474 | ||
| Cardiac Sarcoidosis | 474 | ||
| Abdominal Manifestations | 474 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 475 | ||
| Gallium-67 Scintigraphy | 475 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 476 | ||
| Diagnostic Algorithm | 476 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 477 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 477 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 477 | ||
| References | 477.e1 | ||
| 32 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis* | 478 | ||
| Etiology | 478 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 478 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 478 | ||
| Diagnosis | 478 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 479 | ||
| Lung Function | 479 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 479 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 481 | ||
| Radiography | 481 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 482 | ||
| Acute Phase | 482 | ||
| Subacute Phase | 482 | ||
| Chronic Phase | 489 | ||
| Acute Exacerbations | 491 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 492 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 493 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 493 | ||
| References | 493.e1 | ||
| 33 Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis* | 494 | ||
| Etiology | 494 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 494 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 494 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 494 | ||
| Pathology | 494 | ||
| Lung Function | 495 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 496 | ||
| Radiography | 496 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 496 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 499 | ||
| Echocardiography | 499 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 499 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 499 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 500 | ||
| Medical | 500 | ||
| Surgical | 501 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 501 | ||
| References | 501.e1 | ||
| 34 Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Disease* | 502 | ||
| Respiratory Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease | 502 | ||
| Etiology | 502 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 502 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 502 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 502 | ||
| Pathology | 502 | ||
| Lung Function | 503 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 503 | ||
| Radiography | 503 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 503 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 507 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 507 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 507 | ||
| Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia | 507 | ||
| Etiology | 507 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 508 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 508 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 508 | ||
| Pathology | 508 | ||
| Lung Function | 509 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 509 | ||
| Radiography | 509 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 509 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 509 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 510 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 510 | ||
| Smoking-Related Pulmonary Fibrosis | 510 | ||
| Etiology | 510 | ||
| Usual Interstitial Pneumonia | 510 | ||
| 8 Connective Tissue Diseases | 552 | ||
| 39 Rheumatoid Arthritis* | 552 | ||
| Etiology | 552 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 552 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 552 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 552 | ||
| Pathology | 552 | ||
| Lung Function | 553 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 554 | ||
| Radiography | 554 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 554 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 559 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 559 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 559 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 559 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 559 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 559 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 560 | ||
| References | 560.e1 | ||
| 40 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)* | 561 | ||
| Etiology | 561 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 561 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 561 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 562 | ||
| Pathology | 562 | ||
| Lung Function | 562 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 562 | ||
| Radiography | 562 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 562 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 564 | ||
| Treatment | 564 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 564 | ||
| References | 564.e1 | ||
| 41 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus* | 565 | ||
| Etiology | 565 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 565 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 565 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 566 | ||
| Pathology | 566 | ||
| Lung Function | 566 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 566 | ||
| Radiography | 566 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 566 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 568 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 569 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 569 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 569 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 570 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 570 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 570 | ||
| References | 570.e1 | ||
| 42 Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis* | 571 | ||
| Etiology | 571 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 571 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 571 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 572 | ||
| Pathology | 572 | ||
| Lung Function | 572 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 572 | ||
| Radiography | 572 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 573 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 574 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 574 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 574 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 574 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 575 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 575 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 575 | ||
| References | 575.e1 | ||
| 43 Sjögren Syndrome* | 576 | ||
| Etiology | 576 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 576 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 576 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 576 | ||
| Pathology | 576 | ||
| Lung Function | 577 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 577 | ||
| Radiography | 577 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 578 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 580 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 580 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 580 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 580 | ||
| References | 580.e1 | ||
| 44 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease* | 581 | ||
| Etiology | 581 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 581 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 581 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 581 | ||
| Pathology | 581 | ||
| Lung Function | 582 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 582 | ||
| Radiography | 582 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 582 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 583 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 583 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 583 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 584 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 584 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 584 | ||
| References | 584.e1 | ||
| 45 Interstitial Pneumonia With Autoimmune Features | 585 | ||
| Background | 585 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 585 | ||
| Clinical Features | 585 | ||
| Imaging Features | 588 | ||
| Outcomes and Treatment | 589 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 591 | ||
| References | 591.e1 | ||
| 9 Vasculitis and Granulomatosis | 592 | ||
| 46 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis* | 592 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 592 | ||
| Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener Granulomatosis) | 592 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 592 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 592 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 592 | ||
| Radiography and Computed Tomography | 592 | ||
| Nuclear Imaging | 598 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 599 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Formerly Churg-Strauss Syndrome) | 600 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 600 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 600 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 600 | ||
| Radiography | 600 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 601 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 602 | ||
| Microscopic Polyangiitis | 603 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 603 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 603 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 603 | ||
| Radiography | 603 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 604 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 604 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 604 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 604 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 605 | ||
| References | 605.e1 | ||
| 47 Goodpasture Syndrome (Anti–Basement Membrane Antibody Disease)* | 606 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 606 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 606 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 606 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 606 | ||
| Radiography | 606 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 607 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 607 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 608 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 608 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 610 | ||
| References | 610.e1 | ||
| 48 Behçet Disease* | 611 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 611 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 611 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 611 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 611 | ||
| Radiography | 611 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 612 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 613 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 613 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 615 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 615 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 615 | ||
| References | 615.e1 | ||
| 49 Takayasu Arteritis* | 616 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 616 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 616 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 616 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 617 | ||
| Radiography | 617 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 617 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 619 | ||
| Angiography | 619 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 620 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 620 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 621 | ||
| References | 621.e1 | ||
| 10 Pulmonary Embolism, Hypertension, and Edema | 622 | ||
| 50 Acute Pulmonary Embolism* | 622 | ||
| Etiology | 622 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 622 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 622 | ||
| Pathology | 622 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 622 | ||
| Radiography | 622 | ||
| Radiographic Features Observed in the Absence of Infarction or Hemorrhage | 623 | ||
| Radiographic Features Suggestive of Infarction or Hemorrhage | 624 | ||
| Additional Findings | 624 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 624 | ||
| Computed Tomography Findings | 624 | ||
| Assessment of Pulmonary Embolism Severity. | 625 | ||
| Standard Multidetector Computed Tomography Protocols. | 627 | ||
| Clinical Validity of a Negative Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography | 629 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 630 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 630 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 630 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 632 | ||
| Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Endoluminal Filling Defects on Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography | 632 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 632 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 632 | ||
| References | 632.e1 | ||
| 51 Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism* | 633 | ||
| Etiology | 633 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 633 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 633 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 633 | ||
| Anatomy | 633 | ||
| Pathology | 633 | ||
| Lung Function | 635 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 635 | ||
| Radiography | 635 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 635 | ||
| Cardiovascular Signs of Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism | 635 | ||
| Vascular Signs. | 635 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension. | 637 | ||
| Systemic Collateral Supply. | 638 | ||
| Cardiac Signs. | 638 | ||
| Parenchymal Signs of Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism | 638 | ||
| Mosaic Attenuation. | 638 | ||
| Parenchymal Scarring. | 638 | ||
| Miscellaneous Signs | 638 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 638 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 639 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 639 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 639 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension | 639 | ||
| Modalities of Diagnosis. | 639 | ||
| Selection of Surgical Candidates | 640 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 640 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 640 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 641 | ||
| References | 641.e1 | ||
| 52 Nonthrombotic Pulmonary Embolism* | 642 | ||
| Fat Embolism | 642 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 642 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 642 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 642 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 642 | ||
| Radiography | 642 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 642 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 643 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 643 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Embolism | 644 | ||
| 11 Diseases of the Airways | 694 | ||
| 56 Tracheal Diseases* | 694 | ||
| Tracheal Neoplasms | 694 | ||
| Etiology | 694 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 694 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 694 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 694 | ||
| Anatomy | 694 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 694 | ||
| Radiography | 694 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 695 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 695 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 695 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 695 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 695 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 697 | ||
| Types of Tracheal Neoplasms | 697 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 697 | ||
| Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma | 698 | ||
| Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma | 698 | ||
| Tracheal Papilloma | 699 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 699 | ||
| Medical | 699 | ||
| Surgical | 699 | ||
| Tracheal Stenosis | 699 | ||
| Etiology | 699 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 700 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 701 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 701 | ||
| Anatomy | 701 | ||
| Pathology | 701 | ||
| Lung Function | 701 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 702 | ||
| Focal Tracheal Narrowing | 702 | ||
| General | 702 | ||
| Radiography | 702 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 702 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 702 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 702 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 702 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 702 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 703 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 703 | ||
| Tracheomalacia | 703 | ||
| Etiology | 703 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 703 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 703 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 703 | ||
| Anatomy | 703 | ||
| Pathology | 703 | ||
| Lung Function | 703 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 704 | ||
| General | 704 | ||
| Radiography | 704 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 704 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 704 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 704 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 705 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 705 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 705 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 705 | ||
| Medical | 705 | ||
| Surgical | 705 | ||
| Relapsing Polychondritis | 705 | ||
| Etiology | 705 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 705 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 705 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 705 | ||
| Anatomy | 705 | ||
| Pathology | 705 | ||
| Lung Function | 706 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 706 | ||
| Radiography | 706 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 706 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 706 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 706 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 707 | ||
| From Clinical Data | 707 | ||
| From Supportive Diagnostic Techniques | 707 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 707 | ||
| Medical | 707 | ||
| Surgical | 707 | ||
| Tracheomegaly | 707 | ||
| Etiology | 707 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 708 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 708 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 708 | ||
| Anatomy | 708 | ||
| Pathology | 708 | ||
| Lung Function | 708 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 708 | ||
| Radiography | 708 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 709 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 709 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 709 | ||
| 12 Inhalational Diseases and Aspiration | 775 | ||
| 61 Asbestos-Related Disease* | 775 | ||
| Etiology | 775 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 775 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 775 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 776 | ||
| Pathologic Characteristics | 776 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pulmonary Abnormalities | 776 | ||
| Asbestosis. | 776 | ||
| Rounded Atelectasis. | 776 | ||
| Lung Cancer. | 777 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pleural Abnormalities | 777 | ||
| Pleural Plaques. | 777 | ||
| Pleural Effusion. | 777 | ||
| Diffuse Pleural Thickening. | 777 | ||
| Mesothelioma. | 777 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests | 778 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 778 | ||
| Radiography | 778 | ||
| Interpretation According to the International Classification of Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses | 778 | ||
| Small Rounded Opacities. | 778 | ||
| Small Irregular Opacities. | 778 | ||
| Profusion. | 778 | ||
| Other Findings. | 778 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pulmonary Abnormalities | 778 | ||
| Asbestosis. | 778 | ||
| Rounded Atelectasis. | 779 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pleural Abnormalities | 779 | ||
| Pleural Plaques. | 779 | ||
| Diffuse Pleural Thickening. | 779 | ||
| Pleural Effusion. | 779 | ||
| Mesothelioma. | 783 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 783 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pulmonary Abnormalities | 783 | ||
| Asbestosis. | 783 | ||
| Rounded Atelectasis. | 786 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pleural Abnormalities | 786 | ||
| Pleural Plaques. | 786 | ||
| Diffuse Pleural Thickening. | 788 | ||
| Pleural Effusion. | 789 | ||
| Mesothelioma. | 789 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 789 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 791 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 792 | ||
| References | 792.e1 | ||
| 62 Silicosis and Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis* | 793 | ||
| Etiology | 793 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 793 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 794 | ||
| Silicosis | 794 | ||
| Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis | 794 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 795 | ||
| Pathology | 795 | ||
| Silicoproteinosis | 795 | ||
| Accelerated Silicosis | 795 | ||
| Classic (Nodular) Silicosis | 795 | ||
| Progressive Massive Fibrosis | 795 | ||
| Rheumatoid Pneumoconiosis | 795 | ||
| Mixed Dust Fibrosis | 796 | ||
| Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis | 796 | ||
| Lung Function | 796 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 796 | ||
| Radiography | 796 | ||
| Silicosis | 796 | ||
| Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis | 798 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 798 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 805 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/ Computed Tomography | 806 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 806 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 807 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 808 | ||
| References | 808.e1 | ||
| 63 Uncommon Pneumoconioses* | 809 | ||
| Hard Metal Lung Disease | 809 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 809 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 809 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 809 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 809 | ||
| Radiography | 809 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 809 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 810 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 810 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 810 | ||
| Aluminum Pneumoconiosis (Aluminosis) | 812 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 812 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 812 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 812 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 812 | ||
| Radiography | 812 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 812 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 814 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 814 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 815 | ||
| Talc Pneumoconiosis | 815 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 815 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 815 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 815 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 815 | ||
| Radiography | 815 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 816 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 817 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 817 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 817 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 817 | ||
| Welders’ Pneumoconiosis | 818 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 818 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 818 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 818 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 818 | ||
| Radiography | 818 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 818 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 818 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 818 | ||
| Chronic Beryllium Disease | 820 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 820 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 820 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 820 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 820 | ||
| Radiography | 820 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 820 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 820 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 820 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 821 | ||
| References | 821.e1 | ||
| 64 Aspiration | 822 | ||
| Aspiration Pneumonia | 822 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 822 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 823 | ||
| Pathologic Findings and Pathophysiology | 823 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 823 | ||
| Radiography | 823 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 824 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 824 | ||
| Aspiration Pneumonitis | 825 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 825 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 826 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 826 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 828 | ||
| Radiography | 828 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 828 | ||
| Aspiration of Inert and Nontoxic Fluids | 828 | ||
| Aspiration of Water (Drowning) | 828 | ||
| Aspiration of Lipids | 830 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 830 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 830 | ||
| Pathology | 830 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 831 | ||
| Radiography | 831 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 831 | ||
| Aspiration of Foreign Bodies | 831 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 831 | ||
| Aspiration Bronchiolitis | 833 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux and Constrictive Bronchiolitis | 833 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 833 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 835 | ||
| References | 835.e1 | ||
| 13 Iatrogenic Lung Disease and Trauma | 836 | ||
| 65 Drug-Induced Lung Disease* | 836 | ||
| Etiology | 836 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 836 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology | 836 | ||
| Choice of Imaging Modality | 836 | ||
| Imaging Patterns | 837 | ||
| Diffuse Alveolar Damage | 837 | ||
| Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia | 838 | ||
| Organizing Pneumonia | 839 | ||
| Eosinophilic Pneumonia | 842 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 842 | ||
| Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage | 842 | ||
| Drugs of Note | 842 | ||
| Illicit Drugs | 842 | ||
| Cocaine. | 842 | ||
| Heroin and Other Opiates. | 844 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 845 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 846 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 846 | ||
| References | 846.e1 | ||
| 66 Therapeutic Radiation and Radiation-Induced Lung Disease* | 847 | ||
| Etiology | 847 | ||
| Prevalence | 847 | ||
| Radiation Therapy Planning and Treatment Terminology | 848 | ||
| Types of Radiation Therapy Delivery | 848 | ||
| Recent Innovations in Radiation Therapy | 848 | ||
| Dose and Fractionation | 849 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 850 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 851 | ||
| Lung Function | 851 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 851 | ||
| General | 851 | ||
| Radiography | 852 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 852 | ||
| Computed Tomography–Positron Emission Tomography | 856 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 856 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 862 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 862 | ||
| References | 862.e1 | ||
| 67 Blunt Thoracic Trauma* | 863 | ||
| Acute Traumatic Aortic Injury | 863 | ||
| Acute Traumatic Aortic Injury Anatomy | 863 | ||
| Pathology | 864 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 864 | ||
| Radiography | 864 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 864 | ||
| Great Vessel and Supraaortic Branch Vessel Injury | 869 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 869 | ||
| Radiography | 869 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 869 | ||
| Cardiac Injury | 869 | ||
| Pathology | 869 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 871 | ||
| Radiography | 871 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 871 | ||
| Pulmonary Contusion | 871 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 872 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 872 | ||
| Radiography | 872 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 872 | ||
| Pulmonary Laceration and Traumatic Lung Cyst | 873 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 873 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 873 | ||
| Radiography | 873 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 873 | ||
| Airway Injury | 874 | ||
| 14 Pleural Disease | 942 | ||
| 71 Pneumothorax | 942 | ||
| Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax | 942 | ||
| Etiology | 942 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 942 | ||
| Familial | 942 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 942 | ||
| Anatomy of the Pleura | 943 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 944 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 945 | ||
| Radiography | 945 | ||
| Upright Chest Radiograph | 945 | ||
| Supine Chest Radiograph | 946 | ||
| Cause of Pneumothorax on the Chest Radiograph | 946 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 946 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 946 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 947 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax | 948 | ||
| Secondary Pneumothorax | 950 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 950 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 951 | ||
| Catamenial Pneumothorax | 954 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 955 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 956 | ||
| Radiography | 956 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 956 | ||
| Iatrogenic Pneumothorax | 957 | ||
| Bilateral Pneumothorax | 959 | ||
| Pneumothorax Ex vacuo or Trapped Lung | 959 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 959 | ||
| Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema | 959 | ||
| Size of Pneumothorax | 961 | ||
| Recurrence of Pneumothorax | 961 | ||
| Hydropneumothorax | 961 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 962 | ||
| References | 962.e1 | ||
| 72 Pleural Effusion* | 963 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 963 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 963 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 963 | ||
| Radiography | 963 | ||
| Subpulmonic Effusion | 963 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 965 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 967 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 967 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/ Computed Tomography | 968 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 968 | ||
| Transudative Effusion | 968 | ||
| Exudative Effusion | 968 | ||
| Infection | 968 | ||
| Malignancy | 969 | ||
| Connective Tissue Diseases and Vasculitis | 970 | ||
| Chylothorax | 970 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Caused by Infection | 970 | ||
| Mycobacteria | 970 | ||
| Epidemiology | 970 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 970 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 970 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 970 | ||
| Radiography. | 970 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 970 | ||
| Investigations and Differential Diagnosis | 972 | ||
| Treatment | 973 | ||
| Bacteria Other Than Mycobacteria | 973 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 973 | ||
| Bacteriology | 973 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 973 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 973 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 974 | ||
| Radiography. | 974 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 974 | ||
| Ultrasonography. | 975 | ||
| Management | 975 | ||
| Fungi | 975 | ||
| Parasites | 976 | ||
| Echinococcus Granulosus | 976 | ||
| Pleural Effusions in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 976 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Pleural Effusion | 976 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 976 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 976 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 976 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 977 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Caused by Neoplasms | 977 | ||
| Pulmonary Carcinoma | 978 | ||
| Metastatic Nonpulmonary Carcinoma | 978 | ||
| Hodgkin Disease and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 979 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 980 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Caused by Cardiac Failure | 980 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Caused by Pulmonary Thromboembolism | 980 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Caused by Trauma | 982 | ||
| Chylothorax | 982 | ||
| Pleural Effusion in Connective Tissue Disease | 983 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Caused by Immunologic Disease | 983 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 983 | ||
| Rheumatoid Disease | 984 | ||
| Dressler Syndrome | 984 | ||
| Catamenial Pleural Effusion | 985 | ||
| Pleural Effusion Related to Disease of Abdominal Organs | 985 | ||
| Liver and Biliary Tract | 985 | ||
| Kidney | 986 | ||
| Dialysis | 986 | ||
| Hydronephrosis and Urinoma | 986 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome | 986 | ||
| Uremia | 986 | ||
| Pancreas | 986 | ||
| Ovary | 986 | ||
| Ovarian Tumor | 986 | ||
| Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome | 986 | ||
| Subphrenic Abscess | 986 | ||
| Yellow Nail Syndrome | 986 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 987 | ||
| References | 987.e1 | ||
| 73 Benign Pleural Thickening | 988 | ||
| Etiology | 988 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 988 | ||
| Anatomy | 988 | ||
| The Apical Cap | 988 | ||
| Pathology | 988 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 989 | ||
| Radiography | 989 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 989 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 989 | ||
| Pleural Plaques | 989 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 989 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 990 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 991 | ||
| Pathology | 991 | ||
| Lung Function | 991 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 991 | ||
| Radiography | 991 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 993 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 993 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography– Computed Tomography | 997 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 997 | ||
| Normal Anatomic Structures | 997 | ||
| Talc Pleurodesis | 997 | ||
| Thoracolithiasis and Pleural Fibrin Body | 997 | ||
| Diffuse Pleural Fibrosis | 997 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 997 | ||
| Lung Function | 999 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 999 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 999 | ||
| Radiography | 999 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1001 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1001 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography | 1002 | ||
| Trapped Lung | 1002 | ||
| Imaging Algorithms | 1002 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 1006 | ||
| Surgical | 1006 | ||
| Medical | 1006 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1006 | ||
| Extrapleural Fat | 1006 | ||
| Pleural Fluid | 1006 | ||
| Pleural Plaques | 1007 | ||
| Erdheim-Chester Disease | 1007 | ||
| Diffuse Pulmonary Lymphangiomatosis | 1007 | ||
| Malignant Pleural Disease | 1007 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1007 | ||
| References | 1007.e1 | ||
| 74 Pleural Neoplasms | 1008 | ||
| Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma | 1008 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1008 | ||
| Asbestos | 1008 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 1009 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1009 | ||
| Pathology | 1009 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1009 | ||
| Imaging | 1010 | ||
| General Imaging Features | 1010 | ||
| Radiography | 1010 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1010 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1011 | ||
| Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography | 1016 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1018 | ||
| Staging | 1018 | ||
| T Classification | 1018 | ||
| N Classification | 1019 | ||
| M Classification | 1020 | ||
| Prognosis | 1021 | ||
| Treatment | 1021 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 1021 | ||
| Surgery | 1021 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 1021 | ||
| Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura | 1021 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 1021 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1021 | ||
| Pathology | 1022 | ||
| Imaging | 1022 | ||
| Radiography | 1022 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1023 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1023 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1024 | ||
| Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography | 1024 | ||
| Treatment | 1025 | ||
| Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Neoplasms | 1025 | ||
| Pleural Metastases | 1025 | ||
| Lymphoma | 1028 | ||
| Pathology | 1028 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1028 | ||
| Imaging | 1028 | ||
| Radiography | 1028 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1028 | ||
| Treatment | 1029 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1029 | ||
| References | 1029.e1 | ||
| 15 Mediastinum | 1030 | ||
| 75 Pneumomediastinum | 1030 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1030 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1030 | ||
| Pathologic Findings and Pathophysiology | 1031 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 1032 | ||
| Radiographic Findings | 1032 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1034 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1036 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 1037 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 1037 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 1038 | ||
| References | 1038.e1 | ||
| 76 Mediastinitis | 1039 | ||
| Acute Mediastinitis | 1039 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1039 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1039 | ||
| Pathologic Findings and Pathophysiology | 1040 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 1040 | ||
| Radiography | 1040 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1040 | ||
| Imaging Algorithm | 1045 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1045 | ||
| Fibrosing Mediastinitis | 1045 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1045 | ||
| Pathologic Findings and Pathophysiology | 1045 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1046 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 1046 | ||
| Radiography | 1046 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1046 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1047 | ||
| 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography | 1047 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiography | 1047 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1047 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1050 | ||
| References | 1050.e1 | ||
| 77 Mediastinal Masses* | 1051 | ||
| International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Definition of Mediastinal Compartments | 1051 | ||
| Prevascular Compartment | 1051 | ||
| Visceral Compartment | 1051 | ||
| Paravertebral Compartment | 1051 | ||
| Imaging of Mediastinal Masses | 1052 | ||
| General Considerations | 1052 | ||
| Radiography | 1052 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1052 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1052 | ||
| Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography | 1054 | ||
| Localization of Mediastinal Masses | 1054 | ||
| Imaging of the Prevascular Compartment | 1054 | ||
| Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms | 1054 | ||
| Thymoma | 1054 | ||
| Thymic Carcinoma and Thymic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 1055 | ||
| Fat-Containing Masses | 1055 | ||
| Mature Teratoma | 1055 | ||
| Thymolipoma | 1056 | ||
| Lipoma and Liposarcoma | 1056 | ||
| Thymic Hyperplasia | 1057 | ||
| Cystic Lesions | 1057 | ||
| Thymic Cysts | 1057 | ||
| Mature Teratoma | 1057 | ||
| Other Cystic Lesions | 1057 | ||
| Lymphoma | 1058 | ||
| Nonteratomatous Germ Cell Neoplasms | 1060 | ||
| Thyroid and Parathyroid Lesions | 1060 | ||
| Thyroid Goiter | 1060 | ||
| Parathyroid Adenoma | 1060 | ||
| Imaging of the Visceral Compartment | 1060 | ||
| Foregut Duplication Cysts | 1060 | ||
| Esopohageal Cancer and Other Masses | 1061 | ||
| Enhancing Lesions | 1062 | ||
| Imaging of the Paravertebral Compartment | 1065 | ||
| Neurogenic Neoplasms | 1065 | ||
| Spinal Infections | 1066 | ||
| Cystic Lesions | 1067 | ||
| Intrathoracic Meningocele | 1067 | ||
| Neurenteric Cyst | 1068 | ||
| Other Cystic Lesions | 1068 | ||
| Extramedullary Hematopoiesis | 1068 | ||
| Conclusions | 1068 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1069 | ||
| References | 1069.e1 | ||
| 16 Diaphragm and Chest Wall | 1070 | ||
| 78 Diaphragm* | 1070 | ||
| Abnormalities of Diaphragmatic Motion: Diaphragmatic Paralysis, Weakness, and Eventration | 1070 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1070 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1070 | ||
| Manifestations of Diaphragm Dysfunction | 1070 | ||
| Radiography and Fluoroscopy | 1070 | ||
| Performing the Fluoroscopic Sniff Testa | 1071 | ||
| Interpreting the Fluoroscopic Sniff Testa | 1072 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1073 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1073 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1073 | ||
| Treatment | 1074 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Hernias | 1074 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1074 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1075 | ||
| Manifestations of Diaphragmatic Hernia | 1076 | ||
| Radiography | 1076 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1077 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1084 | ||
| Neoplasms of the Diaphragm | 1084 | ||
| Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology | 1084 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1087 | ||
| Manifestations of Neoplasms | 1087 | ||
| Radiography | 1087 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1087 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1087 | ||
| References | 1087.e1 | ||
| 79 Chest Wall | 1088 | ||
| Normal Variants, Congenital Diseases, and Chest Wall Deformities | 1088 | ||
| Poland Syndrome | 1088 | ||
| Pectus Excavatum | 1089 | ||
| Pectus Carinatum | 1089 | ||
| Kyphoscoliosis | 1089 | ||
| Blunt Chest Trauma | 1090 | ||
| Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases | 1090 | ||
| SAPHO Syndrome | 1091 | ||
| Paget Disease | 1091 | ||
| Chest Wall Tumors | 1091 | ||
| Benign Bone Tumors | 1095 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 1095 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 1097 | ||
| Chondromyxoid Fibroma | 1098 | ||
| Malignant Bone Tumors | 1098 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 1098 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 1099 | ||
| Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors | 1100 | ||
| Solitary and Multiple Myeloma | 1101 | ||
| Primary Musculoskeletal Lymphoma | 1101 | ||
| Bone Metastases | 1102 | ||
| Benign Soft Tissue Tumors | 1103 | ||
| Elastofibroma Dorsi | 1104 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Fibromatoses | 1104 | ||
| Soft Tissue Sarcomas | 1105 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1107 | ||
| References | 1107.e1 | ||
| Index | 1108 | ||
| A | 1108 | ||
| B | 1110 | ||
| C | 1111 | ||
| D | 1114 | ||
| E | 1115 | ||
| F | 1116 | ||
| G | 1116 | ||
| H | 1117 | ||
| I | 1118 | ||
| J | 1119 | ||
| K | 1119 | ||
| L | 1119 | ||
| M | 1121 | ||
| N | 1123 | ||
| O | 1124 | ||
| P | 1124 | ||
| Q | 1128 | ||
| R | 1128 | ||
| S | 1130 | ||
| T | 1131 | ||
| U | 1133 | ||
| V | 1133 | ||
| W | 1133 | ||
| Y | 1133 | ||
| Z | 1133 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |