Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Develop your imaging skills with Radiology for the Dental Professional, 10th Edition. With a wealth of features that underscore practical application, you will not only learn the proper step-by-step techniques for safe and effective dental imaging, but you’ll also learn how to evaluate and, if applicable, interpret the images. This full-color 10th Edition boasts new content on digital imaging, expanded information on radiation safety and infection control, plus updated new photos of the latest techniques and technology. New chapter summaries and review questions further reinforce your understanding and application skills, and feature boxes help you troubleshoot and prevent common errors. Overall, it’s the ideal radiology introduction for anyone pursuing a successful career in the dental professions!
- Approachable writing style simplifies complex concepts for easier reading and comprehension.
- Step-by-step illustrated procedure boxes detail key skills and competencies.
- Common Errors features explain mistakes and provide strategies to prevent or resolve them.
- Advantages/Disadvantages boxes summarize the pros and cons of each radiographic technique.
- Key terms are listed on the chapter opening page, highlighted in text, and defined in back-of-book glossary.
- NEW! Content on digital imaging has been added throughout the text, as well as expanded information on radiation safety, infection control, and more.
- NEW! Full-color design with updated photos and illustrations includes all-new images of techniques and the latest equipment.
- NEW! Expanded focus on radiographic interpretation and evaluation equips you to help provide optimal patient care.
- NEW! Chapter review questions help you assess your understanding of chapter material and identify strengths and areas for improvement.
- NEW! Chapter summaries review key concepts and skills and serve as checkpoints for comprehension.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Frommer's Radiology for the Dental Professional | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | viii | ||
| Founding Author | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | x | ||
| 1 The History of Ionizing Radiation and Basic Principles of X-Ray Generation | 1 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| History of X-Rays | 1 | ||
| Names and Dates to Remember | 1 | ||
| Radiation | 4 | ||
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | 4 | ||
| Atomic and Molecular Structure | 6 | ||
| Ionization | 7 | ||
| X-Ray Tube | 8 | ||
| High Voltage | 8 | ||
| Source of Electrons | 8 | ||
| Target | 8 | ||
| Heat Production | 8 | ||
| X-Ray Production | 9 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic X-Rays | 11 | ||
| General Radiation or Braking (Bremsstrahlung) Radiation | 11 | ||
| Characteristic Radiation | 12 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 12 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 12 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 12 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 13 | ||
| Bibliography | 13 | ||
| 2 The Dental X-Ray Machine | 14 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 14 | ||
| Key Terms | 14 | ||
| Introduction | 14 | ||
| Electricity | 14 | ||
| Rectification | 15 | ||
| Circuitry | 17 | ||
| Control Panel | 17 | ||
| Timer | 18 | ||
| X-Ray Beam | 18 | ||
| Quality and Quantity of X-Rays: The Difference Between Milliamperage and Kilovoltage | 19 | ||
| Quality | 19 | ||
| Half-Value Layer | 20 | ||
| Quantity | 20 | ||
| Intensity | 21 | ||
| Filtration | 21 | ||
| Collimation | 22 | ||
| Rectangular Collimation | 22 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 23 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 23 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 23 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 24 | ||
| Bibliography | 24 | ||
| 3 Image Formation | 25 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 25 | ||
| Key Terms | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Density and Contrast | 25 | ||
| Object Contrast | 26 | ||
| Short Scale | 26 | ||
| Long Scale | 26 | ||
| Contrast and Conventional Radiography | 27 | ||
| Scatter Radiation—Film Fog | 27 | ||
| Film Contrast (Conventional Radiography) | 28 | ||
| Image Sharpness, Resolution, Detail, and Definition | 28 | ||
| Size of Tube Focal (Target) Area | 28 | ||
| Target-Receptor Distance (Focal-Film Distance) and Object-Receptor Distance (Object-Film Distance) | 28 | ||
| Target-Receptor Distance (Focal-Film Distance) | 29 | ||
| X-Ray Tube Position | 30 | ||
| Inverse Square Law | 30 | ||
| Object-Receptor Distance (Object-Film Distance) | 31 | ||
| Image Distortion and Enlargement | 31 | ||
| Movement | 32 | ||
| Viewing Conditions | 32 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 33 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 33 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 33 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 34 | ||
| Bibliography | 34 | ||
| 4 Image Receptors | 35 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 35 | ||
| Key Terms | 35 | ||
| Introduction | 35 | ||
| History of Dental X-Ray Film | 35 | ||
| Film Packet | 36 | ||
| Film Composition | 37 | ||
| Film Sensitivity (Speed) | 37 | ||
| Film Fog | 38 | ||
| Duplicating Film | 38 | ||
| Procedure | 38 | ||
| Film-Screen Combination | 39 | ||
| Intensifying Screens | 39 | ||
| Digital Imaging | 41 | ||
| Direct Digital Imaging Receptors | 41 | ||
| Indirect Digital Imaging Receptors | 41 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 41 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 42 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 42 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 42 | ||
| Bibliography | 42 | ||
| 5 Biologic Effects of Radiation | 44 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 44 | ||
| Key Terms | 44 | ||
| Introduction | 44 | ||
| Historical Concern About the Effects of Ionizing Radiation | 44 | ||
| Interaction of X-Rays with Matter | 45 | ||
| Effects of Ionizing Radiation | 46 | ||
| Direct and Indirect Effects | 46 | ||
| Units of Radiation Measurement | 46 | ||
| Exposure | 47 | ||
| Dose | 47 | ||
| Dose Equivalent | 47 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 48 | ||
| Exposure and Dose | 48 | ||
| Localized Radiation and Total Body Exposure | 48 | ||
| Dose–Response Curve | 48 | ||
| Somatic and Genetic Effects | 49 | ||
| Stochastic and Deterministic (Nonstochastic) Radiation Effects | 49 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Effects | 49 | ||
| Latent Period, Period of Injury, and Cell Recovery | 49 | ||
| Dose Rate | 49 | ||
| Long-Term Effects | 50 | ||
| Risk Estimates | 50 | ||
| Tissue Sensitivity | 50 | ||
| Critical Organs | 50 | ||
| Background Radiation | 50 | ||
| Patient Dosage | 51 | ||
| Skin | 51 | ||
| Eyes | 51 | ||
| Thyroid | 51 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 51 | ||
| Gonads | 52 | ||
| Pregnancy | 52 | ||
| Radiation Caries | 52 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 52 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 53 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 53 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 53 | ||
| Bibliography | 53 | ||
| 6 Patient Protection | 55 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 55 | ||
| Key Terms | 55 | ||
| Introduction | 55 | ||
| Patient Protection | 55 | ||
| Equipment | 56 | ||
| Tube Head and Arm | 56 | ||
| Head Leakage | 56 | ||
| Drift | 56 | ||
| Kilovoltage and Milliampere Seconds | 56 | ||
| Filtration | 57 | ||
| Collimation | 57 | ||
| Timing Device | 57 | ||
| Position-Indicating Devices | 57 | ||
| Receptor (Film) Holders | 58 | ||
| Digital Sensors, Film, and Intensifying Screens | 58 | ||
| Lead Aprons and Thyroid Collars | 59 | ||
| Technique | 59 | ||
| Retakes | 59 | ||
| Paralleling Technique | 59 | ||
| Target-Receptor Distance (Focal-Film Distance) | 59 | ||
| Processing and Viewing With the Use of Conventional Film | 60 | ||
| Darkroom | 60 | ||
| Viewing Finished Radiographs | 60 | ||
| Clinical Judgment | 60 | ||
| Radiation History | 60 | ||
| Selection Criteria | 61 | ||
| Administrative Radiographs | 63 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 63 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 63 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 63 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 64 | ||
| Bibliography | 64 | ||
| 7 Operator Protection | 65 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 65 | ||
| Key Terms | 65 | ||
| Introduction | 65 | ||
| Operator Dosage and Protection | 65 | ||
| Maximum Permissible Dose | 65 | ||
| Exposure Technique | 66 | ||
| Radiation Monitoring | 66 | ||
| Protective Barriers | 67 | ||
| Pregnancy | 68 | ||
| ALARA Principle (Concept) | 68 | ||
| Patient Concerns and Education | 68 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 68 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 69 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 69 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 69 | ||
| Bibliography | 69 | ||
| 8 Infection Control in Dental Radiography | 70 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 70 | ||
| Key Terms | 70 | ||
| Introduction | 70 | ||
| Infection Control in Dental Practice | 70 | ||
| Patient Medical History | 71 | ||
| Sources of Infection | 71 | ||
| Personnel | 72 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 72 | ||
| Masks/Eye Protection/Plastic Face Shields | 72 | ||
| Gloves/Hand Washing | 72 | ||
| Barriers | 72 | ||
| Sterilization and Disinfection | 73 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 74 | ||
| Film Packets | 74 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 75 | ||
| Automatic Processing (Conventional Radiography) | 76 | ||
| Panoramic Radiography | 76 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 77 | ||
| Immunization | 77 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 77 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 78 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 78 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 78 | ||
| Bibliography | 78 | ||
| 9 Intraoral Radiographic Technique | 80 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 80 | ||
| Key Terms | 80 | ||
| Introduction | 80 | ||
| The Radiographic Survey | 81 | ||
| Pediatric Full-Mouth Survey | 81 | ||
| Edentulous Series | 82 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 84 | ||
| Paralleling Technique | 84 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Paralleling Technique Compared with the Bisecting Angle Technique | 85 | ||
| Advantages of the Paralleling Technique | 86 | ||
| Disadvantages of the Paralleling Technique | 87 | ||
| Exposure Routine | 87 | ||
| Film Holders | 88 | ||
| Method | 89 | ||
| Exposure Time | 89 | ||
| Chair Position: Occlusal and Sagittal Plane Orientations | 89 | ||
| Receptor Position | 90 | ||
| Point of Entry | 90 | ||
| Vertical Angulation | 90 | ||
| Horizontal Angulation | 91 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 104 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 105 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 105 | ||
| Identify the Following Intraoral Radiographic Errors | 105 | ||
| Bibliography | 106 | ||
| 10 Accessory Radiographic Techniques | 107 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 107 | ||
| Key Terms | 107 | ||
| Introduction | 107 | ||
| Bisecting Technique | 107 | ||
| Advantages of the Bisecting-Angle Technique | 108 | ||
| Disadvantages of the Bisecting-Angle Technique | 108 | ||
| Method | 108 | ||
| Occlusal Projections | 108 | ||
| Right-Angle Projection | 115 | ||
| Topographic Projections | 115 | ||
| Occlusal Receptor | 115 | ||
| Mandibular Occlusal Technique | 116 | ||
| Maxillary Occlusal Technique | 116 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 119 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 119 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 119 | ||
| Case-Based Critical Thinking Exercise | 120 | ||
| Radiographic Interpretation | 120 | ||
| Bibliography | 121 | ||
| 11 Film Processing Techniques | 122 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 122 | ||
| Key Terms | 122 | ||
| Introduction | 122 | ||
| Manual Processing | 123 | ||
| Design and Requirements of the Darkroom | 123 | ||
| Location and Size | 123 | ||
| Lighting | 123 | ||
| Illuminating Safelight | 123 | ||
| Cell Phones | 124 | ||
| Overhead White Light | 124 | ||
| Viewing Safelight | 124 | ||
| X-Ray Viewbox | 124 | ||
| Outside Warning Light | 124 | ||
| Plumbing | 124 | ||
| Contents | 125 | ||
| Processing Tanks | 125 | ||
| Solutions | 125 | ||
| Replenishing | 125 | ||
| Timer and Thermometer | 126 | ||
| Film Hangers | 126 | ||
| Dryer | 126 | ||
| The Development Process | 126 | ||
| Explanation and Discussion | 126 | ||
| Latent Image | 126 | ||
| Developing | 127 | ||
| Rinsing (Stop Bath) | 128 | ||
| Fixing | 128 | ||
| Washing and Drying | 129 | ||
| Time-Temperature Versus Sight Development | 129 | ||
| Rapid Processing | 129 | ||
| Extraoral and Panoramic Films | 129 | ||
| Care and Maintenance of the Darkroom | 129 | ||
| Cleanliness | 130 | ||
| Solutions | 130 | ||
| Record Keeping | 130 | ||
| Environmental Concerns | 130 | ||
| Silver | 131 | ||
| Automatic Processing | 131 | ||
| Size of Film | 132 | ||
| Safelight | 132 | ||
| Plumbing | 132 | ||
| Automatic Replenishment | 132 | ||
| Care and Maintenance | 132 | ||
| Duplicate Radiographs | 133 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 138 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 138 | ||
| Case-Based Critical Thinking Exercise | 138 | ||
| Bibliography | 139 | ||
| 12 Panoramic Radiography | 140 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 140 | ||
| Key Terms | 140 | ||
| Introduction | 140 | ||
| The Basics of Panoramic Radiography | 140 | ||
| Pantomogram | 142 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 142 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages: Panoramic Radiography | 143 | ||
| Panoramic Image | 146 | ||
| Advantages | 146 | ||
| Size of the Field | 146 | ||
| Quality Control | 147 | ||
| Simplicity | 148 | ||
| Patient Cooperation | 148 | ||
| Time | 148 | ||
| Dose | 148 | ||
| Disadvantages | 148 | ||
| Image Quality | 148 | ||
| Focal Trough (Image Layer) | 148 | ||
| Overlap | 148 | ||
| Superimposition | 148 | ||
| Distortion | 149 | ||
| Overuse | 149 | ||
| Cost | 149 | ||
| Indications | 149 | ||
| Interpretation | 149 | ||
| Technique | 149 | ||
| Processing | 149 | ||
| Contemporary Panoramic Imaging Artifacts | 154 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 155 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 155 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 155 | ||
| Case-Based Critical Thinking Exercise | 156 | ||
| Bibliography | 157 | ||
| 13 Extraoral Techniques | 158 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 158 | ||
| Key Terms | 158 | ||
| Introduction | 158 | ||
| Indications | 158 | ||
| Equipment | 159 | ||
| X-Ray Unit | 159 | ||
| Cassettes | 159 | ||
| Film-Screen Combination | 159 | ||
| Holding Devices | 160 | ||
| Grids | 160 | ||
| Film Sensitivity and Processing | 160 | ||
| Projections | 160 | ||
| Lateral Oblique Projection of the Mandible | 161 | ||
| Clinical Indication | 161 | ||
| Receptor/Patient/Central Ray Position | 161 | ||
| Exposure Settings | 161 | ||
| Lateral Skull Projection | 161 | ||
| 14 Radiography of the Temporomandibular Joint | 166 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 166 | ||
| Key Terms | 166 | ||
| Introduction | 166 | ||
| Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint | 166 | ||
| Transcranial Temporomandibular Joint Projection | 166 | ||
| Clinical Indication | 167 | ||
| Receptor/Patient/Central Ray Position | 167 | ||
| Exposure Settings | 167 | ||
| Submentovertex (Basilar) Projection | 167 | ||
| Panoramic Projection | 167 | ||
| Conventional Tomography | 168 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 169 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 169 | ||
| Arthrography | 169 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 170 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 171 | ||
| Fill-in-the-Blank/Multiple Choice: | 171 | ||
| Bibliography | 171 | ||
| 15 Digital Imaging | 172 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 172 | ||
| Key Terms | 172 | ||
| Introduction | 172 | ||
| Digital Image | 172 | ||
| X-Ray Unit | 173 | ||
| Sensors | 173 | ||
| Nature of the Image | 174 | ||
| Types of Digital Systems | 182 | ||
| Direct Digital Radiography | 182 | ||
| Indirect Digital Radiography (Storage Phosphor) | 182 | ||
| Optically Scanned Digital Radiography | 182 | ||
| Legal Aspects | 183 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 183 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 183 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 183 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 184 | ||
| Bibliography | 184 | ||
| 16 Advanced Imaging Systems | 185 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 185 | ||
| Key Terms | 185 | ||
| Introduction | 185 | ||
| Computed Tomography Scanning | 186 | ||
| Cone Beam Computed Tomography | 189 | ||
| Acquiring the Image | 189 | ||
| Basic Information: Cone Beam Computed Tomography | 190 | ||
| Radiation Dosages | 190 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 191 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 191 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 191 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 192 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 192 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 192 | ||
| Bibliography | 192 | ||
| 17 Quality Assurance | 193 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 193 | ||
| Key Terms | 193 | ||
| Introduction | 193 | ||
| Chairside Technique | 193 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Machine Maintenance | 194 | ||
| Conventional Radiography Quality Assurance | 194 | ||
| Processing Technique | 194 | ||
| Film Maintenance | 197 | ||
| Extraoral Radiography | 197 | ||
| Lead Contamination | 197 | ||
| Digital Radiography Quality Assurance | 197 | ||
| Digital Sensor Maintenance | 197 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 197 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 197 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 197 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 198 | ||
| Bibliography | 198 | ||
| 18 Patient Management and Special Problems | 199 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 199 | ||
| Key Terms | 199 | ||
| Introduction | 199 | ||
| Management | 200 | ||
| Patients with Disabilities and Special Needs | 200 | ||
| Physical Disability | 200 | ||
| Mobility | 200 | ||
| Developmental Disability | 201 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 201 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 202 | ||
| Pediatric Patients | 202 | ||
| Reverse Bitewings | 202 | ||
| Special Problems | 204 | ||
| Gagging | 204 | ||
| Attitude | 204 | ||
| Film Order and Technique | 205 | ||
| Deep Breathing | 205 | ||
| Bite Blocks and Receptor-Holding Devices | 205 | ||
| Lozenges, Gargles, and Sprays | 205 | ||
| Hypnosis | 205 | ||
| Salt | 205 | ||
| Localization Problems | 206 | ||
| Definition Evaluation | 206 | ||
| Tube Shift | 206 | ||
| Right-Angle Technique | 207 | ||
| Pantomography | 207 | ||
| Third Molar Problems | 207 | ||
| Maxilla | 207 | ||
| Mandible | 207 | ||
| Receptor Placement Problems | 208 | ||
| Narrow Arch | 208 | ||
| Shallow Palate | 208 | ||
| Lingual Frenulum | 208 | ||
| Tori | 208 | ||
| Canine Overlap | 209 | ||
| Trismus | 209 | ||
| Endodontic Problems | 210 | ||
| Grid Measurement | 210 | ||
| Radiopaque Media | 211 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 212 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 212 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 212 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 212 | ||
| Bibliography | 212 | ||
| 19 Film Mounting and Radiographic Anatomy | 213 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 213 | ||
| Key Terms | 213 | ||
| Introduction | 214 | ||
| Descriptive Terminology | 214 | ||
| Mounts | 214 | ||
| Mounting | 215 | ||
| Procedure | 215 | ||
| Mounting in Digital Imaging | 216 | ||
| Normal Radiographic Anatomy | 216 | ||
| Radiographic Tooth Anatomy | 217 | ||
| Restorations | 225 | ||
| Radiographic Anatomy for Panoramic Films | 225 | ||
| Mandibular Foramen | 226 | ||
| Pharyngeal Airspace | 226 | ||
| Styloid Process | 226 | ||
| Mandibular Condyle | 226 | ||
| Pterygomaxillary Fissure | 226 | ||
| Occlusal Radiographs | 228 | ||
| Extraoral Projections | 228 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 230 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 230 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 230 | ||
| Radiographic Appearance of Common Anatomic Landmarks | 231 | ||
| Bibliography | 231 | ||
| 20 Principles of Radiographic Interpretation | 232 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 232 | ||
| Key Terms | 232 | ||
| Introduction | 232 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 232 | ||
| Diagnostic Questions | 233 | ||
| Preliminary Questions | 233 | ||
| Questions That Follow the Preliminary Radiographic Examination | 233 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 235 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 236 | ||
| Matching | 236 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 236 | ||
| Bibliography | 236 | ||
| 21 Caries and Periodontal Disease | 237 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 237 | ||
| Key Terms | 237 | ||
| Introduction | 237 | ||
| Caries | 237 | ||
| Incipient Caries | 238 | ||
| Interproximal Caries | 238 | ||
| Occlusal Caries | 239 | ||
| Buccal and Lingual Caries | 239 | ||
| Conditions Resembling Caries | 240 | ||
| Cervical Burnout | 240 | ||
| Abrasion, Attrition, Erosion, and Enamel Hypoplasia | 240 | ||
| Indirect Pulp Capping | 241 | ||
| Restorative Materials | 241 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 241 | ||
| Normal Periodontal Structures | 242 | ||
| Techniques | 243 | ||
| Risk Factors in Periodontal Disease | 243 | ||
| Calculus | 243 | ||
| Restorations | 243 | ||
| Anatomic Configurations | 244 | ||
| Stages of Periodontal Disease | 244 | ||
| Gingivitis (Type I) | 244 | ||
| Mild or Slight Periodontitis (Type II) | 244 | ||
| Moderate Periodontitis (Type III) | 245 | ||
| Advanced or Severe Periodontitis (Type IV) | 245 | ||
| Periodontal Abscess | 245 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 246 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 247 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 247 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 248 | ||
| Bibliography | 248 | ||
| 22 Pulpal and Periapical Lesions | 249 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 249 | ||
| Key Terms | 249 | ||
| Introduction | 249 | ||
| Pulpal Lesions | 249 | ||
| Anatomy | 249 | ||
| Pulp Calcifications | 250 | ||
| 23 Developmental Disturbances of Teeth and Bone | 257 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 257 | ||
| Key Terms | 257 | ||
| Introduction | 257 | ||
| Tooth Development (Odontogenesis) | 257 | ||
| Eruption of Teeth | 258 | ||
| Impacted Teeth | 258 | ||
| Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia) | 261 | ||
| Congenitally Missing Teeth | 261 | ||
| Malposition of Teeth | 262 | ||
| Hypercementosis | 262 | ||
| Enamel Pearls | 262 | ||
| Fusion | 262 | ||
| Gemination | 262 | ||
| Concrescence | 262 | ||
| Dens Invaginatus | 263 | ||
| Dilaceration | 263 | ||
| Taurodontia (Taurodontism) | 263 | ||
| Amelogenesis Imperfecta | 263 | ||
| Dentinogenesis Imperfecta | 264 | ||
| Fissural Cysts | 264 | ||
| Cleft Palate | 264 | ||
| Dentigerous Cyst | 264 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 266 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 266 | ||
| Matching | 266 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise | 266 | ||
| Bibliography | 266 | ||
| 24 Bone and Other Lesions | 267 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 267 | ||
| Key Terms | 267 | ||
| Introduction | 267 | ||
| Description of Lesions | 267 | ||
| Radiolucent versus Radiopaque | 267 | ||
| Location | 267 | ||
| Extent of the Lesion | 267 | ||
| Benign versus Malignant | 268 | ||
| Cysts and Tumors | 268 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Lesions | 268 | ||
| Traumatic Injuries | 269 | ||
| Foreign Bodies and Root Tips | 270 | ||
| Extraction Sockets | 270 | ||
| Salivary Stones (Sialoliths or Salivary Calculi) | 271 | ||
| Exostosis and Enostosis | 272 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 273 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 273 | ||
| Matching | 273 | ||
| Case-Based Exercises | 273 | ||
| Bibliography | 274 | ||
| 25 Legal Considerations | 275 | ||
| Educational Objectives | 275 | ||
| Key Terms | 275 | ||
| Introduction | 275 | ||
| Federal and State Regulations | 275 | ||
| Licensure | 275 | ||
| Risk Management | 276 | ||
| Patient Relations | 276 | ||
| Informed Consent | 276 | ||
| Health Questionnaire | 276 | ||
| Records | 276 | ||
| Confidentiality | 277 | ||
| Ownership | 277 | ||
| Retention | 278 | ||
| Insurance Claims | 278 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 278 | ||
| Chapter Review Questions | 279 | ||
| Short Answer Questions | 279 | ||
| Bibliography | 279 | ||
| Appendix A Common Error Summaries | 280 | ||
| Glossary | 287 | ||
| A | 287 | ||
| B | 287 | ||
| C | 288 | ||
| D | 288 | ||
| E | 289 | ||
| F | 290 | ||
| G | 290 | ||
| H | 290 | ||
| I | 291 | ||
| K | 291 | ||
| L | 291 | ||
| M | 291 | ||
| N | 292 | ||
| O | 292 | ||
| P | 292 | ||
| Q | 293 | ||
| R | 293 | ||
| S | 294 | ||
| T | 294 | ||
| U | 295 | ||
| V | 295 | ||
| W | 295 | ||
| X | 295 | ||
| Z | 295 | ||
| Index | 296 | ||
| A | 296 | ||
| B | 296 | ||
| C | 297 | ||
| D | 298 | ||
| E | 299 | ||
| F | 300 | ||
| G | 301 | ||
| H | 301 | ||
| I | 302 | ||
| J | 303 | ||
| K | 303 | ||
| L | 303 | ||
| M | 303 | ||
| N | 305 | ||
| O | 305 | ||
| P | 306 | ||
| Q | 307 | ||
| R | 307 | ||
| S | 309 | ||
| T | 310 | ||
| U | 310 | ||
| V | 310 | ||
| W | 310 | ||
| X | 311 | ||
| Z | 311 |