Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Develop a strong understanding of pathophysiology. Pathophysiology, 6th Edition explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of diseases and disorders. Each section focuses on the major alterations in the homeostasis of the body systems in order to provide you with a unifying framework. Current scientific findings and relevant global research are integrated throughout the book, with chapters organized by body system, beginning with an illustrated review of anatomy and normal physiology. Each chapter includes a discussion on the disease processes and abnormalities that may occur, with a focus on the pathophysiologic concepts involved. Written by leading educators, this text simplifies a rigorous subject with practical learning resources, an emphasis on critical thinking, and coverage of the latest scientific findings and relevant research. Plus, more than 1,000 updated, full color illustrations and photos throughout, give you a chance to visualize disease and disease processes and gain a clearer understanding of the material.
- Easy-to-read style is simplified by input from readability experts, and includes many tables, boxes, and figures to highlight key content.
- Student-friendly learning resources in the text include chapter outlines, bolded key terms, key questions, Key Points boxes, and chapter summaries.
- Pediatric and Geriatric Considerations boxes include brief analyses of age-related changes associated with specific body systems.
- A comprehensive glossary defines terms and includes audio pronunciations on the Evolve companion website.
- NEW! Global Health Care boxes inform you about global healthcare concerns such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Tropical Diseases and more. Includes prevalence, mechanism of disease and transmission.
- NEW! Over 1,000 illustrations help clarify complex pathophysiological concepts and make the book visually appealing
- NEW! Thorough chapter updates include the latest information on new treatment advances, 100 new figures for improved clarity, and much more throughout the text.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_brief contents | IFC2 | ||
| Evolve page | i | ||
| Pathophysiology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Reviewers | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Organization | ix | ||
| Features | ix | ||
| Ancillaries | ix | ||
| Student Learning Resources on Evolve | ix | ||
| Study Guide | ix | ||
| Instructor Learning Resources on Evolve | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| Unit I Pathophysiologic Processes | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Key Questions | 1 | ||
| Framework for Pathophysiology | 2 | ||
| Etiology | 2 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 2 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 3 | ||
| Stages and Clinical Course | 3 | ||
| Treatment Implications | 3 | ||
| Concepts of Normality in Health and Disease | 4 | ||
| Statistical Normality | 4 | ||
| Reliability, Validity, and Predictive Value | 5 | ||
| Individual Factors Influencing Normality | 5 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 5 | ||
| Age Differences | 6 | ||
| Gender Differences | 6 | ||
| Situational Differences | 6 | ||
| Time Variations | 6 | ||
| Patterns of Disease in Populations | 6 | ||
| Concepts of Epidemiology | 6 | ||
| Endemic, Pandemic, and Epidemic Diseases | 7 | ||
| Aggregate Factors | 7 | ||
| Age. | 7 | ||
| Ethnic group. | 7 | ||
| Gender. | 7 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations. | 8 | ||
| Geographic location. | 9 | ||
| Levels of Prevention | 9 | ||
| Primary prevention. | 9 | ||
| Secondary prevention. | 10 | ||
| Tertiary prevention. | 10 | ||
| Summary | 10 | ||
| Resources | 11 | ||
| General Concepts of Pathophysiology | 11 | ||
| Normal Variations and Statistical Analysis | 11 | ||
| Patterns of Disease and Epidemiology | 11 | ||
| 2 Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors | 12 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 12 | ||
| Key Questions | 12 | ||
| Homeostasis and Allostasis | 12 | ||
| Homeostasis | 12 | ||
| Allostasis | 13 | ||
| Stress as a Concept | 13 | ||
| The General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis | 14 | ||
| Alarm Stage | 14 | ||
| Resistance or Adaptation Stage | 14 | ||
| Exhaustion Stage | 16 | ||
| Stressors, Gender and Developmental Influences, and Risk Factors | 16 | ||
| Neurohormonal Mediators of Stress and Adaptation | 17 | ||
| Catecholamines: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine | 17 | ||
| Adrenocortical Steroids: Cortisol and Aldosterone | 18 | ||
| Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Immune Cytokines | 19 | ||
| Sex Hormones: Estrogen, Testosterone, and Dehydroepiandrosterone | 19 | ||
| Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Oxytocin | 19 | ||
| Adaptation, Coping, and Illness | 20 | ||
| Adaptation, Coping, and Resilience | 20 | ||
| Allostatic Overload and Illness | 21 | ||
| Summary | 23 | ||
| Resources | 23 | ||
| Homeostasis and Allostasis | 23 | ||
| Neurohormones and Concepts of Stress | 24 | ||
| Adaptation and Coping | 25 | ||
| Unit II Cellular Function | 26 | ||
| 3 Cell Structure and Function | 26 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 26 | ||
| Key Questions | 26 | ||
| Plasma Membrane | 27 | ||
| Membrane Structure | 27 | ||
| Lipid Bilayer | 27 | ||
| Membrane Proteins | 29 | ||
| Organization of Cellular Compartments | 30 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 30 | ||
| Nucleus | 30 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | 31 | ||
| Golgi Apparatus | 32 | ||
| Lysosomes and Peroxisomes | 33 | ||
| Mitochondria | 34 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism | 34 | ||
| Glycolysis | 36 | ||
| Citric Acid Cycle | 36 | ||
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | 36 | ||
| Functions of the Plasma Membrane | 39 | ||
| Membrane Transport of Macromolecules | 39 | ||
| Endocytosis and Exocytosis | 39 | ||
| Membrane Transport of Small Molecules | 40 | ||
| Active Transport Pumps | 41 | ||
| Sodium–potassium ion pump. | 41 | ||
| Membrane calcium transporters. | 42 | ||
| ABC transporters. | 42 | ||
| Membrane Transport Carriers | 42 | ||
| Na+-driven carriers. | 42 | ||
| Passive transport carriers. | 43 | ||
| Membrane Channel Proteins | 44 | ||
| Cellular Membrane Potentials | 45 | ||
| Resting Membrane Potential | 45 | ||
| Action Potential | 45 | ||
| Intercellular Communication and Growth | 48 | ||
| Cell Signaling Strategies | 48 | ||
| Cell Surface Receptor–Mediated Responses | 49 | ||
| Intracellular Receptor–Mediated Responses | 53 | ||
| Regulation of Cellular Growth and Proliferation | 54 | ||
| Summary | 57 | ||
| Resources | 58 | ||
| General Cell Structure and Function | 58 | ||
| Cellular Energy Metabolism | 58 | ||
| Cellular Electrical Potentials | 58 | ||
| Cell Growth Regulation | 58 | ||
| 4 Cell Injury, Aging, and Death | 59 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 59 | ||
| Key Questions | 59 | ||
| Reversible Cell Injury | 59 | ||
| Hydropic Swelling | 60 | ||
| Intracellular Accumulations | 60 | ||
| Cellular Adaptation | 63 | ||
| Atrophy | 63 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 63 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 63 | ||
| Metaplasia | 63 | ||
| Dysplasia | 64 | ||
| Irreversible Cell Injury | 64 | ||
| Necrosis | 64 | ||
| Apoptosis | 66 | ||
| Etiology of Cellular Injury | 68 | ||
| Ischemia and Hypoxic Injury | 68 | ||
| Nutritional Injury | 70 | ||
| Infectious and Immunologic Injury | 70 | ||
| Chemical Injury | 72 | ||
| Physical and Mechanical Injury | 72 | ||
| Cellular Aging | 74 | ||
| Cellular Basis of Aging | 74 | ||
| Physiologic Changes of Aging | 75 | ||
| Somatic Death | 75 | ||
| Summary | 76 | ||
| Resources | 76 | ||
| Cellular Responses to Injury | 76 | ||
| Types and Causes of Cell Injury | 76 | ||
| Cellular Aging and Death | 76 | ||
| 5 Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation | 77 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 77 | ||
| Key Questions | 77 | ||
| Structure and Function of DNA | 78 | ||
| Structure of DNA | 78 | ||
| DNA Replication | 79 | ||
| Genetic Code | 80 | ||
| Transcription | 81 | ||
| Translation | 82 | ||
| Regulation of the Genome | 84 | ||
| Transcriptional Controls | 84 | ||
| Differentiation of Tissues | 86 | ||
| Cell Diversification and Cell Memory | 86 | ||
| Mechanisms of Development | 86 | ||
| Differentiated Tissues | 87 | ||
| Epithelial Tissue | 87 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 89 | ||
| Muscle Tissue | 90 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 91 | ||
| Summary | 92 | ||
| Resources | 93 | ||
| Genome Structure and Regulation | 93 | ||
| Differentiation of Tissues | 93 | ||
| 6 Genetic and Developmental Disorders | 94 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 94 | ||
| Key Questions | 94 | ||
| Principles of Inheritance | 95 | ||
| DNA Mutation and Repair | 96 | ||
| Genetic Disorders | 98 | ||
| Chromosomal Abnormalities | 99 | ||
| Aberrant Number of Chromosomes | 99 | ||
| Abnormal Chromosome Structure | 100 | ||
| Examples of Autosomal Chromosome Disorders | 100 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) | 100 | ||
| Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) and Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) | 101 | ||
| Cri du Chat Syndrome | 101 | ||
| Examples of Sex Chromosome Disorders | 101 | ||
| Klinefelter Syndrome | 101 | ||
| Turner Syndrome | 102 | ||
| Multiple X Females and Double Y Males | 102 | ||
| Mendelian Single-Gene Disorders | 102 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Disorders | 103 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 103 | ||
| Huntington Disease | 104 | ||
| Autosomal-Recessive Disorders | 104 | ||
| Albinism | 105 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 106 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 106 | ||
| Sex-Linked (X-Linked) Disorders | 106 | ||
| Hemophilia A | 107 | ||
| Nonmendelian Single-Gene Disorders | 107 | ||
| Anticipation | 109 | ||
| Mitochondrial Gene Mutations | 109 | ||
| Genomic Imprinting | 110 | ||
| Polygenic and Multifactorial Disorders | 110 | ||
| Environmentally Induced Congenital Disorders | 111 | ||
| Periods of Fetal Vulnerability | 111 | ||
| Teratogenic Agents | 111 | ||
| Chemicals and Drugs | 111 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 112 | ||
| Radiation | 112 | ||
| Other Disorders of Infancy | 113 | ||
| Diagnosis, Counseling, and Gene Therapy | 113 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis and Counseling | 113 | ||
| Genetic Analysis and Therapy | 114 | ||
| Recombinant DNA Technology | 114 | ||
| Summary | 115 | ||
| Resources | 115 | ||
| Principles of Inheritance and Genetic Disorders | 115 | ||
| 7 Neoplasia | 117 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 117 | ||
| Key Questions | 117 | ||
| Benign Versus Malignant Growth | 118 | ||
| Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors | 118 | ||
| Tumor Terminology | 118 | ||
| The Malignant Phenotype | 118 | ||
| Epidemiology and Cancer Risk Factors | 120 | ||
| Tobacco Use | 120 | ||
| Nutrition | 120 | ||
| Antioxidants | 123 | ||
| Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer | 123 | ||
| Proto-Oncogenes | 124 | ||
| Growth Factors (Mitogens) | 124 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptors | 124 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Signaling Pathways | 124 | ||
| Transcription Factors | 125 | ||
| From Proto-Oncogene to Oncogene | 125 | ||
| Tumor Suppressor Genes | 127 | ||
| The Rb Gene | 127 | ||
| The P53 Gene | 128 | ||
| BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes | 128 | ||
| Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis | 129 | ||
| Initiation | 129 | ||
| Promotion | 131 | ||
| Progression | 131 | ||
| Metastasis | 132 | ||
| Patterns of Spread | 132 | ||
| Angiogenesis | 133 | ||
| Grading and Staging of Tumors | 134 | ||
| Effects of Cancer on the Body | 136 | ||
| Cancer Therapy | 137 | ||
| Surgery | 137 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 138 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 138 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 138 | ||
| Gene and Molecular Therapy | 138 | ||
| Stem Cell Transplantation | 139 | ||
| Summary | 140 | ||
| Resources | 140 | ||
| Cancer Epidemiology | 140 | ||
| Cancer Biology | 140 | ||
| Unit III Defense | 141 | ||
| 8 Infectious Processes | 141 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 141 | ||
| Key Questions | 141 | ||
| Host–Microbe Relationship | 142 | ||
| The Human Microbiome | 142 | ||
| Host Characteristics | 142 | ||
| Physical and Mechanical Barriers | 142 | ||
| Impaired Immune Function | 143 | ||
| Nutritional status. | 143 | ||
| Age. | 144 | ||
| Chronic illness. | 144 | ||
| Immunization status. | 144 | ||
| Pathogen Characteristics | 144 | ||
| Adherence and Invasion | 144 | ||
| Bacterial Endotoxin | 144 | ||
| Bacterial Exotoxins and Enzymes | 145 | ||
| Evasion of Immune Cells | 145 | ||
| Endospore Formation | 145 | ||
| Antimicrobial Resistance | 145 | ||
| Transmission of Infection | 147 | ||
| Routes of Transmission | 148 | ||
| Emerging Infectious Diseases | 148 | ||
| Weapons of Bioterrorism | 149 | ||
| Types of Pathogenic Organisms | 149 | ||
| Bacteria | 149 | ||
| Viruses | 150 | ||
| Fungi | 151 | ||
| Parasites | 152 | ||
| Summary | 157 | ||
| Resources | 157 | ||
| Commensal and Infectious Organisms | 157 | ||
| Emerging Infectious Diseases | 157 | ||
| 9 Inflammation and Immunity | 158 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 158 | ||
| Key Questions | 158 | ||
| Components of the Immune System | 159 | ||
| Epithelial Barriers | 159 | ||
| Mononuclear Phagocyte System | 159 | ||
| Lymphoid System | 160 | ||
| Primary Lymphoid Organs | 160 | ||
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs | 161 | ||
| Tonsils | 161 | ||
| Spleen | 161 | ||
| Lymph Nodes and Lymphatics | 161 | ||
| Peyer Patches | 162 | ||
| Leukocytes | 162 | ||
| Neutrophils | 162 | ||
| Eosinophils | 163 | ||
| Basophils and Mast Cells | 164 | ||
| Monocytes and Macrophages | 164 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 165 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 165 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 166 | ||
| T Lymphocytes | 166 | ||
| B Lymphocytes | 167 | ||
| Chemical Mediators of Immune Function | 167 | ||
| Complement | 167 | ||
| Kinins | 169 | ||
| Clotting Factors | 169 | ||
| Cytokines and Chemokines | 169 | ||
| Innate Defenses and Inflammation | 169 | ||
| Inflammation | 171 | ||
| Increased Vascular Permeability | 171 | ||
| Emigration of Leukocytes | 172 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 172 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation | 174 | ||
| Healing | 174 | ||
| Inflammatory Exudates | 175 | ||
| Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation | 175 | ||
| Specific Adaptive Immunity | 176 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex | 176 | ||
| Antigen Presentation by MHC | 176 | ||
| MHC Class I Presentation | 177 | ||
| MHC Class II Presentation | 177 | ||
| Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Immunity | 178 | ||
| T Helper Cells (CD4+) | 178 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+) | 181 | ||
| Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity | 181 | ||
| Antigen Recognition by B Cells | 181 | ||
| Antibody Structure | 183 | ||
| Class Switching and Affinity Maturation | 185 | ||
| Antibody Functions | 186 | ||
| Passive and Active Immunity | 187 | ||
| Passive Immunity | 187 | ||
| Active Immunity | 187 | ||
| Integrated Function and Regulation of the Immune System | 189 | ||
| Integrated Response to Microbial Antigen | 189 | ||
| Integrated Response to Viral Antigen | 191 | ||
| Regulation of Immune Function | 192 | ||
| Summary | 193 | ||
| Resources | 193 | ||
| Immunology | 193 | ||
| 10 Alterations in Immune Function | 194 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 194 | ||
| Key Questions | 194 | ||
| Excessive Immune Responses | 195 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 195 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 196 | ||
| Environmental Triggers | 196 | ||
| Pharmacotherapies | 197 | ||
| Hypersensitivity | 198 | ||
| Type I Hypersensitivity | 199 | ||
| Etiology | 199 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 199 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 200 | ||
| Treatment | 200 | ||
| Prevention | 201 | ||
| Pharmacotherapeutic Prevention | 201 | ||
| Type IIa Hypersensitivity | 201 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 201 | ||
| Transfusion Reaction | 202 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 203 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 204 | ||
| Hyperacute Graft Rejection | 204 | ||
| Type IIb Hypersensitivity | 204 | ||
| Graves Disease | 204 | ||
| Type III Hypersensitivity | 204 | ||
| Etiology | 204 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 205 | ||
| Tissue Deposition | 206 | ||
| Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis | 206 | ||
| Unit IV Oxygen Transport, Blood Coagulation, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure | 259 | ||
| 13 Alterations in Oxygen Transport | 259 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 259 | ||
| Key Questions | 259 | ||
| Composition of Blood | 260 | ||
| Organic and Inorganic Components | 261 | ||
| Cellular Components | 261 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 262 | ||
| Leukocytes | 262 | ||
| Platelets | 262 | ||
| Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells | 262 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 263 | ||
| Hemoglobin Synthesis | 265 | ||
| Hemoglobin Synthesis in Infants | 266 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis | 266 | ||
| Energy and Maintenance of Erythrocytes | 267 | ||
| Red Cell Production | 267 | ||
| Red Cell Destruction | 268 | ||
| Gas Transport and Acid–Base Balance | 268 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 268 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 270 | ||
| Alterations in Oxygen Transport | 270 | ||
| Anemia | 272 | ||
| General Effects of Anemia | 272 | ||
| Anemia Related to Decreased Red Cell Production | 277 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 277 | ||
| Unit V Cardiac Function | 354 | ||
| 17 Cardiac Function | 354 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 354 | ||
| Key Questions | 354 | ||
| Cardiovascular Anatomy | 355 | ||
| Heart | 355 | ||
| Circulatory System | 356 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle | 358 | ||
| Isovolumic Contraction | 359 | ||
| Ventricular Ejection | 360 | ||
| Isovolumic Relaxation | 360 | ||
| Atrial Events | 360 | ||
| Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Events | 360 | ||
| Coronary Circulation | 360 | ||
| Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels | 360 | ||
| Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow | 361 | ||
| Cardiac Myocytes | 363 | ||
| Myocyte Structure | 363 | ||
| Structure of the Contractile Apparatus | 363 | ||
| Characteristics of Contractile Filaments | 365 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Contraction | 366 | ||
| Overview of Contraction | 366 | ||
| Sliding Filament/Cross-Bridge Theory of Muscle Contraction | 366 | ||
| Role of Calcium in Muscle Contraction | 367 | ||
| Energy of Muscle Relaxation | 367 | ||
| Cardiac Energy Metabolism | 368 | ||
| Oxygen Utilization | 368 | ||
| Substrate Utilization | 369 | ||
| Cardiac Electrophysiology | 369 | ||
| Cardiac Resting Potential | 369 | ||
| Cardiac Action Potential | 369 | ||
| Phase 0 | 369 | ||
| Phase 1 | 370 | ||
| Phase 2 | 370 | ||
| Phase 3 | 370 | ||
| Phase 4 | 370 | ||
| Rhythmicity of Myocardial Cells | 370 | ||
| Specialized Conduction System of the Heart | 371 | ||
| Autonomic Regulation of Rhythmicity | 372 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 372 | ||
| Determinants of Cardiac Output | 374 | ||
| Determinants of Heart Rate | 374 | ||
| Determinants of Stroke Volume | 375 | ||
| Volume of Blood in the Heart (Preload) | 375 | ||
| Contractile Capabilities of the Heart (Contractility) | 375 | ||
| Impedance to Ejection From the Ventricle (Afterload) | 376 | ||
| Cardiac Workload | 376 | ||
| Endocrine Function of the Heart | 376 | ||
| Tests of Cardiac Function | 376 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 376 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography | 378 | ||
| Echocardiography | 378 | ||
| Nuclear Cardiography | 379 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angiography | 379 | ||
| Summary | 381 | ||
| Resources | 381 | ||
| 18 Alterations in Cardiac Function | 382 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 382 | ||
| Key Questions | 382 | ||
| Coronary Heart Disease | 383 | ||
| Etiology of Coronary Heart Disease | 383 | ||
| Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Coronary Atherosclerosis | 383 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Ischemia | 385 | ||
| Clinical Features and Management of Coronary Syndromes | 388 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 388 | ||
| Stable angina. | 388 | ||
| Prinzmetal variant angina. | 388 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndrome | 388 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis. | 389 | ||
| Diagnosis of MI. | 389 | ||
| Electrocardiographic changes. | 390 | ||
| Serum biomarkers. | 391 | ||
| Clinical course. | 391 | ||
| Prognosis and treatment. | 392 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Arrest | 393 | ||
| Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy | 393 | ||
| Endocardial and Valvular Diseases | 394 | ||
| Disorders of the Mitral Valve | 394 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 395 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 396 | ||
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | 396 | ||
| Disorders of the Aortic Valve | 397 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 397 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation | 397 | ||
| Diseases of the Endocardium | 398 | ||
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | 398 | ||
| Infective Endocarditis | 398 | ||
| Myocardial Diseases | 399 | ||
| Myocarditis | 399 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 400 | ||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 400 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 400 | ||
| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | 401 | ||
| Pericardial Diseases | 402 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 402 | ||
| Cardiac Tamponade | 402 | ||
| Pericarditis | 402 | ||
| Acute Pericarditis | 402 | ||
| Chronic Pericarditis | 403 | ||
| Congenital Heart Diseases | 403 | ||
| Embryologic Development | 403 | ||
| Etiology and Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease | 404 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Disease | 405 | ||
| Acyanotic Congenital Defects | 406 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 406 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 407 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 407 | ||
| Coarctation of the Aorta | 408 | ||
| Pulmonary Stenosis or Atresia | 408 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis or Atresia | 408 | ||
| Cyanotic Congenital Defects | 408 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 408 | ||
| Transposition of the Great Arteries | 408 | ||
| Truncus Arteriosus | 409 | ||
| Tricuspid Atresia | 409 | ||
| Summary | 409 | ||
| Resources | 410 | ||
| 19 Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias | 411 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 411 | ||
| Key Questions | 411 | ||
| Heart Failure | 412 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Diagnosis | 412 | ||
| Systolic Dysfunction With Low Ejection Fraction | 412 | ||
| Diastolic Dysfunction With Preserved Ejection Fraction | 412 | ||
| Compensatory Mechanisms, Remodeling, and Progression | 413 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System Activation | 413 | ||
| Increased Preload | 413 | ||
| Myocardial Remodeling and Progression | 415 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 417 | ||
| Left-Sided Heart Failure | 417 | ||
| Right-Sided Heart Failure | 418 | ||
| Biventricular Heart Failure | 420 | ||
| Class and Stage of Heart Failure | 420 | ||
| Treatment | 421 | ||
| Cardiac Dysrhythmias | 421 | ||
| Dysrhythmia Mechanisms | 421 | ||
| Automaticity | 421 | ||
| Triggered Activity | 421 | ||
| Reentry | 422 | ||
| Dysrhythmia Analysis | 423 | ||
| Normal Sinus Rhythm | 423 | ||
| Abnormal Rates of Sinus Rhythm | 424 | ||
| Sinus Tachycardia | 424 | ||
| Sinus Bradycardia | 424 | ||
| Sinus Arrhythmia | 424 | ||
| Sinus Arrest | 424 | ||
| Abnormal Site of Impulse Initiation | 425 | ||
| Escape Rhythms | 425 | ||
| Atrial Dysrhythmias | 425 | ||
| Premature atrial complexes and tachycardia. | 425 | ||
| Atrial flutter and fibrillation. | 426 | ||
| Junctional Dysrhythmias | 426 | ||
| Ventricular Dysrhythmias | 427 | ||
| Premature ventricular complexes. | 427 | ||
| Ventricular tachycardia. | 427 | ||
| Ventricular fibrillation. | 427 | ||
| Conduction Pathway Disturbances | 428 | ||
| Disturbances of Atrioventricular Conduction | 428 | ||
| Abnormal Conduction Pathways | 429 | ||
| Intraventricular Conduction Defects | 429 | ||
| Treatment | 431 | ||
| Summary | 431 | ||
| Resources | 432 | ||
| Heart Failure | 432 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 433 | ||
| 20 Shock | 434 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 434 | ||
| Key Questions | 434 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Shock | 434 | ||
| Impaired Tissue Oxygenation | 435 | ||
| Compensatory Mechanisms and Stages of Shock | 437 | ||
| Types of Shock | 439 | ||
| Cardiogenic Shock | 439 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 439 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 440 | ||
| Treatment | 440 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 441 | ||
| Mechanical Assist Devices | 441 | ||
| Obstructive Shock | 441 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 441 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 441 | ||
| Treatment | 441 | ||
| Hypovolemic Shock | 442 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 442 | ||
| Classification | 442 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 442 | ||
| Treatment | 443 | ||
| Distributive Shock | 443 | ||
| Anaphylactic Shock | 443 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis. | 443 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 444 | ||
| Prevention and treatment. | 444 | ||
| Neurogenic Shock | 444 | ||
| Septic Shock | 444 | ||
| Etiology. | 444 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 444 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 445 | ||
| Treatment. | 446 | ||
| Assessment and Hemodynamic Monitoring | 447 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 447 | ||
| Arterial Oxygen Content | 447 | ||
| Distribution of Blood Flow | 448 | ||
| Hemodynamic Monitoring | 448 | ||
| Complications of Shock | 449 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 449 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 449 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 449 | ||
| Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome | 449 | ||
| Summary | 450 | ||
| Resources | 450 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Shock | 450 | ||
| Cardiogenic and Hypovolemic Shock | 450 | ||
| Septic Shock | 450 | ||
| Unit VI Respiratory Function | 451 | ||
| 21 Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange | 451 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 451 | ||
| Key Questions | 451 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 452 | ||
| Development of the Pulmonary System | 452 | ||
| Upper Airway Structures | 452 | ||
| Lower Airway Structures | 453 | ||
| Pulmonary Circulation | 457 | ||
| Age-Related Variations | 457 | ||
| Ventilation | 460 | ||
| Lung Volumes and Capacities | 460 | ||
| Dead Space | 460 | ||
| Minute Ventilation | 460 | ||
| Alveolar Ventilation/Oxygenation | 461 | ||
| Mechanics of Breathing | 461 | ||
| Airway Resistance | 461 | ||
| Lung Compliance | 462 | ||
| Distribution of Ventilation | 462 | ||
| Neurologic Control of Ventilation | 462 | ||
| Pulmonary Blood Flow | 465 | ||
| Pulmonary Vasculature | 465 | ||
| Distribution of Blood Flow | 465 | ||
| Ventilation–Perfusion Ratios | 465 | ||
| Hypoxic Vasoconstriction | 466 | ||
| Diffusion and Transport of Respiratory Gases | 466 | ||
| Barriers to Diffusion | 466 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 467 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 467 | ||
| Alterations in Pulmonary Function | 468 | ||
| Hypoventilation and Hyperventilation | 468 | ||
| Hypoxemia and Hypoxia | 468 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Failure | 469 | ||
| Etiology | 469 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 470 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 470 | ||
| Diagnosis | 470 | ||
| Treatment | 470 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 471 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Testing | 471 | ||
| Bronchial Provocation Tests | 472 | ||
| Alterations in Pulmonary Vasculature | 472 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 472 | ||
| Etiology | 472 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 472 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 472 | ||
| Diagnosis | 473 | ||
| Treatment | 473 | ||
| Pulmonary Venous Thromboembolism | 473 | ||
| Etiology | 473 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 474 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 474 | ||
| Diagnosis | 474 | ||
| Treatment | 475 | ||
| Pulmonary Malignancies | 475 | ||
| Etiology | 475 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 475 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 476 | ||
| Diagnosis | 476 | ||
| Treatment | 476 | ||
| Summary | 476 | ||
| Resources | 477 | ||
| Pulmonary System Development and Physiology | 477 | ||
| Pulmonary Disorders | 477 | ||
| Pulmonary Malignancies | 477 | ||
| 22 Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders | 478 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 478 | ||
| Key Questions | 478 | ||
| Obstruction From Conditions in the Wall of the Lumen | 479 | ||
| Asthma | 479 | ||
| Etiology | 479 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 480 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 481 | ||
| Diagnosis | 481 | ||
| Treatment | 481 | ||
| Acute Bronchitis | 483 | ||
| Etiology | 483 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 485 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 485 | ||
| Diagnosis | 485 | ||
| Treatment | 485 | ||
| Chronic Bronchitis | 485 | ||
| Etiology | 485 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 486 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 486 | ||
| Diagnosis | 487 | ||
| Treatment | 487 | ||
| Obstruction Related to Loss of Lung Parenchyma | 488 | ||
| Emphysema | 488 | ||
| Etiology | 488 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 489 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 490 | ||
| Diagnosis | 490 | ||
| Treatment | 491 | ||
| Obstruction of the Airway Lumen | 491 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 491 | ||
| Etiology | 491 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 491 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 492 | ||
| Diagnosis | 492 | ||
| Treatment | 492 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 493 | ||
| Etiology | 493 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 493 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 493 | ||
| Diagnosis | 493 | ||
| Treatment | 493 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 494 | ||
| Etiology | 494 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 494 | ||
| Unit VII Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis | 521 | ||
| 24 Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances | 521 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 521 | ||
| Key Questions | 521 | ||
| Body Fluid Homeostasis | 522 | ||
| Fluid Intake and Absorption | 522 | ||
| Fluid Distribution | 523 | ||
| Fluid Excretion | 524 | ||
| Fluid Loss Through Abnormal Routes | 524 | ||
| Fluid Imbalances | 525 | ||
| Extracellular Fluid Volume | 525 | ||
| Volume Deficit | 525 | ||
| Etiology. | 525 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 525 | ||
| Volume Excess | 526 | ||
| Etiology. | 526 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 526 | ||
| Body Fluid Concentration | 526 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 526 | ||
| Unit VIII Renal and Bladder Function | 551 | ||
| 26 Renal Function | 551 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 551 | ||
| Key Questions | 551 | ||
| Renal Anatomy | 552 | ||
| Renal Parenchyma | 552 | ||
| Renal Lymphatics and Innervation | 552 | ||
| Renal Blood Supply | 553 | ||
| Overview of Nephron Structure and Function | 554 | ||
| Glomerulus | 555 | ||
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule | 557 | ||
| Loop of Henle | 558 | ||
| Distal Convoluted Tubule | 559 | ||
| Collecting Duct | 559 | ||
| Regulation of Glomerular Filtration | 560 | ||
| Physics of Filtration | 560 | ||
| Factors Affecting Filtration Pressure | 562 | ||
| Tubuloglomerular Feedback | 563 | ||
| Effects of Glucose and Amino Acids | 563 | ||
| Role of Mesangial Cells | 564 | ||
| Transport Across Renal Tubules | 565 | ||
| Reabsorption of Glucose | 565 | ||
| Regulation of Acid–Base Balance | 565 | ||
| Renal Compensation Process | 566 | ||
| Secretion of Potassium | 566 | ||
| Regulation of Blood Volume and Osmolality | 567 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 567 | ||
| Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, Natriuretic Peptides, Urodilatin, Uroguanylin, and Guanylin | 568 | ||
| Diuretic Agents | 569 | ||
| Endocrine Functions | 570 | ||
| Erythropoietin | 570 | ||
| Vitamin D | 570 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in Renal Function | 570 | ||
| Infant | 570 | ||
| Adult and Elderly | 570 | ||
| Tests of Renal Structure and Function | 570 | ||
| Urine and Blood Studies | 570 | ||
| Urinalysis | 571 | ||
| Serum Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen | 572 | ||
| Measures of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 572 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 572 | ||
| Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Roentgenography | 572 | ||
| Intravenous Urography/Pyelography | 572 | ||
| Radionuclide Studies | 573 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 573 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 573 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 573 | ||
| Renal Biopsy | 573 | ||
| Summary | 573 | ||
| Resources | 574 | ||
| 27 Intrarenal Disorders | 575 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 575 | ||
| Key Questions | 575 | ||
| Common Manifestations of Kidney Disease | 575 | ||
| Pain | 575 | ||
| Abnormal Urinalysis Findings | 576 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Tests | 576 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 577 | ||
| Renal Agenesis and Hypoplasia | 577 | ||
| Cystic Kidney Diseases | 578 | ||
| Autosomal-Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease | 578 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease | 578 | ||
| Neoplasms | 579 | ||
| Benign Renal Neoplasms | 579 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment. | 579 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | 579 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis. | 579 | ||
| Unit IX Genital and Reproductive Function | 626 | ||
| 30 Male Genital and Reproductive Function | 626 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 626 | ||
| Key Questions | 626 | ||
| Anatomy | 626 | ||
| Upper Genitourinary Tract | 626 | ||
| Lower Genitourinary Tract | 627 | ||
| Bladder | 627 | ||
| Urethra | 628 | ||
| Auxiliary Genital Glands | 628 | ||
| Prostate | 628 | ||
| Seminal Vesicles | 629 | ||
| Bulbourethral Glands | 629 | ||
| External Genitalia | 629 | ||
| Scrotum | 629 | ||
| Testes | 629 | ||
| Epididymis and Ductus Deferens | 630 | ||
| Penis | 631 | ||
| Embryology | 632 | ||
| Nephric System | 632 | ||
| Vesicourethral Unit | 633 | ||
| Gonads | 633 | ||
| Genital Duct System | 633 | ||
| External Genitalia | 633 | ||
| Male Reproductive Physiology | 633 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis | 633 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 637 | ||
| Anatomy of Spermatozoa | 637 | ||
| Transport of Spermatozoa | 637 | ||
| Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation | 639 | ||
| Capacitation | 639 | ||
| Acrosome Reaction | 639 | ||
| Summary | 640 | ||
| Resources | 640 | ||
| 31 Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function | 641 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 641 | ||
| Key Questions | 641 | ||
| Disorders of the Penis and Male Urethra | 641 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 641 | ||
| Micropenis | 641 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis. | 642 | ||
| Diagnoses and treatment. | 642 | ||
| Urethral Valves | 642 | ||
| Unit X Gastrointestinal Function | 697 | ||
| 35 Gastrointestinal Function | 697 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 697 | ||
| Key Questions | 697 | ||
| Structure and Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 698 | ||
| Embryology | 698 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 699 | ||
| Oral Cavity and Pharynx | 699 | ||
| Esophagus | 700 | ||
| Stomach | 700 | ||
| Small Intestine | 701 | ||
| Large Intestine | 703 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Motility | 704 | ||
| Characteristics of the Intestinal Wall | 704 | ||
| Neural Control | 704 | ||
| Parasympathetic Innervation | 705 | ||
| Sympathetic Innervation | 705 | ||
| Afferent Nerve Fibers | 705 | ||
| Electrical Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle | 705 | ||
| Hormonal Control | 706 | ||
| Movement in the Gastrointestinal Tract | 706 | ||
| Contraction of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle | 706 | ||
| Propulsive Movements | 706 | ||
| Mixing Movements | 707 | ||
| Movement of Nutrients | 707 | ||
| Chewing | 707 | ||
| Swallowing | 707 | ||
| Neural control of swallowing. | 708 | ||
| Motor Functions of the Stomach | 708 | ||
| Gastric filling and storage. | 708 | ||
| Emptying. | 708 | ||
| Regulation of gastric emptying. | 708 | ||
| Vomiting. | 709 | ||
| Motility of the Small Intestine | 709 | ||
| Propulsion. | 709 | ||
| Mixing. | 709 | ||
| Control of motility. | 709 | ||
| Ileocecal Sphincter | 710 | ||
| Motility of the Colon | 710 | ||
| Colonic movements. | 710 | ||
| Defecation. | 710 | ||
| Regulation of colonic motility. | 711 | ||
| Secretory Function | 712 | ||
| Secretion of Gastrointestinal Juices | 712 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Hormones | 712 | ||
| Digestion and Absorption | 712 | ||
| Digestion of Carbohydrates | 713 | ||
| Digestion of Lipids | 713 | ||
| Digestion of Proteins | 714 | ||
| Absorption | 715 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 715 | ||
| Lipids | 715 | ||
| Proteins | 715 | ||
| Water and Electrolytes | 715 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Function Across the Life Span | 717 | ||
| Maturation | 717 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 717 | ||
| Summary | 718 | ||
| Resources | 719 | ||
| 36 Gastrointestinal Disorders | 720 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 720 | ||
| Key Questions | 720 | ||
| Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | 721 | ||
| Dysphagia | 721 | ||
| Categories | 721 | ||
| Esophageal Pain | 721 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 721 | ||
| Vomiting | 723 | ||
| Intestinal Gas | 723 | ||
| Alterations in Bowel Patterns | 723 | ||
| Constipation | 723 | ||
| Diarrhea | 723 | ||
| Pathophysiologic mechanisms. | 723 | ||
| Disorders of the Mouth and Esophagus | 724 | ||
| Oral Infections | 724 | ||
| Stomatitis | 724 | ||
| Etiology. | 724 | ||
| Unit XI Endocrine Function, Metabolism, and Nutrition | 783 | ||
| 39 Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation | 783 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 783 | ||
| Key Questions | 783 | ||
| Hormone Structure and Action | 784 | ||
| Chemical Structure of Hormone Classes | 784 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | 784 | ||
| Hormones With Cell Membrane Receptors | 784 | ||
| G-Protein–Coupled Receptors. | 784 | ||
| Protein Kinase Receptors. | 785 | ||
| Amplification of Hormone Activity | 786 | ||
| Hormones With Intracellular Receptors | 786 | ||
| Hormone Regulation | 786 | ||
| Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism | 786 | ||
| Factors Affecting Hormone Secretion | 787 | ||
| Feedback Control of Secretion | 787 | ||
| Hormone Metabolism and Excretion | 787 | ||
| Pharmacologic Hormone Concentrations | 787 | ||
| Regulation of Receptor Responses | 787 | ||
| Receptor Specificity and Affinity | 787 | ||
| Receptor Down-Regulation and Up-Regulation | 787 | ||
| Permissiveness | 788 | ||
| Hormone Agonists and Antagonists | 788 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Endocrine System | 788 | ||
| Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland | 788 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 789 | ||
| Oxytocin | 790 | ||
| Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland | 790 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 790 | ||
| Prolactin | 792 | ||
| Gonadotropins | 792 | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | 793 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 793 | ||
| Thyroid Hormones | 793 | ||
| Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion | 793 | ||
| Thyroid Action on Target Cells | 793 | ||
| Steroid Hormones | 794 | ||
| Steroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion | 794 | ||
| Steroid Action on Target Cells | 795 | ||
| Categories of Endocrine Disease | 797 | ||
| Hyposecretion | 797 | ||
| Hypersecretion | 797 | ||
| Hyporesponsiveness | 797 | ||
| Summary | 798 | ||
| Resources | 798 | ||
| General Endocrinology | 798 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, Thyroid and Adrenal Glands | 798 | ||
| 40 Disorders of Endocrine Function | 799 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 799 | ||
| Key Questions | 799 | ||
| Basic Concepts of Endocrine Disorders | 799 | ||
| Etiology of Endocrine Disorders | 799 | ||
| Classification of Endocrine Disorders | 800 | ||
| Growth Hormone Disorders | 801 | ||
| Growth Hormone Deficiency | 801 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis. | 801 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 802 | ||
| Unit XII Neural Function | 850 | ||
| 43 Structure and Function of the Nervous System | 850 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 850 | ||
| Key Questions | 850 | ||
| Structural Organization | 851 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 851 | ||
| Support and Protection of the Central Nervous System | 851 | ||
| The Brain | 853 | ||
| Cerebrum | 853 | ||
| Diencephalon | 856 | ||
| Cerebellum | 860 | ||
| Brainstem | 860 | ||
| The Spinal Cord | 861 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 863 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 863 | ||
| Spinal Nerves | 864 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 867 | ||
| Neuronal Structure and Function | 868 | ||
| Neurons and Supportive Cells | 868 | ||
| Neurons | 868 | ||
| Glia | 868 | ||
| Neuronal Communication | 872 | ||
| Membrane Potentials | 872 | ||
| Synaptic Transmission | 874 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 875 | ||
| Neuronal Circuits | 880 | ||
| Neural Development, Aging, and Injury | 880 | ||
| Development | 880 | ||
| Aging | 881 | ||
| Injury | 881 | ||
| Sensory Function | 882 | ||
| Sensory Receptors | 882 | ||
| Sensory Pathways | 883 | ||
| Somatosensory Cortex | 883 | ||
| Motor Function | 883 | ||
| Motor Neurons | 884 | ||
| Spinal Reflexes | 884 | ||
| Central Control of Motor Function | 885 | ||
| Consciousness, Memory, and Sleep | 886 | ||
| Consciousness and Memory | 886 | ||
| Sleep | 888 | ||
| Summary | 890 | ||
| Resources | 890 | ||
| 44 Acute Disorders of Brain Function | 891 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 891 | ||
| Key Questions | 891 | ||
| Mechanisms of Brain Injury | 892 | ||
| Ischemia and Hypoxia | 892 | ||
| Cellular Energy Failure | 892 | ||
| Excitatory Amino Acids | 893 | ||
| Reperfusion Injury | 894 | ||
| Abnormal Autoregulation | 895 | ||
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | 895 | ||
| Etiology | 895 | ||
| Manifestations | 897 | ||
| Brain Compression and Herniation | 897 | ||
| Management | 899 | ||
| Manifestations of Brain Injury | 900 | ||
| Level of Consciousness | 900 | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 900 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Reflexes | 901 | ||
| Pupil Reflex | 901 | ||
| Oculovestibular Reflex | 902 | ||
| Corneal Reflex | 902 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 902 | ||
| Epidemiology | 902 | ||
| Types of Traumatic Brain Injury | 903 | ||
| Primary Injury | 903 | ||
| Intracranial Hematomas | 903 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 903 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 904 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 905 | ||
| Secondary Injury | 905 | ||
| Treatment | 905 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke | 905 | ||
| Epidemiology | 906 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke | 906 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 906 | ||
| Treatment | 906 | ||
| Stroke Sequelae | 908 | ||
| Motor and Sensory Deficits | 908 | ||
| Language Deficits | 908 | ||
| Cognitive Deficits | 908 | ||
| Crebral Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Malformation | 909 | ||
| Cerebral Aneurysm | 909 | ||
| Etiology | 909 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Manifestations | 910 | ||
| Treatment | 910 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformation | 911 | ||
| Unit XIII Neuropsychological Function | 971 | ||
| 48 Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses | 971 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 971 | ||
| Key Questions | 971 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 972 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 972 | ||
| Dopamine effects | 972 | ||
| GABAergic interneuron origin | 973 | ||
| Genetic effects | 974 | ||
| Gestational effects | 974 | ||
| Marijuana use in adolescents and schizophrenia | 974 | ||
| Neurologic effects | 975 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 976 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 976 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 977 | ||
| Major Depressive and Persistent Depressive Disorders | 978 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 979 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 980 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 981 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 981 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 982 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 982 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 983 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 983 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 984 | ||
| Population Considerations | 984 | ||
| Women and Mental Illness | 984 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 984 | ||
| Geriatric Considerations | 984 | ||
| Summary | 986 | ||
| Resources | 986 | ||
| Epidemiology and Classification | 986 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 986 | ||
| Depression | 987 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 987 | ||
| 49 Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses | 989 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 989 | ||
| Key Questions | 989 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 989 | ||
| Panic Disorder | 990 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 990 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 991 | ||
| Treatment | 991 | ||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 991 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 991 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 992 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 992 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 992 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 992 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 992 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 993 | ||
| Treatment | 993 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 994 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 994 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 994 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 995 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 995 | ||
| Neurodevelopmental Disorders | 995 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 996 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 996 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 996 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 996 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 997 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | 997 | ||
| Etiology and Neurobiology | 997 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 997 | ||
| Treatment | 997 | ||
| Summary | 998 | ||
| Resources | 998 | ||
| Anxiety and Panic Disorders | 998 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 998 | ||
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 999 | ||
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity | 999 | ||
| Autism | 1000 | ||
| 50 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System | 1001 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1001 | ||
| Key Questions | 1001 | ||
| Structure and Function of Bone | 1002 | ||
| Composition | 1002 | ||
| Functional Properties | 1003 | ||
| Growth and Ossification | 1003 | ||
| Continuous Growth | 1003 | ||
| Bone Remodeling | 1004 | ||
| Calcium Homeostasis | 1004 | ||
| Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging | 1004 | ||
| Fracture Healing | 1006 | ||
| Structure and Function of Joints | 1006 | ||
| Synarthroses | 1007 | ||
| Fibrous Structure | 1007 | ||
| Cartilaginous Structure | 1007 | ||
| Diarthroses | 1007 | ||
| Synovial Structure | 1009 | ||
| Synovial fluid. | 1010 | ||
| Range of Movement | 1010 | ||
| Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage | 1011 | ||
| Composition | 1011 | ||
| Functional Properties | 1011 | ||
| Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging | 1012 | ||
| Structure and Function of Tendons and Ligaments | 1012 | ||
| Composition | 1012 | ||
| Functional Properties | 1013 | ||
| Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging | 1013 | ||
| Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle | 1013 | ||
| Composition | 1014 | ||
| Contractile Apparatus | 1014 | ||
| Mechanics of Muscle Contraction | 1015 | ||
| Sliding Filament Theory | 1015 | ||
| Role of Calcium | 1015 | ||
| Electromechanical Coupling | 1015 | ||
| Types of Muscle Contraction | 1016 | ||
| Twitch Contraction | 1016 | ||
| Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contractions | 1017 | ||
| Mechanical Principles | 1017 | ||
| Length–Tension Relationship | 1017 | ||
| Load–Velocity Relationship | 1017 | ||
| Force–Time Relationship | 1017 | ||
| Effects of Temperature Change | 1017 | ||
| Effects of Fatigue | 1017 | ||
| Response to Movement and Exercise | 1017 | ||
| Summary | 1019 | ||
| Resources | 1019 | ||
| Unit XIV Musculoskeletal Support and Movement | 1020 | ||
| 51 Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function | 1020 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1020 | ||
| Key Questions | 1020 | ||
| Soft Tissue Injuries | 1021 | ||
| Inert Soft Tissue Injuries | 1021 | ||
| Ligament Injuries | 1021 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1021 | ||
| Treatment | 1021 | ||
| Joint Capsule Injuries | 1022 | ||
| Adhesive Capsulitis | 1022 | ||
| Internal Joint Derangement | 1023 | ||
| Injuries to Fasciae and Bursae | 1023 | ||
| Fasciae | 1023 | ||
| Bursae | 1023 | ||
| Injuries to Nerves, Nerve Roots, or Dura Mater | 1023 | ||
| Contractile Soft Tissue Injuries | 1023 | ||
| Injury to Tendons | 1023 | ||
| Muscle and Tendon Strains | 1024 | ||
| Blunt Trauma | 1024 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 1024 | ||
| Soft Tissue Healing After Trauma | 1024 | ||
| Wound Repair | 1024 | ||
| Bone Injuries and Infections | 1026 | ||
| Bone and Joint Trauma | 1026 | ||
| Types of Bone | 1026 | ||
| Fracture | 1026 | ||
| Types of Fracture | 1026 | ||
| Extent of Fracture | 1027 | ||
| Diagnosis of Fracture | 1027 | ||
| Treatment of Fracture | 1028 | ||
| Healing Process | 1028 | ||
| Healing in a cortical bone. | 1028 | ||
| Healing in a cancellous bone. | 1028 | ||
| Complications of Fractures | 1029 | ||
| Delayed healing. | 1029 | ||
| Osteonecrosis. | 1029 | ||
| Osteomyelitis. | 1029 | ||
| Compartment syndrome. | 1030 | ||
| Fat emboli syndrome. | 1030 | ||
| Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. | 1030 | ||
| Neurovascular injury. | 1030 | ||
| Dislocations and Subluxations | 1030 | ||
| Infections of the Bone | 1031 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 1031 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 1031 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1031 | ||
| Healing Complications | 1031 | ||
| Unit XV Integumentary System | 1058 | ||
| 53 Alterations in the Integumentary System | 1058 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1058 | ||
| Key Questions | 1058 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 1059 | ||
| Epidermis | 1060 | ||
| Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue | 1060 | ||
| Appendages | 1061 | ||
| Hair | 1061 | ||
| Nails | 1061 | ||
| Glands | 1061 | ||
| Evaluation of the Integumentary System | 1061 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Lesions | 1061 | ||
| Lesion Descriptors | 1062 | ||
| Selected Skin Disorders | 1063 | ||
| Infectious Processes | 1064 | ||
| Viral Infections | 1064 | ||
| Verrucae | 1064 | ||
| Glossary | 1114 | ||
| A | 1114 | ||
| B | 1116 | ||
| C | 1118 | ||
| D | 1121 | ||
| E | 1122 | ||
| F | 1124 | ||
| G | 1124 | ||
| H | 1125 | ||
| I | 1127 | ||
| J | 1129 | ||
| K | 1129 | ||
| L | 1129 | ||
| M | 1130 | ||
| N | 1131 | ||
| O | 1132 | ||
| P | 1133 | ||
| R | 1136 | ||
| S | 1137 | ||
| T | 1140 | ||
| U | 1141 | ||
| V | 1142 | ||
| W | 1142 | ||
| X | 1142 | ||
| Z | 1142 | ||
| Index | 1143 | ||
| A | 1143 | ||
| B | 1146 | ||
| C | 1148 | ||
| D | 1152 | ||
| E | 1153 | ||
| F | 1155 | ||
| G | 1156 | ||
| H | 1157 | ||
| I | 1160 | ||
| J | 1162 | ||
| K | 1162 | ||
| L | 1162 | ||
| M | 1163 | ||
| N | 1165 | ||
| O | 1167 | ||
| P | 1167 | ||
| Q | 1171 | ||
| R | 1171 | ||
| S | 1172 | ||
| T | 1174 | ||
| U | 1176 | ||
| V | 1176 | ||
| W | 1177 | ||
| X | 1177 | ||
| Y | 1177 | ||
| Z | 1177 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |