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Book Details
Abstract
Stay current with recent progress in the field of diabetic retinopathy management with this practical resource by Drs. Caroline R. Baumal and Jay S. Duker. Concise, highly illustrated coverage includes summaries of the latest evidence and expert guidance on the rationale for each therapeutic option.
- Features a wealth of information for ophthalmologists, retinal specialists, and trainees on current management of this increasingly common condition.
- Covers how to select the best course of action between drug, laser, or surgical treatment and how to achieve optimal results.
- Includes high-quality images that detail before and after treatment, including OCT.
- Consolidates today’s available information and guidance on diabetic retinopathy management into one convenient resource.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Current Management of Diabetic Retinopathy | i | ||
| Current Management of Diabetic Retinopathy | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| List of Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| TARGETING DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | ix | ||
| MDREFERENCES | ix | ||
| Acknowledgment | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| I DIABETIC RETINOPATHY BACKGROUND | 1 | ||
| 1 - Epidemiology and Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| DIABETES MELLITUS: CLASSIFICATION, PATHOGENESIS, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1 | ||
| SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES | 2 | ||
| ECONOMIC BURDEN OF DIABETES | 2 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 2 | ||
| Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy | 2 | ||
| Natural History of Retinopathy in Type I DM | 2 | ||
| Natural History of Retinopathy in Type II DM | 3 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF DME | 3 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF NPDR AND PDR | 3 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DME | 4 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4 | ||
| 2 - Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy | 7 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 7 | ||
| SCREENING RECOMMENDATIONS | 7 | ||
| HISTORY AND EXAMINATION | 8 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 13 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 13 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| 3 - Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy | 15 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 15 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 15 | ||
| ABSENCE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 15 | ||
| NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 15 | ||
| DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA | 19 | ||
| PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 20 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 21 | ||
| REFERENCES | 22 | ||
| 4 - Imaging in Diabetic Retinopathy | 25 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 25 | ||
| FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY | 25 | ||
| TELEMEDICINE | 27 | ||
| DYE-BASED ANGIOGRAPHY | 27 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography | 27 | ||
| OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY | 29 | ||
| OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY | 31 | ||
| ADAPTIVE OPTICS | 33 | ||
| FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE | 33 | ||
| ULTRASOUND IMAGING | 34 | ||
| SUMMARY | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| 5 - Genetics of Diabetic Retinopathy | 37 | ||
| FAMILIAL STUDIES | 37 | ||
| CANDIDATE GENES | 37 | ||
| Aldose Reductase | 37 | ||
| Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme | 37 | ||
| Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase | 37 | ||
| Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products | 38 | ||
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor | 38 | ||
| LINKAGE STUDIES | 38 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES | 38 | ||
| EPIGENETICS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 38 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 39 | ||
| REFERENCES | 39 | ||
| II TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 41 | ||
| 6 - Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on the Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy | 41 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 41 | ||
| GLYCEMIC CONTROL | 41 | ||
| HYPERTENSION | 45 | ||
| INHIBITION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM | 45 | ||
| SERUM LIPID LEVELS | 46 | ||
| DIETARY INTAKE OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS | 47 | ||
| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR | 47 | ||
| OBESITY | 48 | ||
| ASPIRIN THERAPY | 48 | ||
| SMOKING | 48 | ||
| SUMMARY OF KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EYE CARE PROVIDERS | 49 | ||
| REFERENCES | 49 | ||
| 7 - Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Diabetic Eye Disease | 53 | ||
| HISTORY AND IMPACT OF ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AGENTS | 53 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF AGENTS: ROLE IN OPHTHALMOLOGY | 53 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF AGENTS IN DME | 54 | ||
| Pegaptanib | 55 | ||
| Ranibizumab | 55 | ||
| Bevacizumab | 67 | ||
| Aflibercept | 68 | ||
| Conclusion | 69 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF AGENTS IN PDR | 70 | ||
| Anti-VEGF Agents Versus Sham or Saline | 71 | ||
| Anti-VEGF Agents Versus PRP | 72 | ||
| Anti-VEGF Agents Plus PRP Versus PRP Alone | 72 | ||
| Anti-VEGF in Eyes Unresponsive to PRP | 73 | ||
| Combined Anti-VEGF Agents with PPV Versus PPV Alone | 74 | ||
| Conclusion | 74 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF AGENTS: ROLE IN THE TREATMENT OF NVI AND NVG | 74 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF AGENTS: SAFETY | 75 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF AGENTS: CONCLUSIONS | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 75 | ||
| 8 - Corticosteroid Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy | 79 | ||
| THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 79 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA | 80 | ||
| Topical | 80 | ||
| Sub-Tenon Injection | 80 | ||
| Intravitreal Injection | 83 | ||
| Intravitreal Injection of Slow-Release Corticosteroid Implants | 84 | ||
| Injection Into the Suprachoroidal Space | 86 | ||
| EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS ON THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 86 | ||
| COMBINATION THERAPY | 86 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 87 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| 9 - Laser Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy | 89 | ||
| HISTORY OF LASER TREATMENT | 89 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF LASER TREATMENT | 89 | ||
| LASER-TISSUE INTERACTIONS | 89 | ||
| DELIVERY SYSTEMS | 90 | ||
| LASER PARAMETERS | 91 | ||
| LASER FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 91 | ||
| PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION | 92 | ||
| FOCAL/GRID LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION | 92 | ||
| PATTERN SCANNING | 93 | ||
| NAVIGATED LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION TECHNIQUE | 96 | ||
| SUBTHRESHOLD MICROPULSE LASER | 96 | ||
| LASER VERSUS INTRAVITREAL ANTI-VEGF INJECTION | 96 | ||
| Treatment for Center-Involving DME | 96 | ||
| PRP VERSUS ANTI-VEGF THERAPY FOR PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: NONINFERIORITY STUDY | 96 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF LASER | 97 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 97 | ||
| THE NONCOMPLIANT PATIENT | 97 | ||
| PDR IN THE SETTING OF VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE | 97 | ||
| PDR IN THE SETTING OF DME | 98 | ||
| PREGNANCY | 98 | ||
| SUMMARY | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| 10 - Surgical Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy | 101 | ||
| NEW TREATMENTS FOR PDR | 101 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 102 | ||
| VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE AND PRERETINAL HEMORRHAGES | 103 | ||
| TRACTION RETINAL DETACHMENT | 104 | ||
| COMBINED TRACTIONAL WITH RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT | 108 | ||
| PATHOLOGIES OF THE MACULAR INTERFACE | 109 | ||
| NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA | 110 | ||
| CATARACT SURGERY | 110 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETIC VITRECTOMY | 110 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS | 111 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 111 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| 11 - Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Pregnancy | 115 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 115 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETES DURING PREGNANCY | 115 | ||
| SCREENING GUIDELINES FOR DIABETIC WOMEN | 116 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS DURING PREGNANCY | 116 | ||
| TREATMENT OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 117 | ||
| TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA | 117 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 118 | ||
| REFERENCES | 119 | ||
| 12 - Novel Treatments for Diabetic Retinopathy | 123 | ||
| BACKGROUND OF MODERN DR AND DME TREATMENT | 123 | ||
| SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUES | 124 | ||
| ANTI-VEGF TREATMENT | 124 | ||
| EXTENDED-RELEASE ANTI-VEGF TECHNOLOGY | 125 | ||
| NOVEL ANTI-VEGF AGENTS | 125 | ||
| BROAD-SPECTRUM GROWTH FACTOR SUPPRESSION | 127 | ||
| ANGIOPOIETIN PATHWAY MODULATION | 127 | ||
| NOVEL LARGE MOLECULE THERAPY | 127 | ||
| ENZYMATIC VITREOLYSIS | 128 | ||
| TOPICAL TREATMENTS | 128 | ||
| PROTEIN KINASE C Β INHIBITION | 128 | ||
| SMALL INTERFERING RNA | 129 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPY | 129 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 130 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| III CLINICAL SCENARIOS | 133 | ||
| 13 - Clinical Scenarios: Introduction | 133 | ||
| CASE 1: TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INJECTION AND A SUSTAINED-RELEASE STEROID IMPLANT | 133 | ||
| CASE 2: ASYMMETRIC DIABETIC RETINOPATHY WITH PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND NON-CENTER-INVOLVING DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA | 140 | ||
| CASE 3: PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND NON-CENTER-INVOLVING DME, TREATED WITH LASER FOLLOWED LATER BY ANTI-VEGF INJECTION | 142 | ||
| CASE 4: RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY TO TRACTIONAL RETINAL DETACHMENT IN PREGNANCY | 145 | ||
| REFERENCE | 148 | ||
| A - Summary of Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net) Protocols | 149 | ||
| B - Diabetic Terminology | 157 | ||
| APPENDIX: ABBREVIATIONS | 157 | ||
| APPENDIX: ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLINICAL STUDIES RELATED TO DIABETES AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 158 | ||
| Index | 159 | ||
| A | 159 | ||
| B | 159 | ||
| C | 159 | ||
| D | 160 | ||
| E | 161 | ||
| F | 161 | ||
| G | 161 | ||
| H | 161 | ||
| I | 161 | ||
| L | 162 | ||
| M | 162 | ||
| N | 162 | ||
| O | 163 | ||
| P | 163 | ||
| Q | 163 | ||
| R | 163 | ||
| S | 164 | ||
| T | 164 | ||
| U | 164 | ||
| V | 165 | ||
| W | 165 | ||
| X | 165 | ||
| Z | 165 |