BOOK
Imaging of Brain Concussion, An Issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
Roy Riascos | Eliana E. Bonfante-Mejia
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America focuses on Imaging of Brain Concussion, and is edited by Drs. Roy Riascos and Eliana E. Bonfante-Mejia. Articles will include: Traumatic Brain Injury: definition, neurosurgery, trauma-orthopedics, neuroimaging, and psychology-psychiatry; Multimodality advanced imaging for brain concussions; Perfusion weighted images in brain concussion; PET and SPECT in brain concussion; Imaging of chronic concussion; Imaging of concussion in young athletes; Imaging on concussion in blast injury; Conventional CT and MR in brain concussion; Structural imaging: structural MRI in concussion; Susceptibility weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy in concussion; Functional imaging fMRI – BOLD and resting state techniques in mTBI; Diffusion Weighted and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in mTBI; and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Imaging of BrainConcussion\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iv | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| NEUROIMAGING CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | v | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | v | ||
| May 2018 | v | ||
| August 2018 | v | ||
| November 2018 | v | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | v | ||
| November 2017 | v | ||
| August 2017 | v | ||
| May 2017 | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | vii | ||
| EDITORS | vii | ||
| AUTHORS | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Foreword: Imaging of Brain Concussion | xi | ||
| Preface: Imaging of Cerebral Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy | xi | ||
| Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurosurgery, Trauma Orthopedics, Neuroimaging, Psychology, and Psychiatry in Mild Tr ... | xi | ||
| Conventional Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance in Brain Concussion | xi | ||
| Multimodal Advanced Imaging for Concussion | xi | ||
| Imaging of Concussion in Young Athletes | xii | ||
| Perfusion Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | xii | ||
| PET and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Brain Concussion | xii | ||
| Imaging the Role of Myelin in Concussion | xii | ||
| Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Concussion | xii | ||
| Functional MR Imaging: Blood Oxygen Level–Dependent and Resting State Techniques in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | xiii | ||
| Diffusion MR Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | xiii | ||
| Imaging of Chronic Concussion | xiii | ||
| Foreword:\rImaging of Brain Concussion | xv | ||
| Preface:\rImaging of Cerebral Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy | xvii | ||
| Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurosurgery, Trauma Orthopedics, Neuroimaging, Psychology, and Psychiatry in Mild Tr ... | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| DEFINITION OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 1 | ||
| SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION | 2 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 2 | ||
| Clinical Severity and Duration of Symptoms | 2 | ||
| Concussion or cerebral contusion | 2 | ||
| Diffuse axonal injury | 2 | ||
| Mild | 2 | ||
| Moderate | 2 | ||
| Severe | 2 | ||
| Characteristics and Location of Injury | 3 | ||
| Cerebral contusion | 3 | ||
| Subdural hematoma | 3 | ||
| Epidural hematoma | 4 | ||
| Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage | 5 | ||
| Shearing injury and diffuse axonal injury | 5 | ||
| TRAUMA ORTHOPEDICS | 6 | ||
| Linear Skull Fracture | 6 | ||
| Depressed Skull Fracture | 6 | ||
| Basilar Skull Fracture | 6 | ||
| Penetrating Skull Fracture | 7 | ||
| INITIAL ASSESSMENT, AND NEUROSURGICAL AND NEUROINTENSIVE CARE MANAGEMENT | 7 | ||
| ADMISSION CRITERIA | 7 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE | 8 | ||
| NEUROSURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 8 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY IN MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 10 | ||
| Risk Factors for Postconcussion Syndrome | 10 | ||
| Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy | 11 | ||
| Management Strategies for Postconcussion Syndrome | 11 | ||
| SUMMARY | 11 | ||
| REFERENCES | 11 | ||
| Conventional Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance in Brain Concussion | 15 | ||
| Key points | 15 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 15 | ||
| CONCUSSION VERSUS MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 16 | ||
| CONVENTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN CONCUSSION AND MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 16 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING FOR ACUTE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 17 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 17 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 18 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING FOR ACUTE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS | 18 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING FOR FOLLOW-UP IN MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 21 | ||
| CONVENTIONAL IMAGING FINDINGS: MECHANISM OF INJURY AND MOST COMMON LESIONS | 21 | ||
| IMAGING FINDINGS IN CONCUSSION AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 22 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 22 | ||
| Extra-Axial Collections | 22 | ||
| Parenchymal Contusions | 22 | ||
| Axonal Injury | 23 | ||
| SUMMARY | 26 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 26 | ||
| REFERENCES | 26 | ||
| Multimodal Advanced Imaging for Concussion | 31 | ||
| Key points | 31 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 31 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF INJURY | 32 | ||
| PROMISES OF MULTIMODAL NEUROIMAGING AND UTILITY IN CONCUSSION | 33 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF MULTIMODAL ADVANCED IMAGING MODALITIES | 35 | ||
| T1-Weighted Contrast and T1 Relaxation Time | 36 | ||
| T2-Weighted Contrast and T2 Relaxation Time | 37 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Contrast and Beyond | 37 | ||
| Gradient Echo, Phase, and Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging | 38 | ||
| ILLUSTRATION OF THE APPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE MR IMAGING TO TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 39 | ||
| SUMMARY | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 40 | ||
| Imaging of Concussion in Young Athletes | 43 | ||
| Key points | 43 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 43 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 43 | ||
| SEX DIFFERENCES IN CONCUSSION | 44 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING TIMING OF IMAGING | 44 | ||
| OBJECTIVE OF THIS ARTICLE | 44 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Imaging Technique | 44 | ||
| Traditional clinical anatomic imaging | 44 | ||
| Considerations regarding patient selection for imaging | 45 | ||
| Imaging Findings/Pathology | 47 | ||
| Clinical anatomic imaging | 47 | ||
| Structural quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging | 47 | ||
| Tissue architecture diffusion tensor imaging | 48 | ||
| Susceptibility-weighted imaging of microhemorrhage | 49 | ||
| Regional blood flow imaging | 49 | ||
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging | 49 | ||
| Metabolic imaging | 49 | ||
| Current concerns regarding imaging of sports-related concussion | 50 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria (List) | 50 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis (List/Callout Box) | 50 | ||
| What Referring Physicians Need to Know (List) | 50 | ||
| SUMMARY | 50 | ||
| REFERENCES | 51 | ||
| Perfusion Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 55 | ||
| Key points | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| PERFUSION IMAGING IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 56 | ||
| Introduction | 56 | ||
| Bolus Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging Applied to Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 56 | ||
| Challenges of Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 58 | ||
| PERFUSION IMAGING IN MR IMAGING | 58 | ||
| BOLUS PERFUSION MR IMAGING | 59 | ||
| Introduction | 59 | ||
| Bolus MR Perfusion Imaging Applied to Traumatic Brain Injury | 60 | ||
| Challenges of Bolus MR Perfusion Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 60 | ||
| ARTERIAL SPIN LABELING MR IMAGING | 60 | ||
| Introduction | 60 | ||
| Arterial Spin Labeling MR Imaging Applied to Traumatic Brain Injury | 60 | ||
| Challenges of Arterial Spin Labeling MR Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 61 | ||
| STABLE XENON PERFUSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 62 | ||
| Introduction | 62 | ||
| Xenon Computed Tomography Imaging Applied to Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 62 | ||
| Challenges of Stable Xenon Computed Tomography Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury | 62 | ||
| FUTURE PERFUSION RESEARCH | 62 | ||
| SUMMARY | 63 | ||
| REFERENCES | 63 | ||
| PET and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Brain Concussion | 67 | ||
| Key points | 67 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 67 | ||
| RADIATION RISK | 68 | ||
| THE PHYSICS OF SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 70 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY STUDIES IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 72 | ||
| THE PHYSICS OF PET | 74 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF PET STUDIES IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 75 | ||
| Fluorodeoxyglucose | 75 | ||
| Emerging molecular PET tracers | 77 | ||
| INTEGRATION OF SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY INTO THE ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 77 | ||
| SUMMARY | 77 | ||
| REFERENCES | 78 | ||
| Imaging the Role of Myelin in Concussion | 83 | ||
| Key points | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| Myelin Damage in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 84 | ||
| IMAGING MYELIN | 84 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 84 | ||
| Magnetization Transfer | 84 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 85 | ||
| MYELIN WATER IMAGING | 85 | ||
| Myelin Water Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries | 85 | ||
| Limitations | 87 | ||
| FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS | 87 | ||
| Quantitative Susceptibility Imaging | 87 | ||
| Implications | 88 | ||
| SUMMARY | 88 | ||
| REFERENCES | 88 | ||
| Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Concussion | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 91 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MECHANISMS OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 92 | ||
| Animal Models | 92 | ||
| Neurotransmitter Release, Excitotoxicity, and Ionic Shifts | 92 | ||
| Neuroinflammation | 93 | ||
| SUSCEPTIBILITY-WEIGHTED IMAGING | 93 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 93 | ||
| Principles | 93 | ||
| Merging of phase and magnitude | 93 | ||
| Detection of paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances | 93 | ||
| Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury | 94 | ||
| Overview | 94 | ||
| Number and volume of microhemorrhages | 95 | ||
| Contact sports | 95 | ||
| Measurement of hypointensity burden | 96 | ||
| Susceptibility-weighted imaging and mapping | 96 | ||
| Susceptibility-weighted imaging and prediction of neurologic outcomes | 96 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY | 96 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 96 | ||
| Overview | 96 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy approaches | 97 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy acquisition | 97 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy postprocessing and quantification | 98 | ||
| Major 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites | 99 | ||
| N-acetyl-aspartate | 99 | ||
| Creatine | 99 | ||
| Choline | 99 | ||
| Myo-inositol | 99 | ||
| Glutamate and glutamine | 99 | ||
| 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 99 | ||
| Overview | 99 | ||
| Contact sports | 99 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and prediction of neurologic outcomes | 100 | ||
| Data interpretation | 100 | ||
| SUMMARY | 101 | ||
| REFERENCES | 101 | ||
| Functional MR Imaging: Blood Oxygen Level–Dependent and Resting State Techniques in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 107 | ||
| Key points | 107 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 107 | ||
| ACUTE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 108 | ||
| SUBACUTE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 110 | ||
| Network Connectivity Assessments | 110 | ||
| Thalamocortical Connections | 111 | ||
| Default Mode Network Connectivity After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 111 | ||
| Speculations on Compensatory Mechanisms | 111 | ||
| Neurocognitive Outcomes | 112 | ||
| CHRONIC MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 112 | ||
| SUMMARY | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| Diffusion MR Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 117 | ||
| Key points | 117 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 117 | ||
| DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING | 118 | ||
| DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING | 119 | ||
| FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY | 119 | ||
| AXIAL AND RADIAL DIFFUSIVITY | 121 | ||
| DIFFUSION KURTOSIS IMAGING | 121 | ||
| INJURY LOCALIZATION | 122 | ||
| DIFFUSION TRACTOGRAPHY | 122 | ||
| DIFFUSION AND COGNITION | 122 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS: PEDIATRIC PATIENTS | 123 | ||
| SEX DIFFERENCES | 123 | ||
| ONGOING RESEARCH | 123 | ||
| SUMMARY | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| Imaging of Chronic Concussion | 127 | ||
| Key points | 127 | ||
| GENERAL CONCEPTS | 127 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC STUDIES IN CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY | 128 | ||
| EVIDENCE OF GLIAL DAMAGE | 128 | ||
| RELATION OF CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS | 129 | ||
| IMAGING FINDINGS | 130 | ||
| Parenchymal Volume Loss | 130 | ||
| Cavum Septum and Ventricular Enlargement | 131 | ||
| White Matter Changes | 131 | ||
| Microhemorrhages | 133 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 133 | ||
| REFERENCES | 133 |