BOOK
Contemporary Challenges in Sudden Cardiac Death, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, E-Book
Mohammad Shenasa | N.A. Mark Estes III | Gordon F. Tomaselli
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, edited by Drs. Mohammad Shenasa, N. A. Mark Estes III, and Gordon F. Tomaselli, will cover Contemporary Challenges in Sudden Cardiac Death. Topics covered in this issue include Pathophysiology; Basic electrophysiological mechanism; Channelopathy and Myopathy as causes of sudden cardiac death; Public access to defibrillation; Sudden cardiac death in children adolescence; Sudden cardiac death in specific cardiomyopathies; Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death; lessons learned from cardiac implantable rhythm devices; future directions, and more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover\r | Cover | ||
| ContemporaryChallenges in SuddenCardiac Death\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Sudden Cardiac Death: Back to the Future | vii | ||
| Preface: Sudden Cardiac Death: Contemporary Challenges | vii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death: Interface Between Pathophysiology and Epidemiology | vii | ||
| Basic Electrophysiologic Mechanisms of Sudden Cardiac Death Caused by Acute Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction | vii | ||
| Channelopathies as Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | vii | ||
| Public Access Defibrillation: Is This Making Any Difference? Controversial Issues in Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest | vii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death During Sports Activities in the General Population | viii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Children and Adolescents | viii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Genetic Cardiomyopathies | viii | ||
| Electrocardiographic Markers of Sudden Cardiac Death (Including Left Ventricular Hypertrophy) | viii | ||
| Prediction and Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death\r | ix | ||
| Role of Cardiac Imaging in Evaluating Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death | ix | ||
| Biomarkers to Predict Cardiovascular Death | ix | ||
| Cardiac Innervation and the Autonomic Nervous System in Sudden Cardiac Death | ix | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Ischemic Heart Disease: Pathophysiology and Risk Stratification | x | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | x | ||
| Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death | x | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Acute Coronary Syndromes | x | ||
| Neuromuscular Disease: Cardiac Manifestations and Sudden Death Risk | xi | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death: Lessons Learned from Cardiac Implantable Rhythm Devices | xi | ||
| Primary Prevention Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator Trials: What Have We Learned? | xi | ||
| The Subcutaneous Defibrillator | xi | ||
| Future Directions: Management of Sudden Cardiac Death | xi | ||
| CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY CLINICS\r | xiii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xiii | ||
| March 2018 | xiii | ||
| June 2018 | xiii | ||
| September 2018 | xiii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xiii | ||
| September 2017 | xiii | ||
| June 2017 | xiii | ||
| March 2017 | xiii | ||
| Foreword\r | xv | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death: Back to the Future | xv | ||
| Preface\r | xvii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death: Contemporary Challenges | xvii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death | 515 | ||
| Key points | 515 | ||
| INCIDENCE OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST | 516 | ||
| CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC ARREST | 517 | ||
| MECHANISTIC TARGETS DERIVED FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC SUBDIVISIONS | 520 | ||
| MECHANISMS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | 521 | ||
| TRANSITION FROM MYOCARDIAL INSTABILITY TO LETHAL TACHYARRHYTHMIAS | 523 | ||
| ASYSTOLIC ARREST | 523 | ||
| PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY | 523 | ||
| REFERENCES | 524 | ||
| Basic Electrophysiologic Mechanisms of Sudden Cardiac Death Caused by Acute Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction | 525 | ||
| Key points | 525 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 525 | ||
| THE ACUTE PHASE OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION | 526 | ||
| Effects of Ischemia on Ventricular Muscle Substrate Electrophysiology | 526 | ||
| Resting membrane potential | 526 | ||
| Phase 0 depolarization | 527 | ||
| Action potential duration and refractory period | 528 | ||
| Passive properties | 528 | ||
| Effects of ischemia on Purkinje cell substrate electrophysiology | 528 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic consequences of changes in ventricular muscle and Purkinje cell electrophysiology | 529 | ||
| Mechanisms of arrhythmias during acute ischemia | 530 | ||
| Reperfusion arrhythmias | 533 | ||
| REFERENCES | 534 | ||
| Channelopathies as Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | 537 | ||
| Key points | 537 | ||
| LONG QT SYNDROME | 537 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | 538 | ||
| Role of Genetics | 538 | ||
| Therapy | 538 | ||
| β-blockers | 538 | ||
| Left cardiac sympathetic denervation | 539 | ||
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 539 | ||
| Gene-specific management | 540 | ||
| CATECHOLAMINERGIC POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | 540 | ||
| Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis | 541 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 542 | ||
| Therapy | 542 | ||
| BRUGADA SYNDROME | 545 | ||
| Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis | 545 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 545 | ||
| Therapy | 546 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 546 | ||
| REFERENCES | 546 | ||
| Public Access Defibrillation | 551 | ||
| Key points | 551 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 551 | ||
| LAUNCHING OF BYSTANDER USE OF AUTOMATIC DEFIBRILLATORS: PUBLIC ACCESS DEFIBRILLATION | 552 | ||
| EQUIPPING OF POLICE VEHICLES AND TRAINING OF POLICE IN THE USE OF AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS | 552 | ||
| COMMUNITY-BASED STUDIES OF USE AND OUTCOME | 552 | ||
| CONCENTRATION OF SHOCKABLE CARDIAC ARRESTS IN PUBLIC LOCATIONS | 553 | ||
| CONTEMPORARY USE OF AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS IN CARDIAC ARRESTS WITNESSED IN PUBLIC LOCATIONS | 553 | ||
| OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN USE OF AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS IN ALL CARDIAC ARRESTS OCCURRING IN PUBLI ... | 554 | ||
| CIRCULATORY PHASE OF CARDIAC RESUSCITATION IN RELATION TO SHOCK AND USE OF AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS | 554 | ||
| CONTROVERSIAL AND NONCONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION | 555 | ||
| SUMMARY | 556 | ||
| REFERENCES | 556 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death During Sports Activities in the General Population | 559 | ||
| Key points | 559 | ||
| SPORTS ACTIVITY: CONCLUSIVELY BENEFICIAL FOR LONG-TERM SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH RISK | 560 | ||
| SUDDEN DEATH IN THE YOUNG COMPETITIVE ATHLETE: THE APPARENT PART OF THE ICEBERG | 561 | ||
| SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH AMONG RECREATIONAL SPORTS PARTICIPANTS: THE MAJORITY OF SPORTS-RELATED SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 561 | ||
| SPORTS-RELATED SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH PRESENTS WITH HIGHLY HOMOGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS | 562 | ||
| HOW TO TACKLE SPORTS-RELATED SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH? | 562 | ||
| SUMMARY | 564 | ||
| REFERENCES | 564 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Children and Adolescents | 569 | ||
| Key points | 569 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 569 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 570 | ||
| ETIOLOGIES | 571 | ||
| Structural Heart Disease | 571 | ||
| Arrhythmia Syndromes | 573 | ||
| Other | 574 | ||
| AUTOPSY FINDINGS | 574 | ||
| GENETIC TESTING | 574 | ||
| CASCADE SCREENING | 574 | ||
| COMMUNITY SCREENING | 576 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 576 | ||
| Athletes | 576 | ||
| Stimulant Medications | 576 | ||
| TREATMENT | 576 | ||
| Exercise | 577 | ||
| SUMMARY | 577 | ||
| REFERENCES | 577 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Genetic Cardiomyopathies | 581 | ||
| Key points | 581 | ||
| DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY | 581 | ||
| Epidemiology | 581 | ||
| Genetic Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 581 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 582 | ||
| Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death in Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 582 | ||
| Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death in Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 583 | ||
| Genetic risk-stratifying features in dilated cardiomyopathy | 583 | ||
| Clinical risk-stratifying features in dilated cardiomyopathy | 583 | ||
| Treatment of Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention | 583 | ||
| Medical treatment | 583 | ||
| Role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators | 583 | ||
| Exercise and Sudden Cardiac Death Risk in Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 586 | ||
| HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 586 | ||
| Epidemiology | 586 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Clinical Diagnosis | 586 | ||
| Genetic Diagnosis | 586 | ||
| Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 586 | ||
| Risk Stratification of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 587 | ||
| Treatment of Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 590 | ||
| General measures and medical treatment | 590 | ||
| Invasive treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction | 591 | ||
| Role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to reduce sudden cardiac death | 591 | ||
| Exercise and Sudden Cardiac Death Risk in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 592 | ||
| ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY | 592 | ||
| Epidemiology | 592 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Clinical Diagnosis | 593 | ||
| Genetic Diagnosis | 593 | ||
| Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 593 | ||
| Risk Stratification of Sudden Cardiac Death in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 593 | ||
| Genetic Risk Stratification | 595 | ||
| Treatment for Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 595 | ||
| Medical treatment | 595 | ||
| Role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators | 595 | ||
| Exercise and Sudden Cardiac Death in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 596 | ||
| REFERENCES | 598 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Markers of Sudden Cardiac Death (Including Left Ventricular Hypertrophy) | 605 | ||
| Key points | 605 | ||
| MAIN CAUSES OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 605 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MARKERS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: ROLE OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM AS A PART OF A RISK STRATIFICATION OF S ... | 606 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Markers of Repolarization Abnormalities in Sudden Cardiac Death | 606 | ||
| The QT interval or electric systole | 606 | ||
| Prolonged corrected QT interval | 608 | ||
| Measurement of the QT interval | 608 | ||
| Prolonged JT-JTc | 608 | ||
| Prolonged QT Dispersion | 608 | ||
| Early Repolarization | 609 | ||
| Early repolarization or inferolateral J-point elevation | 609 | ||
| Early Repolarizations Electrocardiographic Variants | 609 | ||
| J wave amplitude of 0.2 mV of greater | 609 | ||
| Interval from the Peak to the End of the T Wave or Tpe | 610 | ||
| RISK PREDICTION OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | 612 | ||
| The Tpeak–Tend/QT Ratio | 613 | ||
| Macrowave T Wave Alternans or Macroscopic T Wave Alternans | 614 | ||
| Micro T Wave Alternans | 614 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MARKERS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: DEPOLARIZATION ABNORMALITIES | 615 | ||
| Prolongation QRS Duration | 615 | ||
| Right Precordial QRS Duration Prolongation (Parietal Block) | 616 | ||
| An S-Wave 0.1 mV or Greater and/or 40 ms or Greater in Lead I | 616 | ||
| QT Dispersion | 617 | ||
| Narrow QRS, Fragmented QRS Complex/Wide QRS Fragmentation | 617 | ||
| Narrow QRS fragmentation definition | 617 | ||
| Wide fQRS definition | 617 | ||
| Observation | 618 | ||
| Technical problems that affect fragmented QRS complexes | 618 | ||
| Major causes of fragmented QRS complexes | 618 | ||
| Congenital heart disease | 618 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot in adults | 618 | ||
| Channelopathies | 618 | ||
| Hereditary cardiomyopathies | 619 | ||
| Acquired diseases | 619 | ||
| Epsilon Wave or Fontaine Wave | 620 | ||
| Classification of Epsilon Waves by the Number of Deflections | 621 | ||
| Sensitivity of Electrocardiography for the Detection of Epsilon Wave Frequency in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomy ... | 621 | ||
| Prognostic Significance of the Epsilon Wave in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia | 621 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 622 | ||
| Brugada syndrome | 622 | ||
| Pathognomonic Features | 622 | ||
| Physiologic Epsilon Waves | 622 | ||
| Ventricular hypertrophy in elite endurance senior athletes | 622 | ||
| Pathologic Epsilon waves | 622 | ||
| Epsilon Wave and Relationship to Ventricular Tachycardia | 623 | ||
| PRESENCE OF VENTRICULAR LATE POTENTIALS USING HIGH-RESOLUTION OR SIGNAL-AVERAGED ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY | 624 | ||
| Value of the Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram in the Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia | 624 | ||
| Electrocardiographic predictor of sudden death in left ventricular hypertrophy | 624 | ||
| Advantages of the electrocardiograph for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy | 624 | ||
| SUMMARY | 625 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 625 | ||
| REFERENCES | 625 | ||
| Prediction and Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death | 631 | ||
| Key points | 631 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 631 | ||
| ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE | 632 | ||
| NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 633 | ||
| Beyond Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Further Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy | 633 | ||
| Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy | 634 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN INHERITED CHANNELOPATHIES | 634 | ||
| The Long QT Syndrome | 635 | ||
| Brugada Syndrome | 635 | ||
| Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia | 636 | ||
| Short QT Syndrome | 636 | ||
| Early Repolarization Syndrome | 636 | ||
| SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN THE ATHLETE | 636 | ||
| SUMMARY | 637 | ||
| REFERENCES | 637 | ||
| Role of Cardiac Imaging in Evaluating Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death | 639 | ||
| Key points | 639 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 639 | ||
| CONCEPTS IN RISK STRATIFICATION | 639 | ||
| CARDIAC IMAGING AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 640 | ||
| EVALUATION OF ARRHYTHMIC SUBSTRATES | 640 | ||
| Left Ventricular Systolic Function | 641 | ||
| Left Ventricular Size | 642 | ||
| Strain Echocardiography | 642 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging | 642 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance | 643 | ||
| MYOCARDIAL SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION AND THE RISK OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 645 | ||
| SUMMARY | 645 | ||
| REFERENCES | 645 | ||
| Biomarkers to Predict Cardiovascular Death | 651 | ||
| Key points | 651 | ||
| BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH IN THE GENERAL POPULATION | 651 | ||
| Metabolic | 651 | ||
| Inflammatory and Prothrombotic Markers | 652 | ||
| Renal Dysfunction | 653 | ||
| Electrolytes | 653 | ||
| Myocardial Markers | 653 | ||
| Multimarker Strategy | 653 | ||
| BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | 654 | ||
| Inflammation | 654 | ||
| Oxidative Stress | 654 | ||
| Cellular Stress | 654 | ||
| Neurohormonal | 654 | ||
| Hypercoagulability | 655 | ||
| Myocardial Markers | 655 | ||
| Repair and Regeneration: Role of Progenitor Cells | 655 | ||
| Multimarker Risk Score | 655 | ||
| BIOMARKERS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN HEART FAILURE | 656 | ||
| Hemodynamic Stress | 658 | ||
| Myocardial Stress | 658 | ||
| Neurohormonal | 658 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 658 | ||
| SUMMARY | 658 | ||
| REFERENCES | 658 | ||
| Cardiac Innervation and the Autonomic Nervous System in Sudden Cardiac Death | 665 | ||
| Key points | 665 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 665 | ||
| ANATOMY | 665 | ||
| Sympathetic Efferent Neurotransmission | 666 | ||
| Parasympathetic Efferent Neurotransmission | 666 | ||
| Neural Afferent Neurotransmission | 667 | ||
| Neural Circuits | 667 | ||
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CARDIAC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 667 | ||
| Response to Sympathetic Activation | 667 | ||
| Parasympathetic Activation | 667 | ||
| NEURAL REMODELING IN THE SETTING OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | 668 | ||
| Denervation | 668 | ||
| Hyperinnervation | 669 | ||
| Neural Remodeling of the Cardiac and Extracardiac Ganglia | 669 | ||
| NEURAXIAL MODULATION TO REDUCE RISK OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 669 | ||
| Modulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System | 669 | ||
| Chemical blockade | 669 | ||
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 670 | ||
| Thoracic epidural anesthesia | 670 | ||
| Spinal cord stimulation | 670 | ||
| Cardiac sympathetic denervation/decentralization | 671 | ||
| Renal sympathetic denervation | 671 | ||
| Modulation of the Parasympathetic Nervous System | 671 | ||
| Vagal nerve stimulation | 671 | ||
| Tragus nerve stimulation | 672 | ||
| Baroreceptor activation therapy | 673 | ||
| SUMMARY | 673 | ||
| REFERENCES | 673 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Ischemic Heart Disease | 681 | ||
| Key points | 681 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 681 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE | 682 | ||
| REMODELING AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 683 | ||
| CURRENT RISK STRATIFICATION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE | 684 | ||
| SURROGATE MEASURES OF CONDUCTION DISORDERS | 685 | ||
| IMAGING AND QUANTIFICATION OF MYOCARDIAL SCAR | 685 | ||
| SURROGATE MEASURES OF DISPERSION OF REPOLARIZATION | 685 | ||
| SURROGATE MEASURES OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTION | 686 | ||
| IMAGING OF CARDIAC SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION | 686 | ||
| AMBULATORY MONITORING | 686 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY | 686 | ||
| BIOMARKERS | 687 | ||
| GENOMICS | 687 | ||
| NONINVASIVE CLINICAL RISK VARIABLES | 687 | ||
| SUMMARY | 688 | ||
| REFERENCES | 688 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 693 | ||
| Key points | 693 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 693 | ||
| ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 694 | ||
| NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 695 | ||
| HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 697 | ||
| ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY | 698 | ||
| REPAIRED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 700 | ||
| BRUGADA SYNDROME | 700 | ||
| LONG QT SYNDROME | 701 | ||
| SHORT QT SYNDROME | 702 | ||
| CATECHOLAMINERGIC POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | 702 | ||
| EARLY REPOLARIZATION PATTERNS | 703 | ||
| IDIOPATHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | 703 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 703 | ||
| SUMMARY | 703 | ||
| REFERENCES | 703 | ||
| Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death | 709 | ||
| Key points | 709 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 709 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION: BEYOND THE LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION | 710 | ||
| MRI: DELAYED ENHANCEMENT: METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE | 711 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPIES FOR REDUCTION OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE | 711 | ||
| DEVICE AND ABLATIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE | 713 | ||
| Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Trial Data | 713 | ||
| Landmark Primary Prevention Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Trial Data | 714 | ||
| Summary | 716 | ||
| WEARABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR | 716 | ||
| Summary | 717 | ||
| ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS AND ABLATION FOR VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN HEART PATIENTS WITH FAILURE | 717 | ||
| NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES | 718 | ||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 718 | ||
| Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathies | 718 | ||
| Summary | 718 | ||
| END-OF-LIFE CARE | 719 | ||
| REFERENCES | 719 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Acute Coronary Syndromes | 725 | ||
| Key points | 725 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 725 | ||
| SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST AS INITIAL MANIFESTATION OF AN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 725 | ||
| IN-HOSPITAL COMPLEX VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS | 725 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF IN-HOSPITAL COMPLEX VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS | 726 | ||
| ACUTE TREATMENT OF VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES | 726 | ||
| OTHER MEASURES FOR MANAGEMENT OF VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES | 727 | ||
| CATHETER ABLATION IN THE ACUTE SETTING | 727 | ||
| IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR | 727 | ||
| SUMMARY | 728 | ||
| REFERENCES | 728 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disease | 731 | ||
| Key points | 731 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 731 | ||
| MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 731 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy | 732 | ||
| Genetics and molecular pathogenesis | 732 | ||
| Epidemiology and clinical features | 734 | ||
| Cardiac involvement: evaluation and management | 735 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophies: Duchenne and Becker | 739 | ||
| Epidemiology and genetics | 739 | ||
| Clinical manifestations and progression | 739 | ||
| Cardiovascular manifestations and management | 739 | ||
| Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy and Associated Disorders | 740 | ||
| Genetics and cardiac pathology | 740 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 741 | ||
| Cardiovascular manifestations and management | 741 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy | 742 | ||
| Epidemiology and genetics | 742 | ||
| Clinical features | 742 | ||
| Cardiac manifestations and management | 742 | ||
| SUMMARY/FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 743 | ||
| REFERENCES | 743 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death | 749 | ||
| Key points | 749 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 749 | ||
| ESTABLISHMENT OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER–DEFIBRILLATOR DEVICES | 750 | ||
| Secondary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Trials | 750 | ||
| Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Trials | 750 | ||
| THE NEGATIVE LESSONS | 753 | ||
| Use of Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators: Current Trends | 753 | ||
| Performance of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction as a Risk Stratification Tool | 753 | ||
| Value of the Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Compared with Other Risk Factors and Markers | 755 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Therapy in Underrepresented Subgroups and Role of Comorbidities | 755 | ||
| SUMMARY | 757 | ||
| REFERENCES | 757 | ||
| Primary Prevention Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator Trials | 761 | ||
| Key points | 761 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 761 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS IN ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, 1990S | 762 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS IN ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, 2000S | 768 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS IN NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 770 | ||
| EVIDENCE THAT BENEFIT FROM IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS IS NOT UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED IN TESTED POPULATIONS | 771 | ||
| SUMMARY | 771 | ||
| REFERENCES | 772 | ||
| The Subcutaneous Defibrillator | 775 | ||
| Key points | 775 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 775 | ||
| THE SUBCUTANEOUS DEFIBRILLATOR | 776 | ||
| SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR EFFICACY | 777 | ||
| PROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS | 778 | ||
| INAPPROPRIATE SHOCKS | 780 | ||
| SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR LIMITATIONS | 780 | ||
| COMPARISON WITH TRANSVENOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR | 781 | ||
| SUMMARY | 781 | ||
| REFERENCES | 781 | ||
| Future Directions | 785 | ||
| Key points | 785 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 785 | ||
| NATIONAL CARDIAC ARREST REGISTRY | 785 | ||
| FOSTERING A CULTURE OF ACTION | 787 | ||
| OPTIMIZING EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND PERFORMANCE | 787 | ||
| OPTIMIZING HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE | 788 | ||
| ACCELERATING RESEARCH | 788 | ||
| STRUCTURED COLLABORATION | 789 | ||
| SUMMARY | 789 | ||
| REFERENCES | 789 |