Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Anesthesiology Clinics focuses on Pharmacology. Editor Alan Kaye has assembled an expert team of authors on topics such as: Ketorolac, Oxymorphone and Tapentadol; Anticoagulation and Neuraxial/Peripheral Anesthesia; Pharmacologic Update on Antiemetics: Total parenteral nutrition/enteral nutrition in the ICU, Evolving Concepts; Reversal of Anticoagulants and Anesthesia Considerations; Non-opioids Intravenous or Oral Analgesics for Perioperative Pain Management, Update; Uterotonic Medications and Anesthesia Considerations: oxytocin, misoprostol, methylergonovine, carboprost; Pulmonary Vascular Mediating Drugs, Evolving Concepts; Alpha 2 Modulators and Anesthesia Considerations; Pharmacologic Considerations of Anesthetic Agents in the Obese Patient; Pharmacologic Considerations of Anesthetic Agents in the Geriatric Patient; Pharmacologic Considerations of Anesthetic Agents in the Pediatric Patient; Anesthesia CV Drug Update; Pharmacogenomics: Anesthesia; Pharmacogenomics: Pain; Novel anticoagulants; Novel anesthetic agents; Novel opioids; Pharmacology of Newer Local anesthetics; Pharmacology of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory and Steroid Medications. Implications for Anesthesia or Unique Associated Risks; Pharmacology of Octreotide. Implications for Anesthesia and Associated Risks.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Pharmacology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Foreword: Pharmacology | ix | ||
| Preface: The Future of Pharmacology in Anesthesia Practice | ix | ||
| Ketorolac, Oxymorphone, Tapentadol, and Tramadol: A Comprehensive Review\r | ix | ||
| Anticoagulation and Neuraxial/Peripheral Anesthesia | ix | ||
| Pharmacology of Antiemetics: Update and Current Considerations in Anesthesia Practice | ix | ||
| Total Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition in the ICU: Evolving Concepts | x | ||
| Anticoagulant Reversal and Anesthetic Considerations | x | ||
| An Update on Nonopioids: Intravenous or Oral Analgesics for Perioperative Pain Management | x | ||
| Uterotonic Medications: Oxytocin, Methylergonovine, Carboprost, Misoprostol | xi | ||
| Pulmonary Vasodilators and Anesthesia Considerations | xi | ||
| Alpha-2 Agonists | xi | ||
| Perioperative Pharmacologic Considerations in Obesity | xi | ||
| Pharmacologic Considerations of Anesthetic Agents in Geriatric Patients | xii | ||
| Pharmacologic Considerations of Anesthetic Agents in Pediatric Patients: A Comprehensive Review | xii | ||
| Cardiovascular Pharmacology: An Update and Anesthesia Considerations | xii | ||
| Pharmacogenomics in Anesthesia | xii | ||
| Pharmacogenomics in Pain Management | xiii | ||
| Novel Anticoagulant Agents in the Perioperative Setting | xiii | ||
| New Hypnotic Drug Development and Pharmacologic Considerations for Clinical Anesthesia | xiii | ||
| Essential Elements of Multimodal Analgesia in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Guidelines | xiii | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties of Novel Local Anesthetic Agents in Anesthesia Practice | xiv | ||
| Pharmacology of Acetaminophen, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, and Steroid Medications: Implications for Anesthesia or ... | xiv | ||
| Pharmacology of Octreotide: Clinical Implications for Anesthesiologists and Associated Risks | xiv | ||
| Revisiting Oxycodone Analgesia: A Review and Hypothesis | xv | ||
| An Analysis of New Approaches and Drug Formulations for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain | xv | ||
| ANESTHESIOLOGY CLINICS\r | xvi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xvi | ||
| September 2017 | xvi | ||
| December 2017 | xvi | ||
| March 2018 | xvi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xvi | ||
| March 2017 | xvi | ||
| December 2016 | xvi | ||
| September 2016 | xvi | ||
| Pharmacology | xvii | ||
| The Future of Pharmacology in Anesthesia Practice | xix | ||
| Ketorolac, Oxymorphone, Tapentadol, and Tramadol | e1 | ||
| Key points | e1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | e1 | ||
| KETOROLAC | e2 | ||
| Background | e2 | ||
| Pharmacology | e2 | ||
| Adverse Events | e2 | ||
| Drug Interactions | e3 | ||
| Routes of Administration | e3 | ||
| Intramuscular/Intravenous | e3 | ||
| Oral | e4 | ||
| Intranasal | e4 | ||
| Subcutaneous | e4 | ||
| OXYMORPHONE | e4 | ||
| Background | e4 | ||
| Pharmacology | e4 | ||
| Oxymorphone Immediate Release | e5 | ||
| Oxymorphone Extended Release | e5 | ||
| Postoperative Pain | e6 | ||
| Multimodal Analgesia | e6 | ||
| Contraindications/Adverse Events | e6 | ||
| Adverse effects | e6 | ||
| Kidney disease | e6 | ||
| Liver disease | e6 | ||
| TAPENTADOL | e7 | ||
| Background | e7 | ||
| Pharmacology | e7 | ||
| Indications/Benefits | e8 | ||
| Contraindications/Adverse Events | e9 | ||
| TRAMADOL | e9 | ||
| Background | e9 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | e10 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | e10 | ||
| Dosage | e11 | ||
| Adult | e11 | ||
| Pediatric | e11 | ||
| Adverse Effects | e11 | ||
| Serotonin syndrome | e12 | ||
| Seizures | e12 | ||
| Respiratory depression | e12 | ||
| Hyperalgesia | e13 | ||
| Psychiatric | e13 | ||
| Hypersensitivity | e13 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | e13 | ||
| Nervous system | e13 | ||
| Dermatologic | e13 | ||
| Genitourinary | e14 | ||
| Cardiovascular | e14 | ||
| Other | e14 | ||
| Metabolic | e14 | ||
| Endocrine | e14 | ||
| Hematologic | e14 | ||
| Hepatic | e14 | ||
| Ocular | e14 | ||
| Renal | e14 | ||
| Musculoskeletal | e14 | ||
| Contraindications | e15 | ||
| Overdose | e15 | ||
| Physical Dependence and Withdrawal | e15 | ||
| REFERENCES | e15 | ||
| Anticoagulation and Neuraxial/Peripheral Anesthesia | e21 | ||
| Key points | e21 | ||
| Introduction | e21 | ||
| Potential advantages of regional anesthetic techniques | e22 | ||
| Antiplatelet agents | e23 | ||
| The American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations and morbidities | e23 | ||
| Mechanisms | e24 | ||
| Monitoring | e24 | ||
| Reversal | e25 | ||
| Heparin | e25 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | e25 | ||
| Monitoring | e26 | ||
| Adverse effects | e26 | ||
| Reversal | e26 | ||
| American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations | e26 | ||
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin | e27 | ||
| Monitoring and dosing | e27 | ||
| Reversal | e27 | ||
| American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations | e27 | ||
| Vitamin K Antagonists | e28 | ||
| Dosing and precautions | e28 | ||
| Monitoring | e28 | ||
| Reversal | e28 | ||
| American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations | e29 | ||
| Novel Anticoagulants (Direct Thrombin Inhibitors and Factor Xa Inhibitors) | e29 | ||
| Prevalence | e29 | ||
| Monitoring of novel anticoagulants | e30 | ||
| Reversal of novel anticoagulants | e30 | ||
| Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | e30 | ||
| Review of mechanism of anticoagulation, and comparisons with heparin | e30 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | e31 | ||
| American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations and safety investigations | e31 | ||
| Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Reversal | e32 | ||
| Factor Xa Inhibitors | e32 | ||
| Review of mechanism of anticoagulation | e32 | ||
| American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations for injectable factor Xa inhibitors and safety investigations | e32 | ||
| American Society of Regional Anesthesia recommendations for oral factor Xa inhibitors and safety investigations | e32 | ||
| Factor Xa inhibitor reversal | e33 | ||
| Summary | e33 | ||
| References | e36 | ||
| Pharmacology of Antiemetics | e41 | ||
| Key points | e41 | ||
| Introduction | e42 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting | e42 | ||
| Risk factors for nausea and vomiting—factors that contribute | e42 | ||
| Patient factors | e43 | ||
| Surgery and anesthesia factors | e43 | ||
| Scoring | e43 | ||
| Definitions, physiology, and anatomy of nausea and vomiting | e44 | ||
| Pharmacologic prophylaxis | e44 | ||
| Serotonin Receptor Antagonists | e44 | ||
| Ondansetron | e45 | ||
| Palonosetron | e45 | ||
| Dopamine antagonists | e46 | ||
| Droperidol | e46 | ||
| Metoclopramide | e46 | ||
| Novel agents | e46 | ||
| Aprepitant (Neurokinin-1) | e46 | ||
| Corticosteroids | e47 | ||
| Dexamethasone | e47 | ||
| Anticholinergics | e48 | ||
| Dimenhydrinate | e48 | ||
| Scopolamine | e48 | ||
| H1 antagonists | e48 | ||
| Promethazine | e48 | ||
| Diclectin | e49 | ||
| Combination therapies for postoperative nausea and vomiting | e50 | ||
| Alternative therapies for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting | e50 | ||
| Isopropyl Alcohol Inhalation | e50 | ||
| Recommended strategies for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis | e51 | ||
| Discussion | e52 | ||
| References | e52 | ||
| Total Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition in the ICU | 181 | ||
| Key points | 181 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 181 | ||
| INITIATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT | 182 | ||
| Benefits of Early Enteral Nutrition | 182 | ||
| Estimating Energy Needs | 182 | ||
| Initiation and Maintenance | 183 | ||
| When to Use Parenteral Nutrition | 184 | ||
| ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY | 184 | ||
| Fiber | 184 | ||
| Probiotics | 184 | ||
| Antioxidants and Trace Minerals | 185 | ||
| Glutamine, Arginine, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid, and Nucleic Acid | 185 | ||
| DRUG INTERACTIONS | 185 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS | 186 | ||
| Side Effects of Enteral Nutrition | 187 | ||
| Side Effects of Parenteral Nutrition | 187 | ||
| Comparison of Enteral Nutrition and Parenteral Nutrition Side Effects | 188 | ||
| SUMMARY | 188 | ||
| REFERENCES | 188 | ||
| Anticoagulant Reversal and Anesthetic Considerations | 191 | ||
| Key points | 191 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 191 | ||
| AVAILABLE AGENTS | 192 | ||
| HEPARINS | 192 | ||
| Indications | 192 | ||
| Kinetics | 192 | ||
| Reversal | 194 | ||
| VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS | 195 | ||
| Indications | 195 | ||
| Kinetics | 196 | ||
| Interactions | 196 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 196 | ||
| Reversal | 196 | ||
| DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS | 197 | ||
| Monitoring | 198 | ||
| Kinetics | 198 | ||
| Reversal | 198 | ||
| DIRECT FACTOR XA INHIBITORS | 199 | ||
| Indications | 199 | ||
| Kinetics | 199 | ||
| Monitoring | 200 | ||
| Reversal | 200 | ||
| Prothrombin Complex Concentrates | 200 | ||
| Andexanet Alfa | 200 | ||
| Kinetics | 201 | ||
| Availability | 201 | ||
| Cirapirantag | 201 | ||
| APPLICATIONS FOR THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST | 201 | ||
| REFERENCES | 202 | ||
| An Update on Nonopioids | e55 | ||
| Key points | e55 | ||
| General introduction | e55 | ||
| Acetaminophen | e56 | ||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | e57 | ||
| N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists | e58 | ||
| Ketamine | e58 | ||
| Memantine | e59 | ||
| Amantadine | e60 | ||
| Dextromethorphan | e60 | ||
| Magnesium | e60 | ||
| Gabapentin (Neurontin) oral capsule, tablet, solution | e61 | ||
| Gabapentin (Gralise) tablet oral once daily | e61 | ||
| Gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant) extended-release oral tablet | e62 | ||
| Perioperative pain management of gabapentin | e62 | ||
| Pregabalin (Lyrica) | e62 | ||
| Perioperative pain management of pregabalin | e63 | ||
| Steroids | e64 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | e64 | ||
| Dexamethasone | e64 | ||
| Alpha-2 agonists | e64 | ||
| Clonidine | e64 | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | e65 | ||
| Consequences of undermanaged acute pain | e66 | ||
| Summary | e66 | ||
| References | e67 | ||
| Uterotonic Medications | 207 | ||
| Key points | 207 | ||
| OXYTOCIN | 207 | ||
| Introduction | 207 | ||
| Structure/Activity | 208 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 208 | ||
| Clinical Role | 209 | ||
| Routes and Dosages | 209 | ||
| Side Effects and Contraindications | 210 | ||
| Summary | 210 | ||
| METHYLERGONOVINE | 210 | ||
| Introduction | 210 | ||
| Structure/Activity | 210 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 211 | ||
| Clinical Role | 211 | ||
| Route and Dosage | 211 | ||
| Side Effects and Contraindications | 212 | ||
| Summary and Discussion | 212 | ||
| CARBOPROST | 212 | ||
| Introduction | 212 | ||
| Structure/Activity | 212 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 213 | ||
| Clinical Role | 213 | ||
| Routes and Dosage | 213 | ||
| Side Effects and Contraindications | 213 | ||
| Summary and Discussion | 214 | ||
| MISOPROSTOL | 214 | ||
| Introduction | 214 | ||
| Structure/Activity | 214 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 214 | ||
| Clinical Role | 215 | ||
| Routes and Dosage | 215 | ||
| Side Effects and Contraindications | 216 | ||
| Summary and Discussion | 216 | ||
| SUMMARY | 216 | ||
| REFERENCES | 216 | ||
| Pulmonary Vasodilators and Anesthesia Considerations | 221 | ||
| Key points | 221 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 221 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF PULMONARY VESSELS AND THE ROLE OF ENDOTHELIUM AND NEURAL MECHANISMS | 222 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 224 | ||
| CRITERIA AND DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION | 225 | ||
| VASODILATORS | 226 | ||
| TYPES OF VASODILATORS | 227 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 227 | ||
| Inhaled Nitric Oxide | 227 | ||
| Prostacyclin | 227 | ||
| Endothelin Blockers | 227 | ||
| Diuretics | 228 | ||
| Oxygen | 228 | ||
| Exercise | 228 | ||
| Pregnancy | 228 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION | 229 | ||
| Preoperative | 229 | ||
| Perioperative | 229 | ||
| Postoperative | 230 | ||
| SUMMARY | 230 | ||
| REFERENCES | 230 | ||
| Alpha-2 Agonists | 233 | ||
| Key points | 233 | ||
| CLONIDINE | 233 | ||
| Introduction | 233 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 234 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics | 235 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 235 | ||
| Central nervous system | 235 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 235 | ||
| Respiratory system | 235 | ||
| Renovascular system | 235 | ||
| Endocrine | 235 | ||
| Anesthetic Applications | 236 | ||
| Sedation | 236 | ||
| Anesthesia and analgesia adjuvant | 236 | ||
| Topical applications | 236 | ||
| Premedication | 236 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 236 | ||
| Contraindications | 237 | ||
| Summary | 237 | ||
| DEXMEDETOMIDINE | 237 | ||
| Introduction | 237 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 238 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics | 238 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 239 | ||
| Anesthetic Applications | 239 | ||
| Sedation | 239 | ||
| Anxiolysis and premedication | 239 | ||
| Procedural sedation and monitored anesthesia care | 240 | ||
| Pediatric sedation | 240 | ||
| Adjuvant to general anesthesia | 240 | ||
| Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia | 241 | ||
| Locoregional techniques | 241 | ||
| Postoperative shivering | 241 | ||
| Emergence delirium/agitation | 241 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 241 | ||
| Airway obstruction | 241 | ||
| Bradycardia and hypotension | 242 | ||
| Contraindications | 242 | ||
| Summary | 242 | ||
| REFERENCES | 242 | ||
| Perioperative Pharmacologic Considerations in Obesity | 247 | ||
| Key points | 247 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 247 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 248 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 248 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN OBESITY | 250 | ||
| GENERAL DOSING STRATEGIES | 250 | ||
| ANESTHETIC INDUCTION AGENTS | 251 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS | 252 | ||
| REVERSAL AGENTS | 253 | ||
| INHALED ANESTHETIC AGENTS | 253 | ||
| ANALGESICS | 254 | ||
| SUMMARY | 254 | ||
| REFERENCES | 255 | ||
| Pharmacologic Considerations of Anesthetic Agents in Pediatric Patients | e73 | ||
| Key points | e73 | ||
| Introduction and pediatric considerations | e73 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic considerations in pediatric patients | e75 | ||
| Individual drugs | e76 | ||
| Inhaled Agents | e76 | ||
| Intravenous Agents | e77 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia Induction Agents | e79 | ||
| Benzodiazepines and Opioids | e79 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines and Other Agents | e80 | ||
| Special Pharmacologic Considerations for Opioids | e82 | ||
| Local anesthetics | e85 | ||
| Postoperative pain control strategies in pediatric patients | e86 | ||
| Neuromuscular blockers | e87 | ||
| Physiology, Mechanism of Action, and Pharmacology | e87 | ||
| Neuromuscular drug blocker classification | e88 | ||
| Individual drugs based on duration of action | e88 | ||
| Nondepolarizing (competitive) drugs | e89 | ||
| Long-Acting Neuromuscular Blockers | e89 | ||
| Intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs | e89 | ||
| Short-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs | e90 | ||
| Indications for use of neuromuscular blocking drugs | e90 | ||
| Potential risks/complications | e90 | ||
| Anesthetic Agents to Use with Caution in Pediatric Patients | e90 | ||
| References | e91 | ||
| Cardiovascular Pharmacology | 273 | ||
| Key points | 273 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| ANATOMY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBER AND SARCOMERES | 274 | ||
| EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING: THE CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL | 276 | ||
| DRUGS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY | 277 | ||
| VASOPRESSORS | 278 | ||
| Vasopressin | 278 | ||
| Methylene Blue | 278 | ||
| Intravenous Antihypertensive Drugs | 278 | ||
| Nicardipine | 279 | ||
| Clevidipine | 280 | ||
| Inotropes and Inodilators | 280 | ||
| Omecamtiv Mecarbil | 281 | ||
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Adenosine Triphosphatase Gene Therapy | 281 | ||
| Levosimendan: A Calcium Sensitizer | 281 | ||
| Inhaled Agents | 282 | ||
| Nitric Oxide | 282 | ||
| Epoprostenol | 283 | ||
| REFERENCES | 283 | ||
| Pharmacogenomics in Anesthesia | 285 | ||
| Key points | 285 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 285 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS | 286 | ||
| OPIOIDS | 287 | ||
| Metabolism | 287 | ||
| Receptors | 288 | ||
| Transporters | 288 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 288 | ||
| INHALATION ANESTHETICS | 288 | ||
| MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA | 289 | ||
| BENZODIAZEPINES | 289 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING | 290 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR GENOMICS | 290 | ||
| Coagulation Variability | 290 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 291 | ||
| SUMMARY | 292 | ||
| REFERENCES | 292 | ||
| Pharmacogenomics in Pain Management | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 295 | ||
| METABOLISM VARIABILITY | 296 | ||
| WEAK OPIOIDS | 296 | ||
| Codeine | 296 | ||
| Hydrocodone | 297 | ||
| Tramadol | 297 | ||
| STRONG OPIOIDS | 297 | ||
| Morphine | 297 | ||
| Diamorphine | 298 | ||
| Fentanyl | 298 | ||
| Buprenorphine | 298 | ||
| Oxycodone and Oxymorphone | 299 | ||
| OPIOID RECEPTORS | 299 | ||
| Mu-Opioid Receptor | 299 | ||
| Kappa-Opioid Receptor | 300 | ||
| Delta-Opioid Receptor | 300 | ||
| CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE | 300 | ||
| KETAMINE | 301 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS | 301 | ||
| SUMMARY | 302 | ||
| REFERENCES | 302 | ||
| Novel Anticoagulant Agents in the Perioperative Setting | 305 | ||
| Key points | 305 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 305 | ||
| DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS | 306 | ||
| Dabigatran Etexilate | 306 | ||
| FACTOR XA INHIBITORS | 306 | ||
| Rivaroxaban | 306 | ||
| Apixaban | 307 | ||
| Edoxaban | 307 | ||
| Betrixaban | 308 | ||
| NOVEL ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 308 | ||
| ANTIPLATELET AGENTS | 309 | ||
| Clopidogrel | 310 | ||
| Prasugrel | 310 | ||
| Ticagrelor | 310 | ||
| ANTIPLATELET AGENTS AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 310 | ||
| SUMMARY | 311 | ||
| REFERENCES | 311 | ||
| New Hypnotic Drug Development and Pharmacologic Considerations for Clinical Anesthesia | e95 | ||
| Key points | e95 | ||
| Introduction | e95 | ||
| Novel agents | e96 | ||
| Phenols | e96 | ||
| PF0713 | e96 | ||
| Fospropofol | e97 | ||
| Imidazoles | e97 | ||
| Methoxycarbonyl etomidate and cyclopropyl methoxycarbonyl etomidate | e97 | ||
| Carboetomidate | e100 | ||
| Methoxycarbonyl carboetomidate | e101 | ||
| Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine-Like Agents | e101 | ||
| Remimazolam (CNS 7056) | e101 | ||
| JM-1232 | e101 | ||
| Phencyclidines | e104 | ||
| Norketamine ester analogues | e104 | ||
| Alternative ketamine derivatives | e104 | ||
| Halogenated Ethers | e105 | ||
| Emulsified isoflurane | e105 | ||
| Emulsified sevoflurane | e105 | ||
| Barbiturates | e106 | ||
| Ultra-short-acting barbiturates | e106 | ||
| Nucleosides | e106 | ||
| N3-phenacyluridine | e106 | ||
| Phenylacetates | e107 | ||
| AZD3043 | e107 | ||
| Pharmacoeconomics and future directions | e107 | ||
| Summary | e108 | ||
| References | e109 | ||
| Essential Elements of Multimodal Analgesia in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Guidelines | e115 | ||
| Key points | e115 | ||
| Introduction | e116 | ||
| Components of multimodal, opiate-sparing analgesia | e117 | ||
| Systemic Analgesia | e117 | ||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | e122 | ||
| Acetaminophen | e122 | ||
| Opiates | e122 | ||
| N-Methyl d-Aspartate receptor antagonists | e123 | ||
| Gabapentin and pregabalin | e123 | ||
| Local anesthetics | e123 | ||
| Nonsystemic Anesthesia or Analgesia | e124 | ||
| Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia or Analgesia and Spinal Anesthesia | e124 | ||
| Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks and Continuous Wound Infiltration | e124 | ||
| Future directions for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society Guidelines and bundled care in delivering multimodal analgesia | e124 | ||
| Procedure-specific multimodal analgesia | e125 | ||
| Emergency surgery | e125 | ||
| Specific patient groups | e125 | ||
| Cancer recurrence to measure impact of enhanced recovery or multimodal strategy | e125 | ||
| Chronic postsurgical pain prevention with adequate acute pain management? | e132 | ||
| Audit, evaluation of outcomes, and long-term follow-up of patients on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society Guideline–com ... | e132 | ||
| Summary | e133 | ||
| References | e133 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties of Novel Local Anesthetic Agents in Anesthesia Practice | 315 | ||
| Key points | 315 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 315 | ||
| NATURALLY OCCURRING SITE-1 SELECTIVE SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS | 316 | ||
| NOVEL LOCAL ANESTHETIC DELIVERY SYSTEMS | 317 | ||
| NOVEL ADJUVANTS OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 319 | ||
| SUMMARY | 321 | ||
| REFERENCES | 322 | ||
| Pharmacology of Acetaminophen, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, and Steroid Medications: Implications for Anesthesia or ... | e145 | ||
| Key points | e145 | ||
| Acetaminophen | e146 | ||
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs | e149 | ||
| Corticosteroids | e153 | ||
| Summary | e157 | ||
| References | e158 | ||
| Pharmacology of Octreotide | 327 | ||
| Key points | 327 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 327 | ||
| CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY | 327 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 328 | ||
| FORMS | 329 | ||
| Octreotide Acetate | 329 | ||
| Octreotide Acetate Long-Acting Release | 329 | ||
| DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION | 329 | ||
| DOSAGE FOR SPECIFIC CONDITIONS | 329 | ||
| Acromegaly | 329 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumors | 330 | ||
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Tumors | 330 | ||
| Carcinoid Crisis, Prevention | 330 | ||
| Esophageal Varices Bleeding | 330 | ||
| Malignant Bowel Obstruction | 330 | ||
| ROLE OF OCTREOTIDE IN MEDICINE | 330 | ||
| Acromegaly | 330 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumors | 331 | ||
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Tumors | 331 | ||
| Pain Control | 331 | ||
| Esophageal Varices Bleeding | 331 | ||
| Malignant Bowel Obstruction | 331 | ||
| Refractory and Chylous Ascites | 331 | ||
| Off-Label Uses | 331 | ||
| NEW STUDIES AND NEW ROLES FOR OCTREOTIDE | 332 | ||
| Transfusion Requirements During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation | 332 | ||
| Postoperative Chylothorax | 332 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 332 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 332 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation and Optimization | 333 | ||
| Anesthetic Techniques | 333 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 334 | ||
| OCTREOTIDE USE DURING ANESTHESIA | 334 | ||
| CARCINOID CRISIS: IS IT PREVENTABLE? | 336 | ||
| DRUG INTERACTIONS | 336 | ||
| CAUTIONS | 336 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS | 337 | ||
| OCTREOTIDE AND PREGNANCY | 337 | ||
| OCTREOTIDE AND BREAST FEEDING | 337 | ||
| OCTREOTIDE AND PEDIATRIC USE | 337 | ||
| OCTREOTIDE AND GERIATRIC USE | 337 | ||
| SUMMARY | 338 | ||
| REFERENCES | 338 | ||
| Revisiting Oxycodone Analgesia | e163 | ||
| Key points | e163 | ||
| Introduction | e163 | ||
| Basic pharmacokinetics | e164 | ||
| Pharmacogenetic variation or metabolite contribution | e164 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic dilemma | e165 | ||
| The role of peripheral opioid receptors in peripheral oxycodone analgesia | e166 | ||
| Oxycodone and its active metabolites binding sites | e168 | ||
| References | e170 | ||
| An Analysis of New Approaches and Drug Formulations for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain | 341 | ||
| Key points | 341 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 341 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathophysiology | 342 | ||
| CURRENT TREATMENTS | 342 | ||
| Chemonucleolysis | 343 | ||
| Collagenase | 343 | ||
| Chondroitinase ABC | 343 | ||
| Matrix Metalloproteinases | 344 | ||
| Ethanol | 345 | ||
| Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections | 345 | ||
| Artemin | 346 | ||
| Tanezumab | 346 | ||
| Stem Cell Therapy | 347 | ||
| SUMMARY | 347 | ||
| REFERENCES | 347 | ||
| Index | 351 |