BOOK
Cardiac Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, E-Book
Balaji Seshadri | Ravi Mandapati | Kalyanam Shivkumar
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, edited by Drs. Ravi Mandapati, Kalyanam Shivkumar, and Seshadri Balaji, will cover the latest in Cardiac Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Topics covered in this issue include, but are not limited to Brady arrhythmia; Supraventricular Tachycardia in Adult Congenital Heart Disease; Atrial defects, Ebsteins; Drug therapy; Devices; and Surgery.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardiac Arrhythmias inAdults with CongenitalHeart Disease\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Clinical Aspects | vii | ||
| Introduction to the Congenital Heart Defects: Anatomy of the Conduction System167 | vii | ||
| Bradyarrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease | vii | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardia in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Aspects | vii | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Aspects | viii | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Adult Congenital Heart Disease | viii | ||
| Specific Congenital Heart Defects: Clinical Aspects and Ablation | viii | ||
| Arrhythmias in Patients with Atrial Defects235 | viii | ||
| Ebstein Anomaly | viii | ||
| Arrhythmias Following the Mustard and Senning Operations for Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries: Clinical Aspects a ... | ix | ||
| Development of Tachyarrhythmias Late After the Fontan Procedure: The Role of Ablative Therapy | ix | ||
| Clinical Aspects and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Tetralogy of Fallot | ix | ||
| Management | ix | ||
| Drug Therapy in Adult Congenital Heart Disease295 | ix | ||
| Catheter Ablation: General Principles and Advances | x | ||
| Cardiac Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Pacemakers, Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators, and Cardiac Re ... | x | ||
| Arrhythmia Surgery for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease | x | ||
| CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY CLINICS\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| September 2017 | xi | ||
| December 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| December 2016 | xi | ||
| September 2016 | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xv | ||
| Cardiac Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease\r | xv | ||
| Introduction to the Congenital Heart Defects | 167 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| SIMPLE DEFECTS | 168 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 168 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 168 | ||
| MODERATELY COMPLEX DEFECTS | 168 | ||
| Atrioventricular Septal Defect | 168 | ||
| Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries | 169 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 170 | ||
| COMPLEX DEFECTS | 171 | ||
| Tricuspid Atresia | 171 | ||
| Double Inlet Left Ventricle | 172 | ||
| Heterotaxy Syndromes | 172 | ||
| SUMMARY | 173 | ||
| REFERENCES | 173 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease | 177 | ||
| Key points | 177 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 177 | ||
| THE SPECTRUM OF BRADYARRHYTHMIAS IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 178 | ||
| Unrepaired Congenital Heart Disease | 178 | ||
| Heterotaxy syndromes | 178 | ||
| Atrioventricular septal defects | 179 | ||
| Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries | 180 | ||
| Other congenital heart disease defects | 180 | ||
| Repaired Congenital Heart Disease | 180 | ||
| Postsurgical sinus node dysfunction | 180 | ||
| Postsurgical complete heart block | 181 | ||
| CLINICAL SEQUELAE AND TREATMENT OF BRADYARRHYTHMIAS IN ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 182 | ||
| SUMMARY | 186 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardia in Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 189 | ||
| Key points | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| GENERAL MECHANISMS OF SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | 190 | ||
| CHALLENGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 190 | ||
| Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia | 191 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 191 | ||
| Diagnosis | 192 | ||
| Management | 192 | ||
| Accessory-Pathway Mediated Tachycardia | 195 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 195 | ||
| Diagnosis | 195 | ||
| Management | 198 | ||
| Twin Atrioventricular Nodes | 199 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 199 | ||
| Diagnosis | 200 | ||
| Management | 201 | ||
| Intra-atrial Reentry Tachycardia | 201 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 201 | ||
| Diagnosis | 202 | ||
| Management | 202 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 204 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 204 | ||
| Diagnosis | 204 | ||
| Management | 205 | ||
| Focal Atrial Tachycardia | 205 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 206 | ||
| Diagnosis | 206 | ||
| Management | 207 | ||
| Junctional Tachycardia | 207 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 207 | ||
| Diagnosis | 207 | ||
| Management | 208 | ||
| REFERENCES | 208 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 213 | ||
| Key points | 213 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 213 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS | 214 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | 214 | ||
| VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN TETRALOGY OF FALLOT | 215 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms for Ventricular Arrhythmias | 215 | ||
| Risk Factors for Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 215 | ||
| TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES | 216 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms for Ventricular Arrhythmias | 216 | ||
| Risk Factors for Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 217 | ||
| THE SINGLE VENTRICLE | 218 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms for Ventricular Arrhythmias | 218 | ||
| Risk Factors for Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 218 | ||
| EBSTEIN ANOMALY | 219 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 225 | ||
| Key points | 225 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 225 | ||
| SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM | 226 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 226 | ||
| SECONDARY PREVENTION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 226 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 228 | ||
| Challenges in Risk Stratification | 228 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 230 | ||
| Systemic Left Ventricle with Biventricular Physiology | 231 | ||
| Systemic Right Ventricle | 231 | ||
| Univentricular Hearts | 232 | ||
| SUMMARY | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 233 | ||
| Arrhythmias in Patients with Atrial Defects | 235 | ||
| Key points | 235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 235 | ||
| ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS AND PATENT FORAMEN OVALES: PATHOLOGY AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT | 235 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES SEEN WITH ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS | 235 | ||
| ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS WITH ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS/PATENT FORAMEN OVALES | 236 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ARRHYTHMIAS WITH ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS | 236 | ||
| Before Closure/Repair of an Atrial Septal Defect | 236 | ||
| After/Post Device/Surgical Closure | 237 | ||
| Local irritation | 237 | ||
| Atriotomy scar after surgical closure | 237 | ||
| Presence of occlusion device | 237 | ||
| A Mechanism Independent of Atrial Septal Defect? | 238 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS | 238 | ||
| Confirming the Mechanism of Arrhythmia | 238 | ||
| Mapping the Arrhythmia | 238 | ||
| Ablation | 239 | ||
| Ablation of Left Atrial Arrhythmias in Patients After Atrial Septal Defect Repair/Closure: Issues with Transseptal Puncture | 241 | ||
| SUMMARY | 243 | ||
| REFERENCES | 243 | ||
| Ebstein Anomaly | 245 | ||
| Key points | 245 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 245 | ||
| PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES IN EBSTEIN ANOMALY | 246 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIA MECHANISMS | 246 | ||
| Accessory Pathway–Mediated Tachycardia | 246 | ||
| Atrial Flutter and Other Atrial Arrhythmias | 248 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 250 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death | 250 | ||
| Preoperative Assessment and Arrhythmia Surgery | 251 | ||
| SUMMARY | 253 | ||
| REFERENCES | 253 | ||
| Arrhythmias Following the Mustard and Senning Operations for Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries | 255 | ||
| Key points | 255 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 255 | ||
| SURGICAL ANATOMY | 256 | ||
| Senning Operation | 256 | ||
| Mustard Operation | 256 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIA BURDEN | 257 | ||
| Sinoatrial Node Dysfunction | 257 | ||
| Intra-Atrial Reentry Tachycardia and Other Forms of Supraventricular Tachycardia | 258 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death | 259 | ||
| NONABLATIVE THERAPIES | 260 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapies | 260 | ||
| Antitachycardia Pacing for Atrial Tachyarrhythmias | 260 | ||
| Other Nonablative Therapies: Bradycardia Pacing, Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 260 | ||
| CATHETER ABLATION STRATEGIES | 261 | ||
| Electrophysiological Anatomy | 261 | ||
| Preparation | 263 | ||
| Anatomic variations | 263 | ||
| Hemodynamic fragility | 263 | ||
| Vascular access | 263 | ||
| Electrophysiologic substrates/data acquisition | 263 | ||
| Ablation of Intra-Atrial Reentry Tachycardia | 264 | ||
| Focal Atrial Tachycardia | 267 | ||
| Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia | 268 | ||
| SUMMARY | 269 | ||
| REFERENCES | 269 | ||
| Development of Tachyarrhythmias Late After the Fontan Procedure | 273 | ||
| Key points | 273 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR THE FONTAN PROCEDURE | 273 | ||
| DIFFERENT TYPES OF FONTAN PROCEDURES | 274 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS | 274 | ||
| MACRO-REENTRANT TACHYCARDIAS | 274 | ||
| FOCAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAS | 275 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 276 | ||
| COEXISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND ATRIAL TACHYARRHYTHMIA | 276 | ||
| THERAPY FOR ATRIAL TACHYARRHYTHMIAS | 277 | ||
| ELECTRO-ANATOMIC ACTIVATION MAPPING | 277 | ||
| ELECTRO-ANATOMIC VOLTAGE MAPPING | 278 | ||
| OUTCOME OF ABLATIVE THERAPY | 279 | ||
| SURGICAL MAZE IN FONTAN PATIENTS | 281 | ||
| VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS | 282 | ||
| SUMMARY | 282 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 282 | ||
| REFERENCES | 283 | ||
| Clinical Aspects and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Tetralogy of Fallot | 285 | ||
| Key points | 285 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 285 | ||
| VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS | 285 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION AND VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA SUBSTRATES | 286 | ||
| SUBSTRATE FOR MONOMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN REPAIRED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT | 286 | ||
| CONTRIBUTION OF 3-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROANATOMICAL MAPPING FOR SUBSTRATE IDENTIFICATION AND RISK STRATIFICATION | 287 | ||
| VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA ABLATION: STRATEGIES, END POINTS, AND OUTCOME | 289 | ||
| PROCEDURAL FAILURE | 292 | ||
| SUMMARY | 293 | ||
| REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| Drug Therapy in Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 295 | ||
| ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS | 296 | ||
| CLASS I ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS | 296 | ||
| Class 1 Agents in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease | 296 | ||
| Class 1A antiarrhythmics | 296 | ||
| Quinidine | 296 | ||
| Procainamide | 296 | ||
| Disopyramide | 298 | ||
| Class 1B agents | 298 | ||
| Lidocaine | 298 | ||
| Mexiletine | 298 | ||
| Mexiletine for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease | 298 | ||
| Phenytoin | 298 | ||
| Class 1C agents | 298 | ||
| Flecainide | 299 | ||
| Propafenone | 299 | ||
| CLASS II AGENTS | 299 | ||
| Selectivity | 299 | ||
| Lipophilic Versus Hydrophilic Properties | 299 | ||
| Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity | 299 | ||
| Half-life | 300 | ||
| CLASS III AGENTS | 300 | ||
| Amiodarone | 300 | ||
| Amiodarone for supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease | 301 | ||
| Amiodarone for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease | 301 | ||
| Sotalol and Dofetilide | 301 | ||
| Sotalol for supraventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease | 301 | ||
| Sotalol for ventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease | 301 | ||
| Dofetilide for supraventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease | 301 | ||
| Dronedarone | 303 | ||
| Dronedarone for supraventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease | 303 | ||
| Ibutilide | 303 | ||
| Ibutilide for supraventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease | 303 | ||
| CLASS VI ANTIARRHYTHMICS | 304 | ||
| Miscellaneous Antiarrhythmics | 304 | ||
| Ranolazine | 304 | ||
| Adenosine | 304 | ||
| Digoxin | 304 | ||
| Magnesium | 304 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANTIARRHYTHMICS IN PATIENTS WITH ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 305 | ||
| Use of Class 1C Antiarrhythmics in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease | 305 | ||
| Use of Sotalol in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease | 305 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 305 | ||
| Which arrhythmia warrants anticoagulation? | 305 | ||
| Who needs anticoagulation? | 305 | ||
| Which medication? | 307 | ||
| What about anticoagulation in the pericardioversion period? | 307 | ||
| REFERENCES | 307 | ||
| Catheter Ablation | 311 | ||
| Key points | 311 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 311 | ||
| GENERAL PREPARATION OF PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE PRESENTING WITH ARRHYTHMIAS | 311 | ||
| Standard Imaging Studies | 312 | ||
| PREPARATION OF THE ABLATION PROCEDURE | 312 | ||
| Detailed Knowledge of Individual Anatomy | 312 | ||
| Review of Surgical Procedure Note | 312 | ||
| ADVANCED TECHNIQUES | 312 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction | 312 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Imaging for Procedural Planning | 313 | ||
| Vascular Access: Femoral | 314 | ||
| Vascular Access: Alternative | 314 | ||
| INTRAPROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS | 314 | ||
| Dedicated Anesthetic Monitoring | 314 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping | 314 | ||
| Multielectrode High-Resolution Mapping | 314 | ||
| Simultaneous Mapping System | 315 | ||
| Catheter Ablation Techniques | 315 | ||
| Remote Navigation by Magnetic Navigation | 315 | ||
| SUMMARY | 316 | ||
| REFERENCES | 316 | ||
| Cardiac Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease | 319 | ||
| Key points | 319 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 319 | ||
| PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION | 320 | ||
| Pacing in Specific Anatomic Variants | 321 | ||
| IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTATION | 322 | ||
| CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY VIA BIVENTRICULAR OR MULTISITE PACING | 323 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for the Systemic Left Ventricle | 324 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for the Subpulmonary Right Ventricle | 324 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for the Systemic Right Ventricle | 324 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for the Single Ventricle | 325 | ||
| SPECIAL SITUATIONS: LEAD EXTRACTION, VENOUS OCCLUSIONS, AND INTRACARDIAC SHUNTS | 325 | ||
| SUMMARY | 326 | ||
| REFERENCES | 326 | ||
| Arrhythmia Surgery for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease | 329 | ||
| Key points | 329 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 329 | ||
| STRUCTURAL CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE AND ARRHYTHMIAS | 330 | ||
| Mechanisms of Supraventricular Tachycardia | 330 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 331 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIA SURGERY | 332 | ||
| Recommendations for Arrhythmia Surgery | 333 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIA SURGERY TECHNIQUES | 333 | ||
| ATRIAL REENTRY TACHYCARDIA AND ATRIAL FLUTTER | 333 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 336 | ||
| PROPHYLACTIC ARRHYTHMIA SURGERY | 336 | ||
| REFERENCES | 337 |