BOOK
Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children - E-Book
Marilyn J. Hockenberry | David Wilson
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children - E-Book
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| EvolveAd | IFC1 | ||
| Brief TOC | i | ||
| Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Reviewers | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Organization of the Book | xiii | ||
| Unifying Principles | xv | ||
| The Family as the Unit of Care | xv | ||
| An Integrated Approach to Development | xv | ||
| Focus on Wellness and Illness: Child, Family, and Community | xv | ||
| Nursing Care | xv | ||
| Critical Role of Research and Evidence-Based Practice | xv | ||
| Special Features | xvii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xix | ||
| Table Of Contents | xxi | ||
| I Children, Their Families, and the Nurse | 1 | ||
| 1 Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing | 1 | ||
| Concepts | 1 | ||
| Health Care for Children | 1 | ||
| Health Promotion | 1 | ||
| Development | 2 | ||
| Nutrition | 2 | ||
| Oral Health | 2 | ||
| Childhood Health Problems | 3 | ||
| Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes | 3 | ||
| Childhood Injuries | 3 | ||
| Violence | 5 | ||
| Mental Health Problems | 6 | ||
| Infant Mortality | 6 | ||
| Childhood Mortality | 7 | ||
| Childhood Morbidity | 7 | ||
| The Art of Pediatric Nursing | 7 | ||
| Philosophy of Care | 7 | ||
| Family-Centered Care | 7 | ||
| Atraumatic Care | 7 | ||
| Role of the Pediatric Nurse | 8 | ||
| Therapeutic Relationship | 8 | ||
| Family Advocacy and Caring | 8 | ||
| Disease Prevention and Health Promotion | 8 | ||
| Health Teaching | 9 | ||
| Injury Prevention | 9 | ||
| Support and Counseling | 9 | ||
| Coordination and Collaboration | 10 | ||
| Ethical Decision Making | 10 | ||
| Research and Evidence-Based Practice | 10 | ||
| Clinical Reasoning and the Process of Providing Nursing Care to Children and Families | 11 | ||
| Clinical Reasoning | 11 | ||
| Nursing Process | 11 | ||
| Assessment | 11 | ||
| Diagnosis | 11 | ||
| Outcomes Identification | 11 | ||
| Planning | 11 | ||
| Implementation | 11 | ||
| Evaluation | 12 | ||
| Documentation | 12 | ||
| Quality Outcome Measures | 12 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 13 | ||
| Correct Answers | 13 | ||
| References | 13 | ||
| 2 Social, Cultural, Religious, and Family Influences on Child Health Promotion | 15 | ||
| Concepts | 15 | ||
| General Concepts | 15 | ||
| Definition of Family | 15 | ||
| Family Theories | 15 | ||
| Family Systems Theory | 15 | ||
| Family Stress Theory | 16 | ||
| Developmental Theory | 17 | ||
| Family Nursing Interventions | 17 | ||
| Family Structure and Function | 17 | ||
| Family Structure | 17 | ||
| Traditional Nuclear Family | 18 | ||
| Nuclear Family | 18 | ||
| Blended Family | 18 | ||
| Extended Family | 18 | ||
| Single-Parent Family | 18 | ||
| Binuclear Family | 18 | ||
| Polygamous Family | 19 | ||
| Communal Family | 19 | ||
| Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Families | 19 | ||
| Family Strengths and Functioning Style | 19 | ||
| Family Roles and Relationships | 19 | ||
| Parental Roles | 19 | ||
| Role Learning | 20 | ||
| Family Size and Configuration | 20 | ||
| Parenting | 20 | ||
| Parenting Styles | 20 | ||
| Limit Setting and Discipline | 21 | ||
| Minimizing Misbehavior | 21 | ||
| General Guidelines for Implementing Discipline | 21 | ||
| Types of Discipline | 21 | ||
| Special Parenting Situations | 23 | ||
| Parenting the Adopted Child | 23 | ||
| Issues of Origin | 23 | ||
| Adolescence | 24 | ||
| Cross-Racial and International Adoption | 24 | ||
| Parenting and Divorce | 24 | ||
| Impact of Divorce on Children | 25 | ||
| Telling the Children | 25 | ||
| Custody and Parenting Partnerships | 26 | ||
| Single Parenting | 27 | ||
| Single Fathers | 27 | ||
| Parenting in Reconstituted Families | 27 | ||
| Parenting in Dual-Earner Families | 27 | ||
| Working Mothers | 28 | ||
| Kinship Care | 28 | ||
| Foster Parenting | 28 | ||
| Sociocultural Influences on Children and Families | 28 | ||
| Influences in the Surrounding Environment | 29 | ||
| School Communities: School Health and School Connectedness | 29 | ||
| Schools | 29 | ||
| Peer Cultures | 30 | ||
| Community | 30 | ||
| Broader Influences on Child Health | 30 | ||
| Social Media and Mass Media | 30 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | 31 | ||
| Social Class | 32 | ||
| Poverty | 32 | ||
| Economy and Poverty | 32 | ||
| Parental Education | 33 | ||
| Land of Origin and Immigration Status | 33 | ||
| Religion/Spiritual Identity | 34 | ||
| Cultural Humility and Health Care Providers’ Contribution | 37 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 38 | ||
| Correct Answers | 38 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| 3 Hereditary Influences on Health Promotion of the Child and Family | 41 | ||
| Concepts | 41 | ||
| Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies | 41 | ||
| Genetics and Genomics | 41 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 44 | ||
| Genetic Disorders | 45 | ||
| Numeric Chromosome Abnormalities | 45 | ||
| Autosome Aneuploidies | 46 | ||
| Trisomy 21 | 46 | ||
| Trisomy 18 | 48 | ||
| Trisomy 13 | 48 | ||
| Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies | 48 | ||
| 47,XXY | 48 | ||
| 47,XYY | 48 | ||
| 45,XO | 48 | ||
| 47,XXX | 49 | ||
| Structural Chromosome Abnormalities | 49 | ||
| 46,XX,del(5p) or 46,XY,del(5p) | 49 | ||
| Fragile X Syndrome | 50 | ||
| Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome | 50 | ||
| Chromosome Instability Syndromes | 50 | ||
| Single-Gene Disorders | 50 | ||
| Autosomal Inheritance Patterns | 50 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Inheritance | 50 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Inheritance | 52 | ||
| Sex-Linked Inheritance Patterns | 57 | ||
| Sex-Linked Traits | 58 | ||
| X-Linked Recessive Inheritance | 58 | ||
| X-Linked Dominant Inheritance | 58 | ||
| Variable Patterns of Gene Expression and Inheritance | 59 | ||
| Mitochondrial Disorders | 60 | ||
| Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Genes | 60 | ||
| Multifactorial (Complex) Disorders | 61 | ||
| Disorders of the Intrauterine Environment | 61 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 62 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 63 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 63 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 63 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation* | 63 | ||
| Therapeutic Management* | 64 | ||
| Prognosis | 65 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 65 | ||
| Galactosemia | 65 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation* | 66 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 66 | ||
| Prognosis | 66 | ||
| Nursing Care Management†| 66 | ||
| Cytogenetic Diagnostic Techniques | 66 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostic Techniques | 66 | ||
| Predisposition Genetic Testing | 67 | ||
| Therapeutic Management of Genetic Disease | 67 | ||
| Phenotype Modification | 67 | ||
| Surgical Management | 67 | ||
| Diet Modification | 67 | ||
| Metabolic Manipulation | 67 | ||
| Avoidance of Drugs or Other Harmful Substances | 68 | ||
| Immunologic Prevention | 68 | ||
| Transplantation | 68 | ||
| Gene Product Replacement | 68 | ||
| Gene Transfer | 68 | ||
| Environmental Modification | 68 | ||
| Impact of Hereditary Disorders on the Family | 68 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 68 | ||
| Purposes of Screening | 68 | ||
| Newborn Screening | 69 | ||
| Screening for Reproductive Information | 69 | ||
| Screening for Epidemiologic Information | 69 | ||
| Significance of Screening to Families | 69 | ||
| Prenatal Testing | 70 | ||
| Prenatal Screening Tests | 70 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures | 70 | ||
| Genetic Evaluation and Counseling | 71 | ||
| Pediatric Indications for Genetic Consultation | 71 | ||
| Genetic Services | 71 | ||
| Estimation of Risks | 72 | ||
| Communicating Risks | 72 | ||
| Role of Nurses | 72 | ||
| Nursing Assessment: Applying and Integrating Genetic and Genomic Knowledge | 72 | ||
| Identification and Referral | 76 | ||
| Providing Education, Care, and Support | 76 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 77 | ||
| Correct Answers | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Internet Resources | 79 | ||
| II Childhood and Family Assessment | 80 | ||
| 4 Communication, Physical, and Developmental Assessment of the Child and Family | 80 | ||
| Concepts | 80 | ||
| Guidelines for Communication and Interviewing | 80 | ||
| Establishing a Setting for Communication | 80 | ||
| Appropriate Introduction | 80 | ||
| Assurance of Privacy and Confidentiality | 80 | ||
| Computer Privacy and Applications in Nursing | 80 | ||
| Telephone Triage and Counseling | 81 | ||
| Communicating With Families | 81 | ||
| Communicating With Parents | 81 | ||
| Encouraging the Parents to Talk | 81 | ||
| Directing the Focus | 82 | ||
| Listening and Cultural Awareness | 82 | ||
| Using Silence | 82 | ||
| Being Empathic | 82 | ||
| Providing Anticipatory Guidance | 82 | ||
| Avoiding Blocks to Communication | 82 | ||
| Communicating With Families Through an Interpreter | 83 | ||
| Communicating With Children | 83 | ||
| Communication Related to Development of Thought Processes | 84 | ||
| Infancy | 84 | ||
| Early Childhood | 84 | ||
| School-Age Years | 85 | ||
| Adolescence | 85 | ||
| Communication Techniques | 85 | ||
| Play | 85 | ||
| History Taking | 87 | ||
| Performing a Health History | 87 | ||
| Identifying Information | 88 | ||
| Informant | 88 | ||
| Chief Complaint | 88 | ||
| Present Illness | 88 | ||
| Analyzing a Symptom | 89 | ||
| History | 89 | ||
| Birth History | 89 | ||
| Dietary History | 89 | ||
| Previous Illnesses, Injuries, and Surgeries | 89 | ||
| Allergies. | 89 | ||
| Current Medications | 89 | ||
| Immunizations | 90 | ||
| Growth and Development | 90 | ||
| Habits | 90 | ||
| Sexual History | 90 | ||
| Family Health History | 91 | ||
| Geographic Location | 91 | ||
| Family Structure | 91 | ||
| Psychosocial History | 93 | ||
| Review of Systems | 93 | ||
| Nutritional Assessment | 93 | ||
| Dietary Intake | 93 | ||
| Clinical Examination of Nutrition | 95 | ||
| Evaluation of Nutritional Assessment | 98 | ||
| General Approaches Toward Examining the Child | 98 | ||
| Sequence of the Examination | 98 | ||
| Preparation of the Child | 98 | ||
| Physical Examination | 98 | ||
| Growth Measurements | 98 | ||
| Growth Charts | 98 | ||
| Length | 98 | ||
| Height | 103 | ||
| Weight | 104 | ||
| Skinfold Thickness and Arm Circumference | 104 | ||
| Head Circumference | 104 | ||
| Physiologic Measurements | 105 | ||
| Temperature | 105 | ||
| Pulse | 105 | ||
| Respiration | 108 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 108 | ||
| Selection of Cuff | 108 | ||
| Measurement and Interpretation | 108 | ||
| Orthostatic Hypotension | 109 | ||
| General Appearance | 111 | ||
| Skin | 111 | ||
| Accessory Structures | 111 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 111 | ||
| Head and Neck | 112 | ||
| Eyes | 112 | ||
| Inspection of External Structures | 112 | ||
| Inspection of Internal Structures | 113 | ||
| Preparing the Child | 113 | ||
| Funduscopic Examination | 113 | ||
| Vision Testing | 114 | ||
| Ocular Alignment | 114 | ||
| Visual Acuity Testing in Children | 115 | ||
| Visual Acuity Testing in Infants and Difficult-to-Test Children | 115 | ||
| Peripheral Vision | 115 | ||
| Color Vision | 115 | ||
| Ears | 115 | ||
| Inspection of External Structures | 115 | ||
| Inspection of Internal Structures | 117 | ||
| Positioning the Child | 117 | ||
| Otoscopic Examination | 118 | ||
| Auditory Testing | 119 | ||
| Nose | 119 | ||
| Inspection of External Structures | 119 | ||
| Inspection of Internal Structures | 120 | ||
| Mouth and Throat | 120 | ||
| Inspection of Internal Structures | 121 | ||
| Chest | 121 | ||
| Lungs | 122 | ||
| Auscultation | 122 | ||
| Heart | 124 | ||
| Auscultation | 125 | ||
| Origin of Heart Sounds | 125 | ||
| Differentiating Normal Heart Sounds | 125 | ||
| Heart Murmurs | 126 | ||
| Abdomen | 126 | ||
| Inspection | 126 | ||
| Auscultation | 127 | ||
| Palpation | 127 | ||
| Genitalia | 128 | ||
| Male Genitalia | 128 | ||
| Female Genitalia | 129 | ||
| Anus | 130 | ||
| Back and Extremities | 130 | ||
| Spine | 130 | ||
| Extremities | 130 | ||
| Joints | 131 | ||
| Muscles | 131 | ||
| Neurologic Assessment | 131 | ||
| Cerebellar Function | 131 | ||
| Reflexes | 131 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 132 | ||
| Developmental Assessment | 132 | ||
| Ages and Stages | 135 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 135 | ||
| Correct Answers | 135 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| 5 Pain Assessment and Management in Children | 137 | ||
| Concepts | 137 | ||
| What Is Pain and How Does It Occur? | 137 | ||
| What Does Pain Do Besides Hurt? | 138 | ||
| Common Acute Pain Conditions in Children | 138 | ||
| Needlestick Pain | 140 | ||
| Postoperative Pain | 140 | ||
| Common Chronic Pain Conditions in Children | 140 | ||
| Headaches | 141 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 141 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Pain | 141 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain Syndromes | 141 | ||
| Common Mixed-Pain Conditions in Children | 141 | ||
| Burn Pain | 141 | ||
| Cancer Pain | 142 | ||
| Sickle Cell Pain | 143 | ||
| Measuring Pain in Children | 143 | ||
| Observational Pain Measures | 143 | ||
| Special Populations | 144 | ||
| Preterm Infants | 144 | ||
| Cognitively Impaired Children | 145 | ||
| Children Postanesthesia | 145 | ||
| Children in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit | 145 | ||
| Self-Report Pain Rating Scales | 145 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 146 | ||
| Special Populations | 146 | ||
| Children with autism spectrum disorder. | 146 | ||
| Chronic and Recurrent Pain Assessment | 147 | ||
| Multidimensional Measures | 147 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment of Pain in Children | 148 | ||
| Biobehavioral Interventions | 149 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management of Pain | 150 | ||
| Nonopioids | 151 | ||
| Opioids | 151 | ||
| Genetic Variants of Drug Metabolism | 151 | ||
| Coanalgesic Drugs | 152 | ||
| Choosing the Pain Medication Dose | 152 | ||
| Choosing the Timing of Analgesia | 152 | ||
| Choosing the Method of Administration | 152 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 156 | ||
| Epidural Analgesia | 156 | ||
| Transmucosal and Transdermal Analgesia | 157 | ||
| Monitoring Side Effects | 157 | ||
| Specific Strategies for Special Populations | 159 | ||
| Pain Prevention for Needlestick | 159 | ||
| Care During Painful and Invasive Procedures | 159 | ||
| Procedural sedation and analgesia. | 159 | ||
| Biobehavioral Interventions With Postsurgical Pain | 161 | ||
| Pain Management in Obese and Overweight Children | 162 | ||
| Adjusted weight calculations for obese and overweight children | 162 | ||
| Treatment for Chronic Pain | 162 | ||
| Pain With Pediatric Cancer | 163 | ||
| Pain Prevention and Treatment for Children With Sickle Cell Disease | 163 | ||
| Pain Treatment During End-of-Life Care | 163 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 164 | ||
| Correct Answers | 164 | ||
| References | 164 | ||
| 6 Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases | 169 | ||
| Concepts | 169 | ||
| Infection Control | 169 | ||
| Immunizations* | 170 | ||
| Schedule for Immunizations | 171 | ||
| Recommendations for Routine Immunizations* | 172 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 172 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus | 172 | ||
| Diphtheria | 172 | ||
| Tetanus | 172 | ||
| Pertussis | 173 | ||
| Polio | 173 | ||
| Measles | 173 | ||
| Mumps | 174 | ||
| Rubella | 174 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae Type b | 174 | ||
| Varicella | 174 | ||
| Pneumococcal Disease | 175 | ||
| Influenza | 175 | ||
| Meningococcal Disease | 175 | ||
| Rotavirus | 176 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 176 | ||
| Reactions | 176 | ||
| Contraindications and Precautions | 176 | ||
| Administration | 178 | ||
| Communicable Diseases | 179 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 179 | ||
| Prevent Spread | 187 | ||
| Prevent Complications | 187 | ||
| Provide Comfort | 188 | ||
| Support Child and Family | 188 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 188 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 188 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 188 | ||
| Stomatitis | 189 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 189 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 189 | ||
| Zika Virus | 190 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 190 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 190 | ||
| Intestinal Parasitic Diseases | 190 | ||
| General Nursing Care Management | 190 | ||
| Giardiasis | 190 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 192 | ||
| Enterobiasis (Pinworms) | 193 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 193 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 193 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 193 | ||
| Bedbugs | 193 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 194 | ||
| Correct Answers | 194 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| III Family-Centered Care of the Newborn | 196 | ||
| 7 Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family | 196 | ||
| Concepts | 196 | ||
| Adjustment to Extrauterine Life | 196 | ||
| Immediate Adjustments | 196 | ||
| Respiratory System | 196 | ||
| Circulatory System | 196 | ||
| Physiologic Status of Other Systems | 197 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 197 | ||
| Hematopoietic System | 197 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 197 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 197 | ||
| Renal System | 197 | ||
| Integumentary System | 198 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 198 | ||
| Defenses Against Infection | 198 | ||
| Endocrine System | 198 | ||
| Neurologic System | 198 | ||
| Sensory Functions | 199 | ||
| Vision | 199 | ||
| Hearing | 199 | ||
| Smell | 199 | ||
| Taste | 199 | ||
| Touch | 199 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family | 199 | ||
| Assessment | 199 | ||
| Initial Assessment: Apgar Scoring | 199 | ||
| Transitional Assessment: Periods of Reactivity | 200 | ||
| Behavioral Assessment | 200 | ||
| Patterns of Sleep and Activity | 200 | ||
| Cry | 201 | ||
| Assessment of Attachment Behaviors | 201 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Gestational Age | 202 | ||
| Weight Related to Gestational Age | 203 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 204 | ||
| General Measurements | 204 | ||
| Vital Signs | 209 | ||
| General Appearance | 211 | ||
| Skin | 211 | ||
| Head | 211 | ||
| Eyes | 212 | ||
| Ears | 213 | ||
| Nose | 213 | ||
| Mouth and Throat | 213 | ||
| Neck | 213 | ||
| Chest | 213 | ||
| Lungs | 213 | ||
| Heart | 215 | ||
| Abdomen | 215 | ||
| Female Genitalia | 215 | ||
| Male Genitalia | 216 | ||
| Back and Anus | 216 | ||
| Extremities | 216 | ||
| Neurologic System | 216 | ||
| Maintain A Patent Airway | 217 | ||
| Maintain a Stable Body Temperature | 217 | ||
| Protect From Infection and Injury | 218 | ||
| Identification | 218 | ||
| Eye Care | 218 | ||
| Vitamin K Administration | 218 | ||
| Hepatitis B Vaccine Administration | 219 | ||
| Newborn Screening | 219 | ||
| Universal Newborn Hearing Screening | 220 | ||
| Bathing | 220 | ||
| Care of the Umbilicus | 220 | ||
| Circumcision | 221 | ||
| Provide Optimum Nutrition | 222 | ||
| Cultural Influences on Infant Feeding | 223 | ||
| Human Milk | 224 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 224 | ||
| Breastfeeding Problems | 227 | ||
| Bottle-Feeding | 227 | ||
| Preparation of Formula | 227 | ||
| Feeding Schedules | 229 | ||
| Feeding Behavior | 229 | ||
| Commercially Prepared Formulas | 229 | ||
| Alternate Milk Products | 230 | ||
| Promote Parent-Infant Bonding (Attachment) | 230 | ||
| Infant Behavior | 230 | ||
| Maternal Attachment | 230 | ||
| Paternal Engrossment | 231 | ||
| Siblings | 232 | ||
| Multiple Births and Subsequent Children | 232 | ||
| Prepare for Discharge and Home Care | 233 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 235 | ||
| Correct Answers | 235 | ||
| References | 235 | ||
| 8 Health Problems of the Newborn | 238 | ||
| Concepts | 238 | ||
| Birth Injuries | 238 | ||
| Soft Tissue Injury | 238 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 238 | ||
| Head Injury | 238 | ||
| Caput Succedaneum | 238 | ||
| Subgaleal Hemorrhage | 239 | ||
| Cephalhematoma | 239 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 239 | ||
| Fractures | 240 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 240 | ||
| Nerve Injuries | 241 | ||
| Facial Paralysis | 241 | ||
| Brachial Palsy | 241 | ||
| Phrenic Nerve Paralysis | 242 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 242 | ||
| Cranial Deformities | 242 | ||
| Microcephaly | 242 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 243 | ||
| Craniostenosis | 243 | ||
| IV Family-Centered Care of the Infant | 338 | ||
| 10 Health Promotion of the Infant and Family | 338 | ||
| Concepts | 338 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Growth and Development | 338 | ||
| Biologic Development | 338 | ||
| Proportional Changes | 338 | ||
| Sensory Changes | 338 | ||
| Maturation of Systems | 339 | ||
| Fine Motor Development | 342 | ||
| Gross Motor Development | 342 | ||
| Head Control. | 342 | ||
| Rolling Over. | 343 | ||
| Sitting. | 343 | ||
| Locomotion. | 343 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 344 | ||
| Developing a Sense of Trust (Erikson) | 344 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 345 | ||
| Sensorimotor Phase (Piaget) | 345 | ||
| Development of Body Image | 347 | ||
| Development of Gender Identity | 347 | ||
| Social Development | 348 | ||
| Attachment | 348 | ||
| Effects of Prolonged Separation. | 348 | ||
| Separation Anxiety. | 349 | ||
| Stranger Fear. | 349 | ||
| Language Development | 349 | ||
| Personal-Social Behavior | 350 | ||
| Play | 350 | ||
| Temperament | 350 | ||
| Coping With Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development | 352 | ||
| Separation Anxiety and Stranger Fear | 352 | ||
| Limit Setting and Discipline | 352 | ||
| Alternative Child Care Arrangements | 358 | ||
| Types of Child Care. | 358 | ||
| Guiding Parents in Selecting Child Care. | 358 | ||
| Thumb Sucking and Use of Pacifier | 359 | ||
| Teething | 360 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Health During Infancy | 360 | ||
| Nutrition | 360 | ||
| The First 6 Months* | 361 | ||
| The Second 6 Months | 362 | ||
| Selection and Introduction of Solid Foods | 363 | ||
| Weaning | 363 | ||
| Sleep and Activity | 363 | ||
| Dental Health | 364 | ||
| Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention | 364 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Injuries | 364 | ||
| Nurse’s Role in Injury Prevention | 368 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families | 368 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 370 | ||
| Correct Answers | 370 | ||
| References | 370 | ||
| 11 Health Problems of the Infant | 372 | ||
| Concepts | 372 | ||
| Nutritional Imbalances | 372 | ||
| Vitamin Imbalances | 372 | ||
| Mineral Imbalances | 373 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 373 | ||
| Health Problems Related to Nutrition | 374 | ||
| Severe Acute Malnutrition (Protein-Energy Malnutrition) | 374 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 374 | ||
| Marasmus | 375 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 375 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 376 | ||
| Food Sensitivity | 376 | ||
| Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management | 377 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 378 | ||
| Cow’s Milk Allergy | 378 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 378 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 379 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 379 | ||
| Lactose Intolerance | 379 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 380 | ||
| Failure to Thrive | 380 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 380 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 381 | ||
| Prognosis | 381 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 381 | ||
| Special Health Problems | 382 | ||
| Colic (Paroxysmal Abdominal Pain) | 382 | ||
| Etiology | 382 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 383 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 383 | ||
| Sleep Problems | 383 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | 384 | ||
| Etiology | 385 | ||
| Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | 385 | ||
| Protective Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | 386 | ||
| Infant Risk Factors | 386 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 386 | ||
| Caring for the Family After Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | 387 | ||
| Positional Plagiocephaly | 387 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 388 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 388 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 388 | ||
| Apparent Life-Threatening Event | 389 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 389 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 389 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 389 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 390 | ||
| Correct Answers | 390 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| V Family-Centered Care of the Toddler and Preschooler | 393 | ||
| 12 Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family | 393 | ||
| Concepts | 393 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Growth and Development | 393 | ||
| Biologic Development | 393 | ||
| Proportional Changes | 393 | ||
| Sensory Changes | 393 | ||
| Maturation of Systems | 394 | ||
| Gross and Fine Motor Development | 395 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 395 | ||
| Developing a Sense of Autonomy (Erikson) | 395 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 396 | ||
| Sensorimotor Phase (Piaget) | 396 | ||
| Preoperational Phase (Piaget) | 397 | ||
| Moral Development: Preconventional or Premoral Level | 398 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 398 | ||
| Development of Body Image | 399 | ||
| Development of Gender Identity | 399 | ||
| Social Development | 399 | ||
| Separation and Individuation | 399 | ||
| Language Development | 400 | ||
| Personal-Social Behavior | 401 | ||
| Play | 401 | ||
| Temperament | 402 | ||
| Coping With Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development | 402 | ||
| Toilet Training | 402 | ||
| Sibling Rivalry | 405 | ||
| Temper Tantrums | 406 | ||
| Negativism | 407 | ||
| Stress | 407 | ||
| Regression | 407 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Health During Toddlerhood | 407 | ||
| Nutrition | 407 | ||
| Nutritional Counseling | 408 | ||
| Dietary Guidelines | 409 | ||
| Vegetarian Diets | 409 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 410 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 411 | ||
| Sleep and Activity | 411 | ||
| Dental Health | 411 | ||
| Regular Dental Examinations | 411 | ||
| Removal of Plaque | 411 | ||
| Fluoride | 412 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 413 | ||
| Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention | 414 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Injuries | 414 | ||
| Car Restraints | 414 | ||
| Drowning | 416 | ||
| Burns | 417 | ||
| Accidental Poisoning | 418 | ||
| Falls | 418 | ||
| Aspiration and Suffocation | 419 | ||
| Bodily Harm | 419 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families | 420 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 420 | ||
| Correct Answers | 421 | ||
| References | 421 | ||
| 13 Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family | 423 | ||
| Concepts | 423 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Growth and Development | 423 | ||
| Biologic Development | 423 | ||
| Gross and Fine Motor Behavior | 423 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 424 | ||
| Developing a Sense of Initiative (Erikson) | 424 | ||
| Oedipal Stage (Freud) | 425 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 425 | ||
| Preoperational Phase (Piaget) | 425 | ||
| Moral Development (Kohlberg) | 426 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 426 | ||
| Development of Body Image | 426 | ||
| Development of Sexuality | 426 | ||
| Social Development | 426 | ||
| Language | 426 | ||
| Personal-Social Behavior | 427 | ||
| Play | 427 | ||
| Temperament | 430 | ||
| Coping With Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development | 431 | ||
| Preschool and Kindergarten Experience | 431 | ||
| Preparing the Child | 431 | ||
| Sex Education | 432 | ||
| Gifted Children | 433 | ||
| Aggression | 433 | ||
| Speech Problems | 434 | ||
| Stress | 434 | ||
| Fears | 435 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Health During the Preschool Years | 436 | ||
| Nutrition | 436 | ||
| Sleep and Activity | 437 | ||
| Dental Health | 437 | ||
| Injury Prevention | 437 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families | 437 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 438 | ||
| Correct Answers | 438 | ||
| References | 439 | ||
| 14 Health Problems of Early Childhood | 440 | ||
| Concepts | 440 | ||
| Sleep Problems | 440 | ||
| Ingestion of Injurious Agents | 440 | ||
| Principles of Emergency Treatment | 441 | ||
| Assessment | 444 | ||
| Gastric Decontamination | 444 | ||
| Prevention of Recurrence | 445 | ||
| Heavy Metal Poisoning | 445 | ||
| Lead Poisoning | 446 | ||
| Causes of Lead Poisoning | 446 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation | 447 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 447 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance | 447 | ||
| Screening for Lead Poisoning | 448 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 448 | ||
| Chelation Therapy | 449 | ||
| Prognosis | 449 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 449 | ||
| Child Maltreatment | 450 | ||
| Child Neglect | 450 | ||
| Types of Neglect | 451 | ||
| Physical Abuse | 451 | ||
| Abusive Head Trauma | 451 | ||
| Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | 451 | ||
| Factors Predisposing to Physical Abuse | 451 | ||
| Parental Characteristics | 452 | ||
| Characteristics of the Child | 452 | ||
| Environmental Characteristics | 452 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 452 | ||
| Characteristics of Abusers and Victims | 452 | ||
| Initiation and Perpetuation of Sexual Abuse | 453 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Maltreated Child | 453 | ||
| Caregiver-Child Interaction | 453 | ||
| History and Interview | 454 | ||
| Child Physical Abuse | 454 | ||
| Neglect and Emotional Abuse | 454 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 454 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 456 | ||
| Child Physical Abuse | 456 | ||
| Neglect and Emotional Abuse | 456 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 456 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 456 | ||
| Protect the Child From Further Abuse | 456 | ||
| Support the Child | 456 | ||
| Support the Family | 457 | ||
| Plan for Discharge | 457 | ||
| Prevent Abuse | 457 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 458 | ||
| Correct Answers | 458 | ||
| References | 459 | ||
| VI Family-Centered Care of the School-Age Child | 460 | ||
| 15 Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family | 460 | ||
| Concepts | 460 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Growth and Development | 460 | ||
| Biologic Development | 460 | ||
| Physical Changes | 460 | ||
| Maturation of Systems | 461 | ||
| Prepubescence | 461 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 461 | ||
| Developing a Sense of Industry (Erikson) | 461 | ||
| Temperament | 462 | ||
| Cognitive Development (Piaget) | 463 | ||
| Moral Development (Kohlberg) | 465 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 465 | ||
| Language Development | 465 | ||
| Social Development | 466 | ||
| Social Relationships and Cooperation | 466 | ||
| Clubs and Peer Groups | 467 | ||
| Relationships With Families | 468 | ||
| Play | 468 | ||
| Rules and Rituals | 468 | ||
| Team Play | 469 | ||
| Quiet Games and Activities | 469 | ||
| Ego Mastery | 470 | ||
| Development of Self-Concept | 470 | ||
| Body Image | 470 | ||
| Self-Esteem | 470 | ||
| Development of Sexuality | 472 | ||
| Sex Education | 473 | ||
| Nurse’s Role in Sex Education | 473 | ||
| Coping With Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development | 473 | ||
| School Experience | 473 | ||
| Anticipatory Socialization | 474 | ||
| Role of the Teacher | 474 | ||
| Role of the Parents | 474 | ||
| Discipline | 475 | ||
| Dishonest Behavior | 475 | ||
| Coping With Stress | 476 | ||
| Fears | 478 | ||
| Latchkey Children | 478 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Health During the School Years | 478 | ||
| Health Behaviors | 478 | ||
| Nutrition | 479 | ||
| Outside Influences | 479 | ||
| School Programs | 480 | ||
| Nutrition Education | 480 | ||
| Sleep and Rest | 481 | ||
| Sleep Problems | 481 | ||
| Physical Activity | 482 | ||
| Physical Fitness | 482 | ||
| Sports | 482 | ||
| Acquisition of Skills | 483 | ||
| Television, Video Games, and the Internet | 483 | ||
| Dental Health | 484 | ||
| Brushing | 485 | ||
| School Health | 485 | ||
| Health Education | 485 | ||
| School Nursing Services | 485 | ||
| Injury Prevention | 487 | ||
| Risk-Taking Behavior | 487 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Injury | 489 | ||
| Bicycle Injury | 489 | ||
| Other Vehicle-Related Injuries | 491 | ||
| Injuries at School | 491 | ||
| Other Injuries | 491 | ||
| Nurse’s Role in Injury Prevention | 492 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families | 492 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 493 | ||
| Correct Answers | 493 | ||
| References | 493 | ||
| 16 Health Problems of the School-Age Child | 495 | ||
| Concepts | 495 | ||
| Obesity: Complications, Treatment, and Prevention | 495 | ||
| Obesity | 495 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 496 | ||
| Energy Balance | 496 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 496 | ||
| Diseases | 496 | ||
| Molecular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Factors: Regulators of Appetite | 496 | ||
| Caloric Equilibrium: Sociocultural Factors | 497 | ||
| Community and Institutional Contributors | 497 | ||
| Personal and Interpersonal Factors | 497 | ||
| Cultural impact of childhood obesity. | 497 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 497 | ||
| Complications of Obesity | 498 | ||
| Physical Complications of Obesity | 498 | ||
| Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. | 498 | ||
| Fatty liver disease. | 498 | ||
| Pulmonary complications. | 498 | ||
| Musculoskeletal and abnormal growth acceleration. | 499 | ||
| Psychologic and Social Complications of Obesity | 499 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 499 | ||
| Diet | 499 | ||
| Special Diets | 500 | ||
| Physical Activity | 500 | ||
| Behavior Modification | 500 | ||
| Drugs | 500 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 501 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 501 | ||
| Nutritional Counseling | 502 | ||
| Behavior Therapy | 502 | ||
| Group Involvement | 502 | ||
| Family Involvement | 502 | ||
| Prognosis | 502 | ||
| Prevention | 502 | ||
| Dental Disorders | 502 | ||
| Dental Caries | 502 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 503 | ||
| Host | 503 | ||
| Microorganisms | 503 | ||
| Substrate | 503 | ||
| Time and Other Factors | 503 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 503 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 503 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 503 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 504 | ||
| VII Family-Centered Care of the Adolescent | 523 | ||
| 17 Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family | 523 | ||
| Concepts | 523 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Growth and Development | 523 | ||
| Biologic Development | 524 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Events of Puberty | 524 | ||
| Initiation of Puberty | 525 | ||
| Changes in Reproductive Hormones | 525 | ||
| Females | 525 | ||
| Males | 525 | ||
| Pubertal Sexual Maturation | 525 | ||
| Sexual Maturation in Girls | 526 | ||
| Sexual Maturation in Boys | 526 | ||
| Physical Growth During Puberty | 527 | ||
| Normal Patterns of Growth | 528 | ||
| Other Physiologic Changes | 529 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 530 | ||
| Emergence of Formal Operational Thought (Piaget) | 530 | ||
| Adolescent Conceptions of Self | 530 | ||
| Changes in Social Cognition | 531 | ||
| Development of Value Autonomy | 531 | ||
| Moral Development | 531 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 531 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 531 | ||
| Identity Development | 531 | ||
| Development of Autonomy | 532 | ||
| Sexuality | 532 | ||
| Intimacy | 534 | ||
| Social Environments | 534 | ||
| Families | 534 | ||
| Peer Groups | 535 | ||
| Schools | 536 | ||
| Work | 536 | ||
| Technology as a Social Environment | 536 | ||
| Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence | 537 | ||
| Adolescents’ Perspectives on Health | 537 | ||
| Factors That Promote Adolescent Health and Well-Being | 538 | ||
| Contexts for Adolescent Health Promotion | 538 | ||
| Schools | 538 | ||
| School-Based and School-Linked Health Services | 539 | ||
| Communities | 539 | ||
| Health Care Settings | 539 | ||
| The Internet and Other Technologies | 539 | ||
| Adolescent Health Screening | 539 | ||
| Health Concerns of Adolescence | 540 | ||
| Parenting and Family Adjustment | 540 | ||
| Psychosocial Adjustment | 541 | ||
| Intentional and Unintentional Injury | 541 | ||
| Dietary Habits and Eating Disorders | 541 | ||
| Physical Fitness | 542 | ||
| Sexual Behavior, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Unintended Pregnancy | 542 | ||
| Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substances | 543 | ||
| Depression and Suicide | 543 | ||
| Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse | 544 | ||
| School and Learning Problems | 544 | ||
| Hypertension | 544 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 545 | ||
| Infectious Diseases and Immunizations | 545 | ||
| Body Art | 545 | ||
| Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia | 545 | ||
| Tanning | 546 | ||
| Health Promotion Among Special Groups of Adolescents | 546 | ||
| Minority Adolescents | 546 | ||
| Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adolescents | 547 | ||
| Rural Adolescents | 547 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 548 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 548 | ||
| Correct Answers | 548 | ||
| References | 549 | ||
| 18 Health Problems of the Adolescent | 551 | ||
| Concepts | 551 | ||
| Health Conditions of the Male Reproductive System | 551 | ||
| Penile Conditions | 551 | ||
| Varicocele | 551 | ||
| Epididymitis | 552 | ||
| Testicular Torsion | 552 | ||
| VIII Family-Centered Care of the Child With Special Needs | 589 | ||
| 19 Impact of Chronic Illness, Disability, or End-of-Life Care for the Child and Family | 589 | ||
| Concepts | 589 | ||
| Perspectives on the Care of Children and Families Living With or Dying From Chronic or Complex Diseases | 589 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 589 | ||
| Trends in Care | 590 | ||
| Family-Centered Care | 590 | ||
| Family–Health Care Provider Communication | 590 | ||
| Establishing Therapeutic Relationships | 590 | ||
| The Role of Culture in Family-Centered Care | 590 | ||
| Shared Decision Making | 591 | ||
| Normalization | 591 | ||
| The Family of the Child With a Chronic or Complex Condition | 591 | ||
| Impact of the Child’s Chronic Illness | 592 | ||
| Parents | 592 | ||
| Parental Roles | 592 | ||
| Mother–Father Differences | 593 | ||
| Single-Parent Families | 593 | ||
| Siblings | 593 | ||
| Coping With Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises | 594 | ||
| Concurrent Stresses Within the Family | 594 | ||
| Coping Mechanisms | 594 | ||
| Parental Empowerment | 594 | ||
| Assisting Family Members in Managing Their Feelings | 594 | ||
| Shock and Denial | 594 | ||
| Adjustment | 595 | ||
| Reintegration and Acknowledgment | 595 | ||
| Establishing a Support System | 595 | ||
| The Child With a Chronic or Complex Condition | 596 | ||
| Developmental Aspects | 596 | ||
| Coping Mechanisms | 598 | ||
| Hopefulness | 598 | ||
| Health Education and Self-Care | 598 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Family and Child With a Chronic or Complex Condition | 599 | ||
| Assessment | 599 | ||
| Provide Support at the Time of Diagnosis | 599 | ||
| Support the Family’s Coping Methods | 600 | ||
| Parents | 600 | ||
| Parent-to-Parent Support | 600 | ||
| Advocate for Empowerment | 600 | ||
| The Child | 600 | ||
| Siblings | 602 | ||
| Educate About the Disorder and General Health Care | 602 | ||
| Activities of Daily Living | 602 | ||
| Safe Transportation | 603 | ||
| Primary Health Care | 603 | ||
| Promote Normal Development | 603 | ||
| Early Childhood | 603 | ||
| School Age | 604 | ||
| Adolescence | 605 | ||
| Establish Realistic Future Goals | 605 | ||
| Palliative Care in Childhood Terminal Illness | 605 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 605 | ||
| Principles of Palliative Care | 606 | ||
| Goals of Care | 606 | ||
| Awareness of Dying in Children With Life-Threatening Illness | 608 | ||
| Discussing Death With Children | 609 | ||
| Children’s Understanding of and Reactions to Dying | 610 | ||
| Infants and Toddlers | 611 | ||
| IX The Child Who Is Hospitalized | 658 | ||
| 21 Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization | 658 | ||
| Concepts | 658 | ||
| Stressors of Hospitalization and Children’s Reactions | 658 | ||
| Separation Anxiety | 658 | ||
| Early Childhood | 659 | ||
| Later Childhood and Adolescence | 660 | ||
| Loss of Control | 660 | ||
| Effects of Hospitalization on the Child | 660 | ||
| Individual Risk Factors | 660 | ||
| Changes in the Pediatric Population | 661 | ||
| Beneficial Effects of Hospitalization | 661 | ||
| Stressors and Reactions of the Family of the Child Who Is Hospitalized | 661 | ||
| Parental Reactions | 661 | ||
| Sibling Reactions | 661 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Child Who Is Hospitalized | 662 | ||
| Preparation for Hospitalization | 662 | ||
| Admission Assessment | 662 | ||
| Preparing the Child for Admission | 662 | ||
| Nursing Interventions | 665 | ||
| Preventing or Minimizing Separation | 665 | ||
| Parental Absence During Infant Hospitalization | 665 | ||
| Minimizing Loss of Control | 666 | ||
| Promoting Freedom of Movement | 666 | ||
| Maintaining the Child’s Routine | 666 | ||
| Encouraging Independence | 666 | ||
| Promoting Understanding | 667 | ||
| Preventing or Minimizing Fear of Bodily Injury | 667 | ||
| Providing Developmentally Appropriate Activities | 667 | ||
| Providing Opportunities for Play and Expressive Activities | 668 | ||
| Diversional Activities | 668 | ||
| Toys | 668 | ||
| Expressive Activities | 669 | ||
| Creative Expression | 669 | ||
| Dramatic Play | 669 | ||
| Maximizing Potential Benefits of Hospitalization | 669 | ||
| Fostering Parent-Child Relationships | 670 | ||
| Providing Educational Opportunities | 670 | ||
| Promoting Self-Mastery | 670 | ||
| Providing Socialization | 670 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Family | 671 | ||
| Supporting Family Members | 671 | ||
| Providing Information | 671 | ||
| Encouraging Parent Participation | 672 | ||
| Preparing for Discharge and Home Care | 672 | ||
| Care of the Child and Family in Special Hospital Situations | 673 | ||
| Ambulatory or Outpatient Setting | 673 | ||
| Isolation | 674 | ||
| Emergency Admission | 674 | ||
| Intensive Care Unit | 675 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 676 | ||
| Correct Answers | 677 | ||
| References | 677 | ||
| 22 Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills | 678 | ||
| Concepts | 678 | ||
| General Concepts Related to Pediatric Procedures | 678 | ||
| Informed Consent | 678 | ||
| Requirements for Obtaining Informed Consent | 678 | ||
| Eligibility for Giving Informed Consent | 679 | ||
| Informed Consent of Parents or Legal Guardians | 679 | ||
| Evidence of Consent | 679 | ||
| Informed Consent of Mature and Emancipated Minors | 679 | ||
| Treatment Without Parental Consent | 679 | ||
| Adolescents, Consent, and Confidentiality | 679 | ||
| Informed Consent and Parental Right to the Child’s Medical Chart | 679 | ||
| Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures | 679 | ||
| Psychologic Preparation | 680 | ||
| Establish Trust and Provide Support | 680 | ||
| Parental Presence and Support | 682 | ||
| Provide an Explanation | 683 | ||
| Physical Preparation | 683 | ||
| Performance of the Procedure | 683 | ||
| Expect Success | 684 | ||
| Involve the Child | 684 | ||
| Provide Distraction | 684 | ||
| Allow Expression of Feelings | 684 | ||
| Postprocedural Support | 684 | ||
| Encourage Expression of Feelings | 684 | ||
| Positive Reinforcement | 684 | ||
| Use of Play in Procedures | 684 | ||
| Preparing the Family | 685 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 686 | ||
| Preoperative Care | 686 | ||
| Parental Presence | 686 | ||
| Preoperative Sedation | 687 | ||
| Intraoperative Care | 687 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 687 | ||
| Compliance | 688 | ||
| Compliance Strategies | 689 | ||
| Skin Care and General Hygiene | 690 | ||
| Maintaining Healthy Skin | 690 | ||
| Bathing | 691 | ||
| Oral Hygiene | 691 | ||
| Hair Care | 691 | ||
| Feeding the Sick Child | 692 | ||
| Controlling Elevated Temperatures | 693 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 693 | ||
| Fever | 693 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 694 | ||
| Family Teaching and Home Care | 694 | ||
| Safety | 694 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 694 | ||
| Toys | 695 | ||
| Preventing Falls | 695 | ||
| Infection Control | 696 | ||
| Transporting Infants and Children | 697 | ||
| Restraining Methods | 697 | ||
| Mummy Restraint or Swaddle | 699 | ||
| Arm and Leg Restraints | 699 | ||
| Elbow Restraint | 700 | ||
| Positioning for Procedures | 700 | ||
| Femoral Venipuncture | 700 | ||
| Extremity Venipuncture or Injection | 700 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture | 700 | ||
| Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy | 701 | ||
| Collection of Specimens | 701 | ||
| Fundamental Steps Common to All Procedures | 701 | ||
| Urine Specimens | 701 | ||
| Urine Collection Bags | 702 | ||
| Clean-Catch Specimens | 702 | ||
| Twenty-Four-Hour Collection | 702 | ||
| Bladder Catheterization and Other Techniques | 702 | ||
| Stool Specimens | 705 | ||
| Blood Specimens | 705 | ||
| Blood Collection From Central Venous Catheters | 706 | ||
| Blood Collection From Peripheral Veins | 706 | ||
| Blood Collection From Arterial Vessels | 706 | ||
| Blood Collection by Capillary Methods | 706 | ||
| Respiratory Secretion Specimens | 707 | ||
| Administration of Medication | 708 | ||
| Determination of Drug Dosage | 708 | ||
| Checking Dosage | 708 | ||
| Identification | 708 | ||
| Preparing the Parents | 708 | ||
| Preparing the Child | 709 | ||
| Oral Administration | 709 | ||
| Preparation | 709 | ||
| Administration | 710 | ||
| Intramuscular Administration | 710 | ||
| Selecting the Syringe and Needle | 710 | ||
| Determining the Site | 711 | ||
| Administration | 712 | ||
| Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration | 713 | ||
| Intravenous Administration | 714 | ||
| Peripheral Intermittent Infusion Device | 714 | ||
| Central Venous Catheters | 716 | ||
| Intraosseous Infusion | 718 | ||
| Maintaining Fluid Balance | 719 | ||
| Measurement of Intake and Output | 719 | ||
| Special Needs When the Child Is Not Permitted to Take Fluids by Mouth | 719 | ||
| Parenteral Fluid Therapy | 719 | ||
| Site and Equipment | 719 | ||
| Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line | 720 | ||
| Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems | 721 | ||
| Infusion Pumps | 721 | ||
| Maintenance | 722 | ||
| Complications | 722 | ||
| Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line | 723 | ||
| Rectal Administration | 723 | ||
| Optic, Otic, and Nasal Administration | 723 | ||
| Aerosol Therapy | 724 | ||
| Family Teaching and Home Care | 724 | ||
| Nasogastric, Orogastric, and Gastrostomy Administration | 725 | ||
| Alternative Feeding Techniques | 725 | ||
| Gavage Feeding | 726 | ||
| Preparations | 726 | ||
| Procedure | 726 | ||
| Gastrostomy Feeding | 729 | ||
| Nasoduodenal and Nasojejunal Tubes | 730 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 730 | ||
| Family Teaching and Home Care | 730 | ||
| Procedures Related to Elimination | 730 | ||
| Enema | 730 | ||
| Ostomies | 731 | ||
| Family Teaching and Home Care | 732 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 732 | ||
| Correct Answers | 732 | ||
| References | 732 | ||
| X Childhood Nutrition and Elimination Problems | 736 | ||
| 23 The Child With Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance | 736 | ||
| Concepts | 736 | ||
| Distribution of Body Fluids | 736 | ||
| Water Balance | 736 | ||
| Mechanisms of Fluid Movement | 736 | ||
| Maintaining Water Balance | 736 | ||
| Changes in Fluid Volume Related to Growth | 738 | ||
| Water Balance in Infants | 738 | ||
| Body Surface Area | 738 | ||
| Metabolic Rate | 738 | ||
| Kidney Function | 739 | ||
| Fluid Requirements | 739 | ||
| Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 739 | ||
| Dehydration | 742 | ||
| Types of Dehydration | 742 | ||
| Degree of Dehydration | 743 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 743 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 744 | ||
| Parenteral Fluid Therapy | 745 | ||
| Water Intoxication | 745 | ||
| Edema | 746 | ||
| Mechanisms of Edema Formation | 746 | ||
| Increased Venous Pressure | 746 | ||
| Capillary Permeability | 746 | ||
| Diminished Plasma Proteins | 746 | ||
| Lymphatic Obstruction | 746 | ||
| Tissue Tension | 746 | ||
| Other Factors in Edema Formation | 746 | ||
| Assessment | 746 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 747 | ||
| Nursing Responsibilities in Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances | 747 | ||
| Assessment | 747 | ||
| History | 747 | ||
| Clinical Observations | 748 | ||
| Shock | 748 | ||
| Etiology | 748 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 748 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 749 | ||
| Compensated Shock | 749 | ||
| Hypotensive (Decompensated) Shock | 749 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 750 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 750 | ||
| Oxygenation and Ventilatory Support | 750 | ||
| Cardiovascular Support | 751 | ||
| Inotropic Support | 751 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 751 | ||
| Family Support | 752 | ||
| Septic Shock | 752 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 753 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 754 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 754 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 754 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 754 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 755 | ||
| Toxic Shock Syndrome | 755 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 756 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 756 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 756 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 756 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 756 | ||
| Burns | 756 | ||
| Overview | 756 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology | 756 | ||
| Burn Wound Characteristics | 757 | ||
| Extent of Injury | 757 | ||
| Depth of Injury | 757 | ||
| Severity of Injury | 758 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 760 | ||
| Local Response | 760 | ||
| Edema Formation | 760 | ||
| Fluid Loss | 760 | ||
| Circulatory Status | 760 | ||
| Tissue Repair | 761 | ||
| Systemic Responses | 761 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 761 | ||
| Renal System | 761 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 761 | ||
| Neuroendocrine System | 762 | ||
| Anemia and Metabolic Acidosis | 762 | ||
| Growth and Development | 762 | ||
| Complications | 762 | ||
| Pulmonary System | 762 | ||
| Wound Sepsis | 763 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 763 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 764 | ||
| Emergency Care | 764 | ||
| Stop the Burning Process | 764 | ||
| Assess the Victim’s Condition | 764 | ||
| Cover the Burn | 764 | ||
| Transport the Child to Medical Aid | 764 | ||
| Provide Reassurance | 764 | ||
| Management of Minor Burns | 764 | ||
| Management of Major Burns | 765 | ||
| Establishment of an Adequate Airway | 765 | ||
| Fluid Replacement Therapy | 765 | ||
| Nutrition | 766 | ||
| Medication | 766 | ||
| Management of the Burn Wound | 766 | ||
| Primary Excision | 766 | ||
| Wound Hygiene | 767 | ||
| Burn Wound Dressings | 767 | ||
| Topical Antimicrobial Agents | 767 | ||
| Temporary Skin Substitutes | 768 | ||
| Synthetic Skin Coverings | 769 | ||
| Dermal Replacements | 769 | ||
| Permanent Skin Coverings | 769 | ||
| Cultured Epithelium | 770 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 770 | ||
| Acute Phase | 770 | ||
| Management and Rehabilitative Phases | 771 | ||
| Comfort Management | 771 | ||
| Care of the Burn Wound | 771 | ||
| Nutrition | 772 | ||
| Prevention of Complications: Acute Care | 772 | ||
| Prevention of Complications: Long-Term Care | 772 | ||
| Psychosocial Support of the Child | 774 | ||
| Psychosocial Support of the Family | 774 | ||
| Caring for the Caregiver | 774 | ||
| Prevention of Burn Injury | 774 | ||
| Future Research Needs | 775 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 776 | ||
| Correct Answers | 776 | ||
| References | 776 | ||
| 24 The Child With Renal Dysfunction | 778 | ||
| Concepts | 778 | ||
| Renal Structure and Function | 778 | ||
| Renal Physiology | 778 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration | 778 | ||
| Tubular Function | 779 | ||
| Renal Development and Function in Early Infancy | 780 | ||
| Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Structure and Function | 780 | ||
| Urethrovesical Unit: Structure and Function | 780 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 781 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 781 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 782 | ||
| Genitourinary Tract Disorders | 782 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 782 | ||
| Etiology | 786 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Host Factors. | 786 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 786 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 787 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 787 | ||
| Prognosis. | 789 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 789 | ||
| Prevention. | 790 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 790 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 791 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 791 | ||
| Glomerular Disease | 791 | ||
| Acute Glomerulonephritis | 791 | ||
| Etiology | 792 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 792 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 792 | ||
| Clinical Course. | 793 | ||
| Prognosis. | 793 | ||
| Complications. | 793 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 793 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 794 | ||
| General Measures. | 794 | ||
| Fluid Balance. | 794 | ||
| Hypertension. | 794 | ||
| Nutrition. | 794 | ||
| Antibiotics. | 794 | ||
| Nursing Care Management. | 794 | ||
| Chronic or Progressive Glomerulonephritis | 795 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 795 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 795 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 795 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 795 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 795 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome | 795 | ||
| Types of Nephrotic Syndrome | 795 | ||
| Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome. | 795 | ||
| Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome. | 795 | ||
| Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome–Finnish Type. | 796 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 796 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 796 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 797 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 797 | ||
| General Measures. | 797 | ||
| Diet. | 797 | ||
| Corticosteroid Therapy. | 797 | ||
| Immunosuppressant Therapy. | 798 | ||
| Diuretics. | 798 | ||
| Prognosis. | 798 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 798 | ||
| Family Support and Home Care. | 798 | ||
| Renal Tubular Disorders | 799 | ||
| Tubular Function | 799 | ||
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | 799 | ||
| Proximal Tubular Acidosis (Type II) | 799 | ||
| Distal Tubular Acidosis (Type I) | 799 | ||
| Prognosis. | 800 | ||
| XI Childhood Oxygenation Problems | 883 | ||
| 26 The Child With Respiratory Dysfunction | 883 | ||
| Concepts | 883 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Structure | 883 | ||
| Respiratory Function | 883 | ||
| Assessment of Respiratory Function | 884 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 884 | ||
| Respiration | 884 | ||
| Associated Observations | 884 | ||
| Diagnostic Procedures | 885 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests | 885 | ||
| Radiology and Other Diagnostic Procedures | 885 | ||
| Blood Gas Determination | 885 | ||
| Noninvasive Monitoring | 885 | ||
| Defenses of the Respiratory Tract | 886 | ||
| General Aspects of Respiratory Tract Infections | 887 | ||
| Etiology and Characteristics | 887 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 887 | ||
| Age | 887 | ||
| Size | 887 | ||
| Resistance | 887 | ||
| Seasonal Variations | 887 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 887 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Child With a Respiratory Tract Infection | 887 | ||
| Assessment | 887 | ||
| Ease Respiratory Efforts | 888 | ||
| Promote Rest | 888 | ||
| Promote Comfort | 890 | ||
| Prevent Spread of Infection | 890 | ||
| Reduce Body Temperature | 890 | ||
| Promote Hydration | 890 | ||
| Observe for Deterioration | 891 | ||
| Provide Nutrition | 891 | ||
| Provide Family Support and Home Care | 891 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 891 | ||
| Acute Viral Nasopharyngitis | 891 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 891 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 891 | ||
| Prevention | 892 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 892 | ||
| Family Support | 892 | ||
| Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis | 893 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 893 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 893 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 893 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 893 | ||
| Prevention | 894 | ||
| Tonsillitis | 894 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 894 | ||
| Etiology | 894 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 894 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 895 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 895 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 895 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 895 | ||
| Family Support and Home Care | 896 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 896 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 896 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 896 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 897 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 897 | ||
| Prognosis | 897 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 897 | ||
| Influenza | 897 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 898 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 898 | ||
| Prevention | 898 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 898 | ||
| Otitis Media | 898 | ||
| Etiology | 899 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 899 | ||
| Complications | 899 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 900 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 900 | ||
| Therapeutic Management: Acute Otitis Media | 900 | ||
| Therapeutic Management: Recurrent Otitis Media | 901 | ||
| Therapeutic Management: Otitis Media With Effusion | 901 | ||
| Prevention | 901 | ||
| Prognosis | 901 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 901 | ||
| Acute Otitis Externa | 902 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 902 | ||
| Croup Syndromes | 902 | ||
| Acute Epiglottitis | 903 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 903 | ||
| XII Childhood Blood Production and Circulation Problems | 958 | ||
| 27 The Child With Cardiovascular Dysfunction | 958 | ||
| Concepts | 958 | ||
| Cardiac Structure and Function | 958 | ||
| Cardiac Development and Function | 958 | ||
| Embryologic Development | 958 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 959 | ||
| Postnatal Circulation | 959 | ||
| Conduction System | 960 | ||
| Basic Cardiac Physiology | 961 | ||
| Assessment of Cardiac Function | 961 | ||
| History | 961 | ||
| Physical Examination | 962 | ||
| Tests of Cardiac Function | 962 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 962 | ||
| Echocardiography | 963 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 963 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 964 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 965 | ||
| Preprocedural care. | 965 | ||
| Postprocedural care. | 966 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 966 | ||
| Altered Hemodynamics | 967 | ||
| Clinical Consequences of Congenital Heart Disease | 967 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 967 | ||
| Altered Hemodynamics | 968 | ||
| Compensatory Mechanisms | 968 | ||
| Hypertrophy and dilation of the cardiac muscle. | 968 | ||
| Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. | 968 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 969 | ||
| Impaired Myocardial Function | 969 | ||
| Pulmonary Congestion | 969 | ||
| Systemic Venous Congestion | 970 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 970 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 970 | ||
| Remove Accumulated Fluid and Sodium | 970 | ||
| Improve Cardiac Function | 971 | ||
| Reduce Afterload | 971 | ||
| Decrease Cardiac Demands | 972 | ||
| Improve Tissue Oxygenation | 972 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 972 | ||
| Minimize Fluid Overload | 972 | ||
| Improve Cardiac Function | 974 | ||
| Reduce Afterload | 975 | ||
| Decrease Cardiac Demands | 975 | ||
| Reduce Respiratory Distress | 975 | ||
| Maintain Nutritional Status | 975 | ||
| Support the Child and Family | 976 | ||
| Hypoxemia | 976 | ||
| Altered Hemodynamics | 976 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 976 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 977 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 977 | ||
| Surgical Intervention | 978 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 985 | ||
| Classification of Congenital Heart Defects | 985 | ||
| Defects With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow | 986 | ||
| Obstructive Defects | 987 | ||
| Defects With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow | 987 | ||
| Mixed Defects | 987 | ||
| Single Ventricle Anatomy | 987 | ||
| Family-Centered Care Home Monitoring Program | 988 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Child With Congenital Heart Disease and His or Her Family | 988 | ||
| Educate the Family About the Disorder | 988 | ||
| Help the Family Manage the Illness at Home | 989 | ||
| Prepare the Child and Family for Invasive Procedures | 989 | ||
| Provide Postoperative Care | 990 | ||
| Observe Vital Signs and Arterial and Venous Pressures | 990 | ||
| Maintain Respiratory Status | 991 | ||
| Provide Maximum Rest | 991 | ||
| Provide Comfort | 991 | ||
| Monitor Fluids | 992 | ||
| Plan for Progressive Activity | 992 | ||
| Observe for Complications of Heart Surgery | 992 | ||
| Cardiac changes. | 992 | ||
| Pulmonary changes. | 993 | ||
| Neurologic changes. | 993 | ||
| Infection. | 993 | ||
| Hematologic changes. | 993 | ||
| Postpericardiotomy syndrome. | 993 | ||
| Provide Emotional Support | 993 | ||
| Plan for Discharge and Home Care | 993 | ||
| Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders | 994 | ||
| Bacterial (Infective) Endocarditis | 994 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 994 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 994 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 994 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 995 | ||
| Prevention of Endocarditis | 995 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 995 | ||
| Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease | 996 | ||
| Etiology | 996 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations | 996 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 996 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 997 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 997 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease | 998 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 998 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 998 | ||
| Cardiac Involvement | 999 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 999 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1000 | ||
| Prognosis | 1000 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1000 | ||
| Discharge Teaching | 1001 | ||
| Systemic Hypertension | 1001 | ||
| Etiology | 1002 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1002 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1002 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1003 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1005 | ||
| Dyslipidemia (Abnormal Lipid Metabolism) | 1005 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation/Screening | 1007 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1007 | ||
| Pharmacologic Intervention | 1008 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1009 | ||
| Cardiac Dysrhythmias | 1009 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1010 | ||
| Bradydysrhythmias | 1010 | ||
| Tachydysrhythmias | 1011 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 1012 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1012 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1012 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1012 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1012 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1013 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 1013 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1014 | ||
| Advanced Heart Failure | 1014 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1014 | ||
| Heart Transplantation | 1015 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1015 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 1016 | ||
| Correct Answers | 1016 | ||
| References | 1016 | ||
| 28 The Child With Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction | 1020 | ||
| Concepts | 1020 | ||
| The Hematologic System and Its Function | 1020 | ||
| Origin of Formed Elements | 1020 | ||
| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) | 1020 | ||
| Regulation of Erythrocyte Production | 1021 | ||
| Functions of Erythrocytes | 1021 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 1021 | ||
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) | 1021 | ||
| Granulocytes | 1021 | ||
| Agranulocytes | 1023 | ||
| Regulation of Leukocyte Production | 1024 | ||
| Functions of Leukocytes | 1024 | ||
| Platelets | 1024 | ||
| Regulation of Platelet Production | 1024 | ||
| Function of Platelets | 1024 | ||
| Assessment of Hematologic Function | 1024 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Disorders | 1025 | ||
| Anemia | 1025 | ||
| Classification | 1025 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations | 1025 | ||
| Routine Screening | 1026 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1026 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1026 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1026 | ||
| Prepare the Child and Family for Laboratory Tests | 1026 | ||
| Decrease Tissue Oxygen Needs | 1027 | ||
| Prevent Complications | 1027 | ||
| Blood Transfusion Therapy | 1027 | ||
| Anemia Caused by Nutritional Deficiencies | 1030 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 1030 | ||
| Etiology | 1030 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1031 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1031 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1031 | ||
| Iron Studies | 1031 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1032 | ||
| Prognosis | 1032 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1033 | ||
| Anemias Caused by Increased Destruction of Red Blood Cells | 1033 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis | 1033 | ||
| Sickle Cell Anemia | 1034 | ||
| Mode of Transmission | 1034 | ||
| Basic Defect | 1034 | ||
| Sickle Cell Trait | 1034 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations | 1035 | ||
| Other Signs and Symptoms | 1037 | ||
| Sickle Cell Crises | 1037 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1037 | ||
| Screening of Newborns | 1037 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1039 | ||
| Prognosis | 1040 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1040 | ||
| Minimize Tissue Deoxygenation | 1041 | ||
| Promote Hydration | 1041 | ||
| Minimize Crises | 1041 | ||
| Promote Supportive Therapies | 1041 | ||
| Decrease Surgical Risks | 1042 | ||
| Encourage Screening and Genetic Counseling | 1042 | ||
| Explain the Disease | 1042 | ||
| Support the Family | 1043 | ||
| Beta-Thalassemia (β-Thalassemia or Cooley Anemia) | 1043 | ||
| Mode of Transmission | 1043 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations | 1043 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1046 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1046 | ||
| Prognosis | 1047 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1047 | ||
| Support the Family | 1047 | ||
| Assist in Coping With the Effects of the Disorder | 1048 | ||
| Anemias Caused by Impaired or Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells | 1048 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 1048 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1048 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1048 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1049 | ||
| Defects in Hemostasis | 1049 | ||
| Mechanisms Involved in Normal Hemostasis | 1049 | ||
| Vascular Events | 1050 | ||
| Platelets | 1050 | ||
| Clotting Factors | 1050 | ||
| Hemophilia | 1050 | ||
| Modes of Transmission | 1051 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations | 1051 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1052 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1052 | ||
| Prognosis | 1053 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1053 | ||
| Prevent Bleeding | 1053 | ||
| Recognize and Control Bleeding | 1054 | ||
| Prevent Crippling Effects of Bleeding | 1054 | ||
| Support the Family and Prepare for Home Care | 1054 | ||
| Identify Persons at Risk | 1054 | ||
| Von Willebrand Disease | 1054 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1055 | ||
| Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) | 1055 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1055 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1055 | ||
| Prognosis | 1056 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1056 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 1056 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1056 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1056 | ||
| XIII Childhood Regulatory Problems | 1071 | ||
| 29 The Child With Cancer | 1071 | ||
| Concepts | 1071 | ||
| Cancer in Children | 1071 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1071 | ||
| Etiology | 1071 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1072 | ||
| Prevention | 1073 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1073 | ||
| Complete History | 1073 | ||
| Review of Symptoms | 1073 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1073 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 1073 | ||
| Diagnostic Procedures | 1073 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 1074 | ||
| Pathologic and Molecular Evaluation | 1074 | ||
| Treatment Modalities | 1074 | ||
| Surgery | 1074 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 1074 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 1074 | ||
| Precautions in Administering and Handling Chemotherapeutic Agents | 1076 | ||
| Biologic Therapy | 1076 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant | 1077 | ||
| Autologous Transplantation | 1077 | ||
| Complications of Therapy | 1077 | ||
| Pediatric Oncologic Emergencies | 1078 | ||
| Tumor Lysis Syndrome | 1078 | ||
| Hyperleukocytosis | 1078 | ||
| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | 1078 | ||
| Spinal Cord Compression | 1078 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 1078 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1078 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children | 1078 | ||
| Managing Side Effects of Treatment | 1079 | ||
| Infection | 1079 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 1080 | ||
| Anemia | 1080 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 1081 | ||
| Altered Nutrition | 1081 | ||
| Mucosal Ulceration | 1081 | ||
| Neurologic Problems | 1082 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Cystitis | 1082 | ||
| Alopecia | 1082 | ||
| Steroid Effects | 1083 | ||
| Nursing Care During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 1083 | ||
| Preparation for Procedures | 1083 | ||
| Pain Management | 1084 | ||
| Health Promotion | 1084 | ||
| Dental Care | 1084 | ||
| Immunizations | 1084 | ||
| Family Education | 1084 | ||
| Completion of Therapy | 1085 | ||
| Cancers of Blood and Lymph Systems | 1085 | ||
| Acute Leukemias | 1085 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 1085 | ||
| Clinical Staging and Prognosis | 1085 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1086 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1086 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1086 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 1087 | ||
| Clinical Staging and Prognosis | 1087 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1087 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1087 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1087 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1087 | ||
| Prepare the Family for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures | 1087 | ||
| Provide Continued Emotional Support | 1088 | ||
| Lymphomas | 1088 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | 1089 | ||
| Clinical Staging and Prognosis | 1089 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1089 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1089 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1089 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1090 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 1090 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 1090 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1090 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1091 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1091 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1091 | ||
| Nervous System Tumors | 1091 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 1091 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1092 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1092 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1092 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1092 | ||
| Assess for Signs and Symptoms | 1092 | ||
| Prepare the Family for Diagnostic and Operative Procedures | 1092 | ||
| Prevent Postoperative Complications | 1094 | ||
| Assessment | 1094 | ||
| Positioning | 1095 | ||
| Fluid Regulation | 1095 | ||
| Comfort Measures | 1095 | ||
| Support the Family | 1095 | ||
| Promote Return to Optimum Functioning | 1096 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 1096 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1096 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1096 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 1096 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1097 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1097 | ||
| Bone Tumors | 1097 | ||
| General Considerations | 1097 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1097 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1097 | ||
| Prognosis | 1098 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 1098 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1098 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1098 | ||
| Ewing Sarcoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Bone) | 1099 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1099 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1099 | ||
| Other Solid Tumors | 1099 | ||
| Wilms Tumor | 1099 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1099 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1099 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 1100 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1100 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1100 | ||
| Preoperative Care | 1100 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 1100 | ||
| Support the Family | 1100 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 1101 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1101 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1101 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 1101 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1102 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1102 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 1102 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1102 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1102 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 1102 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1103 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1103 | ||
| Prepare the Family for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures and Home Care | 1103 | ||
| Support the Family | 1103 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors | 1104 | ||
| Liver Tumors | 1104 | ||
| The Childhood Cancer Survivor | 1104 | ||
| NCLEX Review Questions | 1105 | ||
| Correct Answers | 1106 | ||
| References | 1106 | ||
| 30 The Child With Cerebral Dysfunction | 1108 | ||
| Concepts | 1108 | ||
| Cerebral Structure and Function | 1108 | ||
| Development of the Neurologic System | 1108 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 1109 | ||
| Brain Coverings | 1109 | ||
| The Brain | 1109 | ||
| Cerebral Blood Flow | 1110 | ||
| Autoregulation | 1110 | ||
| Oxygen | 1110 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | 1110 | ||
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | 1110 | ||
| Evaluation of Neurologic Status | 1111 | ||
| Assessment: General Aspects | 1111 | ||
| History | 1111 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1111 | ||
| Altered States of Consciousness | 1112 | ||
| Etiology | 1112 | ||
| Level of Consciousness | 1112 | ||
| Coma Assessment | 1113 | ||
| Irreversible Coma | 1113 | ||
| Neurologic Examination | 1114 | ||
| Vital Signs | 1114 | ||
| Skin | 1114 | ||
| Eyes | 1114 | ||
| Motor Function | 1115 | ||
| Posturing | 1116 | ||
| Reflexes | 1116 | ||
| Special Diagnostic Procedures | 1116 | ||
| The Child With Cerebral Compromise | 1119 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Unconscious Child | 1119 | ||
| Respiratory Management | 1119 | ||
| Intracranial Pressure Monitoring | 1120 | ||
| Nursing Activities | 1120 | ||
| Nutrition and Hydration | 1121 | ||
| Altered Pituitary Secretion | 1121 | ||
| Medications | 1121 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 1121 | ||
| Elimination | 1122 | ||
| Hygienic Care | 1122 | ||
| Positioning and Exercise | 1122 | ||
| Stimulation | 1122 | ||
| Family Support | 1122 | ||
| Head Injury | 1123 | ||
| Etiology | 1123 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1124 | ||
| Concussion | 1124 | ||
| Contusion and Laceration | 1125 | ||
| Fractures | 1125 | ||
| Complications | 1125 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 1125 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 1126 | ||
| Other Hemorrhagic Lesions | 1127 | ||
| Cerebral Edema | 1127 | ||
| Sequelae of Traumatic Brain Injury | 1127 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1127 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 1127 | ||
| Special Tests | 1129 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1129 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 1129 | ||
| Prognosis | 1129 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1130 | ||
| Family Support | 1131 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 1131 | ||
| Prevention | 1131 | ||
| Submersion Injury | 1131 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1132 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1132 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1132 | ||
| Prognosis | 1133 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1133 | ||
| Prevention | 1133 | ||
| Intracranial Infections | 1133 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 1133 | ||
| Etiology | 1133 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1134 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1135 | ||
| Children and Adolescents | 1135 | ||
| Infants and Young Children | 1135 | ||
| Neonates | 1135 | ||
| Complications | 1136 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1136 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1136 | ||
| Drugs | 1137 | ||
| Nonspecific Measures | 1137 | ||
| Prognosis | 1137 | ||
| Prevention | 1137 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1137 | ||
| Family Support | 1138 | ||
| Nonbacterial (Aseptic) Meningitis | 1138 | ||
| Tuberculous Meningitis | 1138 | ||
| Brain Abscess | 1138 | ||
| Encephalitis | 1139 | ||
| Etiology | 1139 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1139 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1139 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1139 | ||
| Prognosis | 1140 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1140 | ||
| Rabies | 1140 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1140 | ||
| XIV Childhood Physical Mobility Problems | 1209 | ||
| 32 The Child With Integumentary Dysfunction | 1209 | ||
| Concepts | 1209 | ||
| Integumentary Dysfunction | 1209 | ||
| Skin Lesions | 1209 | ||
| Skin of Younger Children | 1209 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Dermatitis | 1209 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1209 | ||
| History and Symptoms | 1209 | ||
| Objective Findings | 1210 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 1210 | ||
| Wounds | 1210 | ||
| Epidermal Injuries | 1210 | ||
| Injury to Deeper Tissues | 1210 | ||
| Process of Wound Healing | 1210 | ||
| Types of Wound Healing | 1211 | ||
| Factors That Influence Healing | 1211 | ||
| General Therapeutic Management | 1211 | ||
| Dressings | 1212 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 1212 | ||
| Topical corticosteroid therapy. | 1213 | ||
| Other topical therapies. | 1213 | ||
| Systemic Therapy | 1214 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1214 | ||
| Wound Care | 1214 | ||
| Relief of Symptoms | 1215 | ||
| Home Care and Family Support | 1216 | ||
| Infections of the Skin | 1216 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 1216 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1216 | ||
| Viral Infections | 1218 | ||
| Dermatophytoses (Fungal Infections) | 1218 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1218 | ||
| Systemic Mycotic (Fungal) Infections | 1218 | ||
| Skin Disorders Related to Chemical or Physical Contacts | 1219 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 1219 | ||
| Nursing Care Management | 1222 | ||
| Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac | 1222 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 1223 | ||
| Index | 1348 | ||
| A | 1348 | ||
| B | 1351 | ||
| C | 1354 | ||
| D | 1358 | ||
| E | 1360 | ||
| F | 1362 | ||
| G | 1364 | ||
| H | 1366 | ||
| I | 1369 | ||
| J | 1372 | ||
| K | 1372 | ||
| L | 1372 | ||
| M | 1373 | ||
| N | 1375 | ||
| O | 1377 | ||
| P | 1377 | ||
| Q | 1382 | ||
| R | 1382 | ||
| S | 1384 | ||
| T | 1388 | ||
| U | 1391 | ||
| V | 1391 | ||
| W | 1392 | ||
| X | 1392 | ||
| Y | 1392 | ||
| Z | 1392 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |