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Book Details
Abstract
Get a quick, expert overview of the essentials of today’s vaccinations for adults, including current guidelines and recommendations. This concise, clinically-focused resource, edited by Drs. Gregory A. Poland and Jennifer Whitaker, consolidates today’s available information on this important topic into one convenient resource, making it an ideal reference for primary care physicians and nurses who need easily accessible information on adult vaccination best practices.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Vaccinations | i | ||
| Vaccinations | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| List of Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| 1 - Vaccine Safety | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF ADVERSE REACTIONS | 2 | ||
| Common Adverse Reactions | 2 | ||
| Severe Adverse Reactions | 3 | ||
| Adverse Reactions Related to Vaccine Administration | 3 | ||
| CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR VACCINE SAFETY | 3 | ||
| Communicating With Patients About Vaccine Safety | 3 | ||
| Deciding to Vaccinate | 4 | ||
| Preventing Adverse Reactions Related to Vaccine Administration | 4 | ||
| When Prevention Strategies Do Not Exist | 4 | ||
| Managing Severe Adverse Reactions | 5 | ||
| Assessing Causality of an AEFI in an Individual Patient | 5 | ||
| Considerations for Giving Additional Doses After a Prior AEFI | 5 | ||
| Reporting AEFIs | 6 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 6 | ||
| Pregnant Women | 6 | ||
| Breastfeeding Women | 6 | ||
| Immunosuppressed and Immunocompromised Persons | 6 | ||
| HIV-Positive Persons | 8 | ||
| Persons With Autoimmune Conditions | 8 | ||
| Healthcare Workers and Household Contacts of Immunosuppressed Persons and Pregnant Women | 8 | ||
| VACCINE SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING | 9 | ||
| Prelicensure Safety Assessment | 9 | ||
| Postlicensure Safety Assessment | 9 | ||
| Postlicensure Safety Assessment Systems in the United States | 10 | ||
| The vaccine adverse event reporting system | 10 | ||
| The vaccine safety datalink (VSD) | 10 | ||
| CISA project | 10 | ||
| Postlicensure rapid immunization safety monitoring program | 10 | ||
| International Cooperation | 10 | ||
| Examples of Postlicensure Safety Assessments and Historical Impacts | 11 | ||
| MONITORING VACCINE SAFETY DURING PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSES | 11 | ||
| 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic | 12 | ||
| Smallpox Vaccination Program | 12 | ||
| SAFETY OF ADJUVANTED VACCINES USED IN THE UNITED STATES | 13 | ||
| SELECTED VACCINE SAFETY CONCERNS | 14 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorders | 14 | ||
| Thimerosal | 14 | ||
| 2009 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine with AS03 Adjuvant and Narcolepsy | 14 | ||
| Health Concerns Related to HPV Vaccine | 14 | ||
| Concerns About the Number and Frequency of Vaccines | 14 | ||
| HOW VACCINE SAFETY EVIDENCE IS REVIEWED AND TURNED INTO POLICY | 15 | ||
| COMPENSATION FOR VACCINE INJURIES | 16 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 16 | ||
| REFERENCES | 16 | ||
| 2 - Interpersonal Communication Approaches to Increase Adult Vaccine Acceptance | 25 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS INTERVENTIONS | 25 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO APPROACHES TO PATIENT-PROVIDER COMMUNICATION | 26 | ||
| PRESUMPTIVE COMMUNICATION | 26 | ||
| MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING | 29 | ||
| COGNITIVE STYLE–BASED INTERVIEWING | 30 | ||
| MESSAGE CONTENT | 32 | ||
| CORRECTING MYTHS | 33 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| 3 - Special Considerations for Vaccines and the Elderly | 35 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 35 | ||
| AGE, A SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC RISK FOR GETTING DISEASE | 36 | ||
| AGE, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE | 36 | ||
| Age and Clinical Presentation of Influenza | 36 | ||
| Vaccine preventable disability | 37 | ||
| Age and Presentation of Streptococcus Pneumoniae | 39 | ||
| AGE AND PRESENTATION OF HZ | 41 | ||
| AGE AND VACCINE IMPACT ON OUTCOMES | 43 | ||
| Age and Protective Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine | 43 | ||
| Age and Protective Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccine | 43 | ||
| Age and Protective Efficacy of Zoster Vaccine | 44 | ||
| Vaccine Impact on Thrombotic and CV Disease | 44 | ||
| IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT IT | 45 | ||
| STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE | 46 | ||
| BARRIERS TO VACCINATION | 47 | ||
| VACCINE USE IN LTC | 47 | ||
| WHAT WE NEED IN THE FUTURE | 48 | ||
| SUMMARY | 48 | ||
| REFERENCES | 49 | ||
| 4 - Herpes Zoster Vaccines: What's New? | 55 | ||
| HERPES ZOSTER | 55 | ||
| Clinical | 55 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 55 | ||
| Latency | 55 | ||
| VZV-specific immunity and latency | 57 | ||
| Clinical correlates when VZV-CMI fails to limit a reactivation event | 57 | ||
| HERPES ZOSTER VACCINE—LIVE | 59 | ||
| HERPES ZOSTER VACCINE—INACTIVATED | 60 | ||
| HERPES ZOSTER VACCINE–SUBUNIT | 62 | ||
| Rationale and Composition | 62 | ||
| HZ/su Efficacy Against HZ | 62 | ||
| HZ/su efficacy against PHN | 63 | ||
| HZ/su safety and tolerability | 66 | ||
| HZ/su in immunocompromised populations | 67 | ||
| HZ/su in previous ZVL recipients or prior HZ | 68 | ||
| Coadministration with other vaccines in the aging | 68 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF HZ/SU | 68 | ||
| VZV-Specific Immunity and Response to Reactivation | 68 | ||
| COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ZVL AND HZ/SU | 69 | ||
| SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EFFICACY OF HZ/SU IN AGING SUBJECTS | 70 | ||
| Future Topics | 70 | ||
| REFERENCES | 70 | ||
| 5 - Zika Vaccines: Current State | 75 | ||
| HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZIKA | 75 | ||
| ZIKA DISEASE | 75 | ||
| PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES | 76 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGY OF ZIKA INFECTION | 76 | ||
| CURRENT VACCINE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES | 78 | ||
| SCIENTIFIC, REGULATORY, AND ETHICAL BARRIERS/CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF A ZIKA VACCINE | 81 | ||
| Scientific Challenges | 81 | ||
| Ethical Challenges | 84 | ||
| Regulatory Challenges | 84 | ||
| Economic Challenges | 85 | ||
| SUMMARY | 85 | ||
| REFERENCES | 85 | ||
| 6 - Influenza Vaccines—Are They Efficacious or Not? | 89 | ||
| HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES | 89 | ||
| THE TYPES OF INFLUENZA VACCINES | 89 | ||
| FORMULATION OF INFLUENZA VACCINES | 90 | ||
| VACCINE EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS STUDY DESIGN | 90 | ||
| OUTCOME OF INFLUENZA VACCINE EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES | 90 | ||
| DIRECT EFFECT IN DIFFERENT POPULATION | 91 | ||
| Healthy Children | 91 | ||
| Healthy Young Adults | 91 | ||
| Elderly Adults | 95 | ||
| Pregnant Women | 95 | ||
| INDIRECT PROTECTION AND HERD IMMUNITY | 97 | ||
| Indirect Effects of Vaccinating Children | 97 | ||
| Indirect Effects of Vaccinating Healthcare Workers | 98 | ||
| ISSUE OF REPEATED VACCINATION | 98 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 99 | ||
| REFERENCES | 99 | ||
| 7 - Practical Use of Meningococcal Vaccines—Whom and When to Vaccinate | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| Meningococcal Disease in the United States | 105 | ||
| Risk Factors for Meningococcal Disease and Carriage | 106 | ||
| Current Epidemiology | 107 | ||
| Characterization of N. meningitidis | 109 | ||
| BACKGROUND ON MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES | 110 | ||
| Measurement of Meningococcal Vaccine Immunogenicity | 110 | ||
| Measurement of Vaccine-Induced Strain Coverage | 110 | ||
| POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES | 110 | ||
| POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN CONJUGATE VACCINES | 111 | ||
| Immunogenicity of MCV4-DT and MCV4-CRM | 112 | ||
| Persistence of Serum Antibody | 112 | ||
| Vaccine Effectiveness | 113 | ||
| Safety | 113 | ||
| Impact on Pharyngeal Carriage | 113 | ||
| CAPSULAR GROUP B VACCINES | 113 | ||
| Immunogenicity of MenB-4C and MenB-FHbp | 114 | ||
| Persistence of Serum Antibody | 115 | ||
| Vaccine Effectiveness | 115 | ||
| Safety | 116 | ||
| Impact on Pharyngeal Carriage | 117 | ||
| ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES RECOMMENDATIONS AND RATIONALE | 117 | ||
| Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines | 118 | ||
| ROUTINE USE IMMUNIZATION | 118 | ||
| Persons Aged 11–18Years | 118 | ||
| Groups at Increased Risk of Disease or Exposure | 119 | ||
| 8 - Vaccine Immunology: What Do Clinicians Need to Know? | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| INDUCING A PROTECTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE—A TERMINOLOGY REFRESHER | 131 | ||
| Innate Immunity, Adaptive Immunity, and Memory | 131 | ||
| DIFFERENT MODES OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY—IMMUNE EFFECTOR PHENOTYPES | 133 | ||
| DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINES | 134 | ||
| Vaccine Immunogens—Antigen Discovery | 134 | ||
| ADJUVANTS | 135 | ||
| Assessing Vaccines—CoPs | 135 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOLOGY OF VACCINES—CONCLUDING REMARKS | 136 | ||
| REFERENCES | 136 | ||
| 9 - Vaccine Use in Immunocompromised Adults: Challenges and Solutions | 139 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 139 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 139 | ||
| LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES | 139 | ||
| THE SPECTRUM OF IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS | 140 | ||
| VACCINATION TIMING | 141 | ||
| SPECIFIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS AND THERAPIES | 141 | ||
| HIV Infection | 141 | ||
| Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases and Immunosuppressive Therapy | 143 | ||
| Malignancy and Chemotherapy | 144 | ||
| HSCT Recipients | 144 | ||
| SOT Recipients | 145 | ||
| Before transplant | 145 | ||
| After transplant | 146 | ||
| Pregnancy | 146 | ||
| Splenectomy and functional asplenia | 147 | ||
| Primary immunodeficiencies | 147 | ||
| VACCINES FOR HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PERSONS AND HEALTHCARE WORKERS WHO WORK WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PERSONS | 148 | ||
| INACTIVATED VACCINES | 148 | ||
| Influenza Vaccines | 148 | ||
| High-dose IIVs | 149 | ||
| Adjuvanted IIVs | 149 | ||
| Intradermal Vaccine | 150 | ||
| Recombinant Influenza Vaccines | 150 | ||
| Booster Doses | 150 | ||
| PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES | 151 | ||
| TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS VACCINES | 151 | ||
| MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES | 152 | ||
| HIB VACCINES | 152 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 152 | ||
| High-dose vaccines | 153 | ||
| Intradermal vaccines | 153 | ||
| Adjuvanted vaccines | 153 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 153 | ||
| HPV VACCINES | 154 | ||
| LIVE VACCINES | 154 | ||
| MMR Vaccines | 154 | ||
| VZV Vaccines | 154 | ||
| Evidence of immunity | 155 | ||
| Varicella vaccine indications for adults | 155 | ||
| Varicella vaccine immunogenicity and correlates of protection | 155 | ||
| Contraindications to varicella vaccine administration | 155 | ||
| Zoster Vaccines | 155 | ||
| Live attenuated vaccine | 155 | ||
| Recombinant subunit vaccine | 155 | ||
| Zoster vaccine correlates of protection | 156 | ||
| Contraindications to Zoster vaccine administration | 156 | ||
| LIVE TRAVEL VACCINATIONS | 156 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 156 | ||
| REFERENCES | 157 | ||
| 10 - Vaccines for Adult Travelers: When and Why? | 163 | ||
| VACCINES FOR ADULT TRAVELERS: WHEN AND WHY? | 163 | ||
| HEPATITIS A VACCINE | 163 | ||
| HEPATITIS B VACCINE | 164 | ||
| TYPHOID VACCINE | 165 | ||
| YELLOW FEVER VACCINE | 166 | ||
| MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINE | 168 | ||
| CHOLERA VACCINE | 169 | ||
| Contraindications | 170 | ||
| Dosing of Vaxchora3 | 170 | ||
| JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINE | 170 | ||
| RABIES VACCINE | 172 | ||
| POLIO VACCINE | 173 | ||
| Contraindications | 174 | ||
| TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINE | 174 | ||
| Contraindications | 175 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 175 | ||
| REFERENCES | 175 | ||
| 11 - Immunizations for Healthcare Personnel | 179 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 179 | ||
| PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATIONS | 179 | ||
| General Recommendations | 179 | ||
| Special Populations | 182 | ||
| Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine | 183 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine | 184 | ||
| Varicella Vaccine | 186 | ||
| Influenza Vaccine | 187 | ||
| Pertussis Vaccine | 189 | ||
| Neisseria meningitidis Vaccines | 190 | ||
| POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS | 190 | ||
| General Recommendations | 190 | ||
| Measles | 191 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 192 | ||
| Varicella/Zoster | 193 | ||
| Influenza | 194 | ||
| Pertussis | 195 | ||
| Invasive N. meningitidis | 195 | ||
| Special Use Vaccine: Rabies | 195 | ||
| Special Use Vaccine: Hepatitis A | 196 | ||
| Special Use Vaccine: Diphtheria | 196 | ||
| REFERENCES | 196 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 200 | ||
| 12 - Pneumococcal Vaccines in Adults: Who, What, When? | 201 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 201 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE AMONG ADULTS | 202 | ||
| PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES FOR ADULTS | 204 | ||
| Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine | 204 | ||
| History and development | 204 | ||
| Immunogenicity | 204 | ||
| Efficacy and effectiveness | 204 | ||
| Safety | 204 | ||
| Administration | 205 | ||
| Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine | 205 | ||
| History and development | 205 | ||
| Immunogenicity | 205 | ||
| Efficacy and effectiveness | 205 | ||
| Safety | 206 | ||
| Index | 213 | ||
| A | 213 | ||
| B | 213 | ||
| C | 213 | ||
| D | 214 | ||
| E | 214 | ||
| F | 214 | ||
| G | 214 | ||
| H | 214 | ||
| I | 214 | ||
| J | 215 | ||
| K | 215 | ||
| L | 215 | ||
| M | 215 | ||
| N | 215 | ||
| O | 215 | ||
| P | 215 | ||
| R | 216 | ||
| S | 216 | ||
| T | 216 | ||
| V | 216 | ||
| Y | 217 | ||
| Z | 217 |