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Equine Ophthalmology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Equine Ophthalmology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Mary Lassaline

(2017)

Additional Information

Abstract

This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice is edited by Dr. Mary Lassaline and focuses on Equine Ophthalmology. Article topics include: Anatomy and Examination; Imaging; Eyelid; Cornea; Uveitis; Lens; Retina with emphasis on electrodiagnostics; Medications Update; Neuro-oph; Ocular neoplasia; Genetic ocular disease, and OMSD with emphasis on borreliosis.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Equine Ophthalmology i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITOR iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents v
Preface: The Science and Practice of Equine Ophthalmology: A Quarter Century Later v
Corneal Response to Injury and Infection in the Horse v
Medical and Surgical Management of Equine Recurrent Uveitis v
Disease and Surgery of the Equine Lens v
The Equine Fundus v
Equine Glaucoma vi
Neuro-ophthalmology in the Horse vi
Periocular Neoplasia in the Horse vi
Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease in the Horse vi
Antifungal Therapy in Equine Ocular Mycotic Infections vii
Advanced Imaging of the Equine Eye vii
Genetic Testing as a Tool to Identify Horses with or at Risk for Ocular Disorders vii
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EQUINE PRACTICE\r viii
FORTHCOMING ISSUES viii
April 2018 viii
August 2018 viii
December 2018 viii
RECENT ISSUES viii
August 2017 viii
April 2017 viii
December 2016 viii
Preface:\rThe Science and Practice of Equine Ophthalmology: A Quarter Century Later ix
Corneal Response to Injury and Infection in the Horse 439
Key points 439
CORNEAL ANATOMY 439
IMMUNE RESPONSES OF THE OCULAR SURFACE 441
CORNEAL REACTION TO INJURY 442
Epithelial Wound Healing 443
Stromal Wound Healing 445
Inflammation 445
Endothelial Wound Healing 447
Perforating Injury 447
CORNEAL INFECTION 448
MODULATION OF CORNEAL WOUND HEALING 451
IMPLICATIONS OF THE WOUND HEALING CASCADE ON INJURY AND DISEASE IN THE EQUINE CORNEA 452
Keratomalacia 452
Infectious Keratitis 453
Refractory Sterile Superficial Ulcers 457
Corneal Transplantation 457
Immune-Mediated Keratitis 458
REFERENCES 460
Medical and Surgical Management of Equine Recurrent Uveitis 465
Key points 465
INTRODUCTION 465
PATIENT EVALUATION OVERVIEW 468
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 473
Conventional Medical Therapy 473
Long-term Control and/or Prevention of Recurrent Bouts of Inflammation 473
NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 474
Leptospira Vaccination 474
COMBINATION THERAPIES 476
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 477
Suprachoroidal Cyclosporine Implants 478
Pars Plana Vitrectomy 478
EVALUATION OF OUTCOME AND LONG-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS 479
SUMMARY 479
REFERENCES 479
Disease and Surgery of the Equine Lens 483
Key points 483
INTRODUCTION 483
PATIENT EVALUATION OVERVIEW 484
Assess Vision 484
Assess Pupillary Light Reflexes 484
Dilate the Pupil 484
Sedation 484
Distant Direct Examination 485
Magnified Examination 485
Additional Examination Components 485
Classification of Cataracts 487
Causes of Cataracts 488
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 489
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 489
Phacoemulsification 489
Preoperative therapeutic protocol 491
Operative protocol 491
Intraocular lenses 493
Postoperative care 494
Intracapsular Lens Extraction 494
EVALUATION OF OUTCOME AND LONG-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS 494
SUMMARY 495
REFERENCES 495
The Equine Fundus 499
Key points 499
ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE FUNDUS 499
Retina and Optic Disc 499
Choroid and Tapetum 503
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES OF THE EQUINE FUNDUS 505
Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy 505
Smartphone Ophthalmoscopy (Smartphonoscopy) 507
ADVANCED EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES 507
Ultrasonography 507
Electroretinography 509
COMMON DISEASES OF THE EQUINE FUNDUS 512
Chorioretinal Lesions 513
Focal chorioretinopathy (“bullet hole” lesions) 514
Peripapillary chorioretinal scar (“butterfly” lesion) 514
Retinal Detachment 514
Senile Retinopathy 514
SUMMARY 516
REFERENCES 516
Equine Glaucoma 519
Key points 519
INTRODUCTION 519
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 520
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 522
PATIENT EVALUATION OVERVIEW 523
Clinical Signs 523
Diagnostics 525
Advanced Imaging 528
THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 530
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 530
NOVEL TREATMENT OPTIONS 531
NONNPHARMACOLOGIC/SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 531
Surgical Treatment in Visual Eyes 531
Surgical Treatment in Nonvisual Eyes 532
ADDITIONAL THERAPY 534
SUMMARY 534
REFERENCES 535
Neuro-ophthalmology in the Horse 541
Key points 541
FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS 542
NEUROGENIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA 544
STRABISMUS 544
NYSTAGMUS 545
ANISOCORIA 545
BLINDNESS 546
REFERENCES 548
Periocular Neoplasia in the Horse 551
Key points 551
INTRODUCTION 551
DIAGNOSIS 552
SURGICAL OPTIONS 553
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY 553
Topical Agents 553
5-Fluorouracil 554
Mitomycin C 554
Imiquimod (Aldara) 554
Acyclovir 554
Mistletoe extract (Viscum album) 554
Intralesional Chemotherapeutics 555
Systemic Chemotherapeutics 555
Radiation Therapy 556
Immunotherapy 556
COMMON PERIOCULAR NEOPLASIA 557
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 557
Sarcoid 558
FUTURE INVESTIGATION 559
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 559
REFERENCES 560
Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease in the Horse 563
Key points 563
GLOBE ABNORMALITIES 564
Parasitic 564
Tapeworm: Echinococcus granulosus 564
Bacterial 564
Tetanus 564
Viral 565
Rabies 565
Protozoal 565
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis 565
Miscellaneous 566
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis 566
Vestibular disease 567
EYELID, NICTITANS, AND CONJUNCTIVAL ABNORMALITIES 567
Parasitic 568
Onchocerciasis 568
Habronemiasis 568
Protozoal 569
Piroplasmosis 569
Rickettsial 570
Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis 570
Fungal 570
Dermatophytosis (ringworm) 570
Bacterial 571
Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (strangles) 571
Viral 571
Equine herpes virus and equine influenza 571
Immune-Mediated Dermatoses 572
Pemphigus foliaceus 572
Acquired Hematologic Disease 572
Neonatal isoerythrolysis 572
CORNEAL AND TEAR FILM ABNORMALITIES 573
Viral 573
Equine herpesvirus-2 573
Metabolic 573
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: Equine Cushing’s disease 573
Genetic 574
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (hyperelastosis cutis) 574
Miscellaneous 574
Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy 574
Polyneuritis equi 575
UVEAL TRACT AND ANTERIOR CHAMBER ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING UVEITIS 576
Bacterial 576
Borrelliosis 576
RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL ABNORMALITIES 577
Equine Motor Neuron Disease 577
OPTIC NERVE ABNORMALITIES AND BLINDNESS OWING TO CENTRAL DISEASE 578
REFERENCES 578
Antifungal Therapy in Equine Ocular Mycotic Infections 583
Key points 583
INTRODUCTION 583
TYPES OF EQUINE OCULAR FUNGAL INFECTIONS 584
Keratomycosis 584
Blepharitis 585
Conjunctivitis 585
Intraocular Mycotic Infections 586
Optic Neuritis 586
Orbital Disease 587
DIAGNOSIS OF EQUINE OCULAR FUNGAL INFECTIONS 587
PHARMACOLOGIC ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 588
Azoles 588
Polyenes 589
Pyrimidines 590
Echinocandins 590
Allylamines 590
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors 590
Silver Sulfadiazine 590
Iodophors 591
ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING 591
EQUINE ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY STUDIES 592
ANTIFUNGAL ADMINISTRATION ROUTES, TECHNIQUES, AND DEVICES IN EQUINE KERATOMYCOSIS 596
FUTURE ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT MODALITIES AND CONCLUSIONS 600
REFERENCES 600
Advanced Imaging of the Equine Eye 607
Key points 607
INTRODUCTION 607
IMAGING OF THE OCULAR ADNEXA 608
Indications for Imaging 608
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 608
IMAGING OF THE NASOLACRIMAL DUCT 609
Indications for Imaging 609
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 610
IMAGING OF THE CORNEA 611
Indications for Imaging 611
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 612
IMAGING OF THE ANTERIOR UVEA AND LENS 614
Indications for Imaging 614
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 615
IMAGING OF THE OCULAR POSTERIOR SEGMENT 615
Indications for Imaging 615
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 616
IMAGING OF THE ORBIT 619
Indications for Imaging 619
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 619
MISCELLANEOUS USE OF IMAGING: PROCEDURES 621
Indications for Imaging 621
Advanced Imaging Modalities Described 621
SUMMARY 623
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 623
REFERENCES 623
Genetic Testing as a Tool to Identify Horses with or at Risk for Ocular Disorders 627
Key points 627
INTRODUCTION 627
CONGENITAL STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS 629
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENETIC TESTING FOR CONGENITAL STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS IN BREEDS WITH LEOPARD COMPLEX SPOTTING 632
EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS 632
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENETIC TESTING FOR EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS 634
MULTIPLE CONGENITAL OCULAR ANOMALIES 635
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENETIC TESTING FOR MULTIPLE CONGENITAL OCULAR ANOMALIES 636
OCULAR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 638
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENETIC TESTING FOR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 639
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF EQUINE DISEASES CAUSED BY KNOWN GENETIC MUTATIONS 640
INHERITED OCULAR DISORDERS WITH UNKNOWN GENETIC CAUSES 640
SUMMARY 641
REFERENCES 641