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Book Details
Abstract
Traditionally considered an adult disorder, type 2 diabetes in children has been steadily increasing in the past several years. This easy-to-read reference presents a succinct overview of clinically-focused topics covering diagnosis, treatment, management, and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in pediatric patients. An ideal reference for both pediatric endocrinologists as well as pediatricians, it’s an excellent overview of this fast-changing and complex field.
- Covers clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, screening, and other topics related to diagnosis.
- Discusses complications such as hypertension, retinopathy, depression, PCOS, fatty liver, and more.
- Includes information on medications, lifestyle interventions, and surgical treatment.
- Consolidates today’s available information and experience in this timely area into one convenient resource.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Pediatric Type II Diabetes | i | ||
| Pediatric Type II Diabetes | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| List of Contributors | v | ||
| Aim of Pediatric Type II Diabetes | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| I - INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| 1 - Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes | 1 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INSULIN RESISTANCE | 1 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF Β-CELL FAILURE | 3 | ||
| ADDITIONAL FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF T2DM | 4 | ||
| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALTERED GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN CHILDHOOD | 5 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 6 | ||
| REFERENCES | 6 | ||
| II - CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 9 | ||
| 2 - Clinical Presentation of Youth Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 9 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 9 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 9 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 10 | ||
| LABORATORY EVALUATION | 10 | ||
| COMORBIDITIES | 11 | ||
| Gender | 11 | ||
| Race and ethnicity | 11 | ||
| Family history | 12 | ||
| Early life events | 12 | ||
| SUMMARY | 12 | ||
| REFERENCES | 12 | ||
| 3 - Diagnostic Criteria for Prediabetes | 15 | ||
| TREATMENT | 16 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 17 | ||
| REFERENCES | 17 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 18 | ||
| 4 - Screening and Diagnosis of Type II Diabetes | 19 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES SCREENING IN YOUTH: WHO SHOULD BE SCREENED | 19 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR DIABETES MELLITUS AND CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS | 20 | ||
| Random Glucose Measurement Benefits and Challenges | 20 | ||
| Fasting Glucose Measurement Benefits and Challenges | 20 | ||
| Provocative Glucose Testing Benefits and Challenges | 20 | ||
| A1c Measurement Benefits and Challenges | 21 | ||
| Diagnosis of Prediabetes | 21 | ||
| Differentiating the Diagnosis: Type 1, Type 2, Or Something Else? Special Considerations | 22 | ||
| REFERENCES | 23 | ||
| 5 - The Role of Monogenic Diabetes in Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes | 25 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 25 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 25 | ||
| WHY THINK ABOUT MONOGENIC DIABETES? | 25 | ||
| WHEN TO THINK ABOUT MONOGENIC DIABETES | 26 | ||
| DIAGNOSING MONOGENIC DIABETES | 26 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF MONOGENIC DIABETES IN CHILDREN | 27 | ||
| KNOWN GENETIC CAUSES OF MODY | 27 | ||
| COMMON MODY SUBTYPES | 27 | ||
| Mechanism of disease | 27 | ||
| Clinical management | 27 | ||
| Complications | 27 | ||
| Mechanism of disease | 30 | ||
| Clinical management | 30 | ||
| Complications | 31 | ||
| Mechanism of disease | 31 | ||
| Clinical management | 32 | ||
| Complications | 32 | ||
| RARE MONOGENIC SUBTYPES OF ATYPICAL DIABETES IN CHILDHOOD | 32 | ||
| Rare Causes of MODY | 32 | ||
| Relapsing Neonatal Diabetes | 33 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 33 | ||
| REFERENCES | 33 | ||
| III - COMPLICATIONS | 37 | ||
| 6 - Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents | 37 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| HYPERTENSION IN T2D | 37 | ||
| Difference in Prevalence of Hypertension Between T1D and T2D | 37 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 38 | ||
| Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Diabetes | 39 | ||
| Management of Hypertension in Diabetes | 40 | ||
| NEPHROPATHY IN T2D | 40 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 40 | ||
| SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT | 42 | ||
| REFERENCES | 43 | ||
| 7 - Dyslipidemia and Type II Diabetes | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| DIABETES AND DYSLIPIDEMIA | 47 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN CHILDREN | 47 | ||
| SCREENING FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA | 48 | ||
| TREATMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA | 48 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK | 50 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 51 | ||
| REFERENCES | 51 | ||
| 8 - Diabetic Retinopathy in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND NATURAL COURSE | 55 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 58 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND SCREENING FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 60 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 60 | ||
| OPHTHALMOLOPIC FEATURES | 61 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 61 | ||
| Prevention/Control of Risk Factors | 61 | ||
| Ophthalmologic Treatments | 62 | ||
| Surgical Intervention | 64 | ||
| Follow-up | 64 | ||
| Future Studies and Emerging Therapies | 64 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 65 | ||
| REFERENCES | 65 | ||
| 9 - Depression and Type 2 DM in Adolescence | 69 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
| DEPRESSION AND T2DM AMONG YOUTH | 69 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS | 71 | ||
| Research Recommendations | 71 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 72 | ||
| REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| 10 - PCOS and Type II Diabetes | 75 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 75 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 75 | ||
| ROLE OF INSULIN IN ANDROGEN EXCESS | 75 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS/CLASSIFICATION OF PCOS | 76 | ||
| INSULIN RESISTANCE | 77 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES | 79 | ||
| THE METABOLIC SYNDROME | 81 | ||
| PCOS WORKUP | 84 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES | 85 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| 11 - Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiologic Links and Potential Implications | 91 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE | 91 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NAFLD | 91 | ||
| CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF NAFLD | 93 | ||
| NAFLD and Glucose Metabolism | 94 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC LINK BETWEEN NAFLD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES | 94 | ||
| Β-CELL IMPAIRMENT IS THE LAST STEP BEFORE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES | 95 | ||
| TREATMENT OF NAFLD: WHERE ARE WE NOW? | 96 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 96 | ||
| REFERENCES | 97 | ||
| IV - TREATMENT | 101 | ||
| 12 - Medications for the Treatment of Type II Diabetes | 101 | ||
| METFORMIN | 101 | ||
| Administration | 101 | ||
| Side Effects/Considerations | 102 | ||
| INSULIN | 102 | ||
| Basal Insulins | 102 | ||
| Bolus Insulins | 102 | ||
| Weaning | 103 | ||
| OTHER AGENTS BEING INVESTIGATED IN PEDIATRIC STUDIES | 103 | ||
| GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | 103 | ||
| DPP-4 Inhibitors | 103 | ||
| SGLT Inhibitors | 104 | ||
| Rapid Acting Bromocriptine | 104 | ||
| OTHER AGENTS COMMONLY USED IN ADULT T2D | 104 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 104 | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 104 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 104 | ||
| REFERENCES | 105 | ||
| 13 - Bariatric Surgery and Adolescent Type 2 Diabetes | 107 | ||
| BARIATRIC SURGERY PROCEDURES | 107 | ||
| ADJUSTABLE GASTRIC BAND | 108 | ||
| VERTICAL SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY | 108 | ||
| ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS | 109 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES | 109 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR RISK | 110 | ||
| MICROVASCULAR DISEASE | 110 | ||
| POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME AND FERTILITY | 111 | ||
| NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE | 111 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 111 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 111 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Index | 117 | ||
| A | 117 | ||
| B | 117 | ||
| C | 117 | ||
| D | 117 | ||
| E | 117 | ||
| F | 118 | ||
| G | 118 | ||
| H | 118 | ||
| I | 118 | ||
| L | 118 | ||
| M | 118 | ||
| N | 118 | ||
| O | 118 | ||
| P | 119 | ||
| R | 119 | ||
| S | 119 | ||
| T | 119 | ||
| V | 119 |