Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Designed for busy primary care specialists and other first-line care providers, Conn’s Current Therapy 2018, by Drs. Edward T. Bope and Rick D. Kellerman, delivers up-to-date treatment information in a concise yet in-depth format. Recognized leaders in the field provide their personal approaches and evidence-based clinical management options for the conditions you’re most likely to see in your everyday practice.
- Follows a consistent, templated format throughout, with diagnosis, therapy, drug protocols, and treatment pearls presented in easy-to-use boxes and tables for fast reference.
- Focuses on the most current diagnosis and treatment protocols for common complaints, acute diseases, and chronic illnesses – more than 300 topics, all carefully reviewed and updated.
- Features new and significantly revised chapters on Acute Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension, Peripheral Arterial Disease, Valvular Heart Disease, Hepatitis C, Adrenocortical Insufficiency, Urethral Strictures, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Fibromyalgia, Menopause, Travel Medicine, and much more.
- Provides current drug information thoroughly reviewed by PharmDs.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Front End Sheet | ES3 | ||
| Conn’s Current Therapy 2018 | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xxiii | ||
| Contents | xxv | ||
| Section 1: Symptomatic Care Pending Diagnosis | 1 | ||
| Chest Pain | 1 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 1 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 1 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndrome | 1 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 2 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 3 | ||
| Esophageal Rupture | 3 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax | 3 | ||
| Other Causes of Chest Pain | 3 | ||
| References | 4 | ||
| Constipation | 4 | ||
| Epidemiology | 5 | ||
| Risk Factors | 5 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 5 | ||
| Prevention | 5 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 5 | ||
| Diagnosis | 5 | ||
| Treatment | 5 | ||
| Complications | 6 | ||
| References | 6 | ||
| Cough | 7 | ||
| Acute Cough | 7 | ||
| Chronic Cough | 8 | ||
| Upper Airway Cough Syndrome | 8 | ||
| Cough Variant Asthma and Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis | 8 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 8 | ||
| Other Causes of Chronic Cough | 8 | ||
| Dizziness and Vertigo | 8 | ||
| Epidemiology | 9 | ||
| Risk Factors | 9 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 9 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 9 | ||
| Diagnosis | 10 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 10 | ||
| Treatment | 11 | ||
| Monitoring | 11 | ||
| Complications | 11 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| Fatigue | 11 | ||
| Epidemiology | 11 | ||
| Risk Factors | 11 | ||
| Prevention | 12 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 12 | ||
| Diagnosis | 12 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 12 | ||
| Treatment | 12 | ||
| Monitoring | 12 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| Fever | 12 | ||
| Definitions | 13 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 13 | ||
| Risks and Benefits of Fever | 13 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation of Fever | 14 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 14 | ||
| Treatment | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Gaseousness, Indigestion, Nausea, and Vomiting | 14 | ||
| Epidemiology | 15 | ||
| Risk Factors | 15 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 15 | ||
| Prevention | 15 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 15 | ||
| Diagnosis | 15 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 16 | ||
| Treatment | 17 | ||
| Monitoring | 17 | ||
| Complications | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Headache | 19 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis | 20 | ||
| Tension-Type Headache | 20 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 20 | ||
| Cluster Headache | 21 | ||
| Chronic Daily Headache | 21 | ||
| Posttraumatic Headache | 21 | ||
| Treatment | 21 | ||
| TTHA Treatment | 22 | ||
| Migraine Treatment | 22 | ||
| Cluster Headache Treatment | 24 | ||
| Chronic Daily and Posttraumatic Headache Treatment | 25 | ||
| Conclusion | 25 | ||
| References | 25 | ||
| Hematuria | 25 | ||
| Epidemiology | 25 | ||
| Risk Factors | 25 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 25 | ||
| Prevention | 26 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 26 | ||
| Diagnosis | 26 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 27 | ||
| Therapy, Monitoring, and Complications | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| Hiccups | 27 | ||
| Mechanistic Description | 27 | ||
| Classifications | 27 | ||
| Epidemiology | 27 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 27 | ||
| Evaluation of the Hiccup Patient | 28 | ||
| History | 28 | ||
| Physical Examination | 28 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures | 28 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions | 28 | ||
| Pharmacologic Interventions | 28 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics | 28 | ||
| Antiemetics | 28 | ||
| Analeptics | 28 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 28 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 28 | ||
| Antidepressants | 28 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 29 | ||
| Sodium Channel Blockers | 29 | ||
| GABAB Agonists | 29 | ||
| Antacids | 29 | ||
| Gastrokinetic Drugs | 29 | ||
| Physical Interventions | 29 | ||
| Phrenic Nerve Destruction | 29 | ||
| Hypercapnia | 29 | ||
| Positive End-Expiratory Pressure | 29 | ||
| Nasogastric Tube | 29 | ||
| Treatment | 29 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Hoarseness and Laryngitis | 29 | ||
| Normal Laryngeal Function | 30 | ||
| Evaluation of Dysphonia | 30 | ||
| History | 30 | ||
| Physical Examination | 31 | ||
| Laryngeal Examination | 31 | ||
| Other Testing | 31 | ||
| Types of Dysphonia | 31 | ||
| Acute Laryngitis | 31 | ||
| Chronic Laryngitis | 32 | ||
| Vocal Fold Paralysis | 32 | ||
| Phonotraumatic Lesions: Nodules, Polyps, and Cysts | 32 | ||
| Reinke's Edema | 33 | ||
| Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis | 33 | ||
| Vocal Cord Cancer | 34 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders and the Voice | 34 | ||
| Functional Voice Disorders | 34 | ||
| Presbylaryngis | 34 | ||
| Conclusion | 34 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| Pain | 35 | ||
| Epidemiology | 35 | ||
| Risk Factors | 35 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 36 | ||
| Prevention | 36 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 36 | ||
| Diagnosis | 36 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 36 | ||
| Treatment | 36 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic | 36 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 36 | ||
| Nonopioid Analgesics | 36 | ||
| Opioids (see Table 1) | 36 | ||
| Adjuvant Drugs | 39 | ||
| Monitoring | 41 | ||
| Complications | 41 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Palliative and End-of-Life Care | 41 | ||
| Epidemiology | 43 | ||
| Risk Factors | 43 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 43 | ||
| Prevention | 43 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 43 | ||
| Diagnosis | 43 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 44 | ||
| Therapy | 44 | ||
| Pain | 44 | ||
| Pain of All Types | 44 | ||
| Bone Pain | 44 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 44 | ||
| Visceral Pain | 44 | ||
| Dyspnea | 44 | ||
| Nausea/Vomiting | 44 | ||
| Constipation | 45 | ||
| Anxiety | 45 | ||
| Delirium | 46 | ||
| Hiccups | 46 | ||
| Monitoring | 46 | ||
| Complications | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| Palpitations | 46 | ||
| Epidemiology | 47 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 47 | ||
| Risk Factors | 48 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 48 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 48 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 48 | ||
| Treatment | 49 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| Pharyngitis | 50 | ||
| Epidemiology | 50 | ||
| Risk Factors | 50 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 50 | ||
| Prevention | 50 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 50 | ||
| Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis | 50 | ||
| Scarlet Fever | 51 | ||
| Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis | 51 | ||
| Viral Pharyngitis | 51 | ||
| Diagnosis | 51 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 51 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 51 | ||
| Acute Retroviral Syndrome | 51 | ||
| Neisseria gonorrhea | 51 | ||
| Lemierre's Syndrome | 51 | ||
| Treatment | 51 | ||
| Treatment Regimens | 52 | ||
| Monitoring | 52 | ||
| Complications | 52 | ||
| References | 52 | ||
| Pruritus | 53 | ||
| Classification | 53 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 53 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 53 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 53 | ||
| Therapy | 53 | ||
| Complications | 54 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| Rhinitis | 54 | ||
| Introduction | 54 | ||
| Epidemiology/Risk Factors | 54 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 54 | ||
| Allergic | 54 | ||
| Nonallergic Rhinitis | 55 | ||
| Infectious Rhinitis/Rhinosinusitis | 55 | ||
| Prevention | 55 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 55 | ||
| Diagnosis | 55 | ||
| History | 55 | ||
| Physical Examination | 56 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 56 | ||
| Treatment | 56 | ||
| Overall | 56 | ||
| Avoidance | 56 | ||
| Intranasal Corticosteroid (INS) | 56 | ||
| Intranasal Anticholinergic (IP) | 56 | ||
| Intranasal Antihistamine (INA) | 56 | ||
| Nasal Cromolyn | 56 | ||
| Nasal Saline | 56 | ||
| Topical Decongestants | 56 | ||
| Oral Antihistamines | 57 | ||
| Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRA) | 57 | ||
| Oral Decongestants | 57 | ||
| Systemic Corticosteroids | 57 | ||
| Surgery | 57 | ||
| Anti IgE | 57 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 57 | ||
| Monitoring | 57 | ||
| Complications | 57 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| Spine Pain | 58 | ||
| Epidemiology | 58 | ||
| Risk Factors | 58 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 58 | ||
| Prevention | 59 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 59 | ||
| Diagnosis | 59 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 59 | ||
| Therapy | 59 | ||
| Monitoring | 61 | ||
| Complications | 61 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Tinnitus | 62 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 62 | ||
| Risk Factors/Etiologies (Subjective and Objective Tinnitus) | 62 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 62 | ||
| Prevention | 63 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 63 | ||
| Diagnosis | 63 | ||
| History | 63 | ||
| Complete physical examination | 63 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 63 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 64 | ||
| Management | 64 | ||
| Monitoring | 64 | ||
| Complications | 64 | ||
| References | 65 | ||
| Section 2: Diseases of Allergy | 67 | ||
| Allergic Reactions to Insect Stings | 67 | ||
| Diagnosis | 67 | ||
| Treatment | 68 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| Anaphylaxis and Serum Sickness | 68 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 68 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 69 | ||
| Agents That Cause Anaphylaxis | 69 | ||
| Recurrent Anaphylaxis | 69 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 70 | ||
| Management of Anaphylaxis | 70 | ||
| Prevention of Anaphylaxis | 71 | ||
| Serum Sickness | 71 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Laboratory Abnormalities | 71 | ||
| Treatment | 71 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions | 72 | ||
| Epidemiology | 72 | ||
| Classifications | 72 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 72 | ||
| Risk Factors for Hypersensitivity Drug Reactions | 73 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 73 | ||
| Dermatologic Symptoms | 73 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | 73 | ||
| Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 74 | ||
| Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms | 74 | ||
| Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis | 74 | ||
| Acute Interstitial Nephritis | 74 | ||
| Evaluation | 74 | ||
| Management | 74 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 74 | ||
| Angioedema | 75 | ||
| Specific Drugs | 75 | ||
| Antibiotics | 75 | ||
| Penicillin | 75 | ||
| Penicillin and Cephalosporin Cross-Reactivity | 75 | ||
| Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) | 76 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 76 | ||
| Aspirin and NSAIDs | 77 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 77 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 77 | ||
| Radiocontrast Media | 78 | ||
| Chlorhexidine | 78 | ||
| Herbal Supplements | 78 | ||
| Conclusion | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Section 3: The Cardiovascular System | 81 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction: Focus on ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 81 | ||
| Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 81 | ||
| Serum Biomarkers | 81 | ||
| Imaging | 81 | ||
| Management of STEMI | 81 | ||
| Prehospital Phase | 81 | ||
| In-Hospital Reperfusion Strategy | 82 | ||
| Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 82 | ||
| Fibrinolysis | 82 | ||
| Percutaneous Intervention After Fibrinolysis | 82 | ||
| Facilitated Percutaneous Intervention | 83 | ||
| Patients with STEMI and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease | 83 | ||
| Patients with STEMI Who Present Later Than 12 Hours After Symptom Onset | 83 | ||
| Adjunct therapy | 83 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy | 83 | ||
| Aspirin | 83 | ||
| P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors | 83 | ||
| Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists | 84 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 84 | ||
| Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy | 85 | ||
| Beta-Blocker | 85 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers | 86 | ||
| HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) | 86 | ||
| Aldosterone Antagonists | 86 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator | 86 | ||
| Other Medical Therapy | 86 | ||
| Morphine | 86 | ||
| Nitrate | 87 | ||
| Complications of STEMI | 87 | ||
| Cardiogenic Shock | 87 | ||
| Electrical Complications | 87 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmia | 87 | ||
| Supraventricular Arrhythmia | 87 | ||
| Bradycardia and Heart Block | 87 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 88 | ||
| Clinical Features | 88 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 89 | ||
| Risk Factor Management | 89 | ||
| Hypertension | 89 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 89 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 90 | ||
| Smoking | 90 | ||
| Diet | 90 | ||
| Other Lifestyle Changes | 90 | ||
| Approach to Treatment | 90 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 90 | ||
| Nitrates | 91 | ||
| β-Blockers | 91 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 91 | ||
| Ranolazine (Ranexa) | 91 | ||
| Medication Combinations | 92 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy | 92 | ||
| Invasive Assessment | 92 | ||
| Novel Therapies | 92 | ||
| Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization | 92 | ||
| External Counterpulsation | 93 | ||
| Spinal Cord Stimulation | 93 | ||
| Acupuncture | 93 | ||
| Other Causes of Angina | 93 | ||
| Syndrome X | 93 | ||
| Vasospastic or Prinzmetal's Angina | 93 | ||
| Newer Imaging Techniques | 93 | ||
| Calcium Scoring | 93 | ||
| CT Coronary Angiography | 93 | ||
| Summary | 93 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| Aortic Disease: Aneurysm and Dissection | 94 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 94 | ||
| Epidemiology | 94 | ||
| Risk Factors | 94 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 94 | ||
| Prevention | 94 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 95 | ||
| Diagnosis | 95 | ||
| Treatment | 95 | ||
| Monitoring | 97 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | 97 | ||
| Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 97 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Dissection | 97 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 98 | ||
| Epidemiology | 98 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 98 | ||
| Atrial Factors | 98 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Mechanisms | 98 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors | 98 | ||
| Reversible Causes | 98 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 99 | ||
| Diagnosis | 99 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 99 | ||
| Treatment | 99 | ||
| Risk Stratification for Stroke and Thromboembolism | 100 | ||
| Rate Control | 100 | ||
| Rhythm Control | 100 | ||
| Cardioversion | 100 | ||
| Ablation | 100 | ||
| Prevention | 100 | ||
| Special Considerations | 101 | ||
| Elderly Patients | 101 | ||
| Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation | 101 | ||
| References | 102 | ||
| Cardiac Arrest: Sudden Cardiac Death | 102 | ||
| Definition and Causes | 102 | ||
| Tests to Identify Risk for Sudden Death | 102 | ||
| Treatment | 103 | ||
| Acute Management of Survivors of Cardiac Arrest | 103 | ||
| Primary Prevention of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 103 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 103 | ||
| Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 103 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 103 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia | 104 | ||
| Sudden Death Associated with Abnormalities of the QT Interval | 104 | ||
| Brugada Syndrome | 105 | ||
| Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia | 105 | ||
| Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | 105 | ||
| Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation | 105 | ||
| Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 105 | ||
| Neuromuscular Diseases | 105 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmia | 106 | ||
| References | 106 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 106 | ||
| Acyanotic Conditions | 106 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 106 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 107 | ||
| Atrioventricular Canal Defect | 107 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 108 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 108 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 108 | ||
| Aortic Coarctation | 109 | ||
| Cyanotic Conditions | 109 | ||
| Ebstein's Anomaly | 109 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 110 | ||
| Eisenmenger's Syndrome | 110 | ||
| References | 111 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 111 | ||
| Definition | 112 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 112 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures | 112 | ||
| Classification | 113 | ||
| Management of Heart Failure | 113 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapy | 113 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 114 | ||
| Device Therapy | 114 | ||
| Therapy for Advanced Heart Failure | 114 | ||
| Common Management Errors | 115 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| Heart Block | 115 | ||
| Epidemiology | 116 | ||
| Risk Factors | 116 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 116 | ||
| Prevention | 116 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 117 | ||
| Diagnosis | 117 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 117 | ||
| Therapy | 118 | ||
| Monitoring | 119 | ||
| Complications | 119 | ||
| Conclusions | 119 | ||
| References | 120 | ||
| Hypertension | 120 | ||
| Epidemiology | 120 | ||
| Risk Factors | 120 | ||
| Diet and Sodium Intake | 120 | ||
| Sedentary Lifestyle and Obesity | 120 | ||
| Alcohol Intake | 120 | ||
| Smoking | 120 | ||
| Sleep Apnea | 120 | ||
| Age | 121 | ||
| Gender | 121 | ||
| Race | 121 | ||
| Family History | 121 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 121 | ||
| Prevention | 121 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 121 | ||
| Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| Screening | 121 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| Primary (Essential) Hypertension | 121 | ||
| Secondary Hypertension | 121 | ||
| Looking for Secondary Causes | 121 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| Treatment Approaches | 122 | ||
| Recommendation 1 | 122 | ||
| Recommendation 2 | 122 | ||
| Recommendation 3 | 123 | ||
| Recommendation 4 | 123 | ||
| Recommendation 5 | 123 | ||
| Recommendation 6 | 123 | ||
| Recommendation 7 | 123 | ||
| Recommendation 8 | 123 | ||
| Recommendation 9 | 123 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic | 123 | ||
| Diet | 123 | ||
| Exercise | 123 | ||
| Other Lifestyle Modifications | 123 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 124 | ||
| Monitoring | 124 | ||
| Complications | 126 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 127 | ||
| Definition | 127 | ||
| Epidemiology | 127 | ||
| Risk Factors | 127 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 127 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 127 | ||
| Diagnosis | 127 | ||
| Imaging | 127 | ||
| Treatment | 128 | ||
| Asymptomatic Disease | 128 | ||
| Symptomatic Disease | 128 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 128 | ||
| Invasive Therapies | 128 | ||
| Role of Implantable Devices | 128 | ||
| Participation in Competitive Sports | 128 | ||
| Monitoring | 128 | ||
| Future Research | 128 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| Infective Endocarditis | 129 | ||
| Definition | 129 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 129 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 129 | ||
| Prevention | 130 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | 130 | ||
| Blood Cultures | 131 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 131 | ||
| Echocardiography and Diagnostic Criteria | 131 | ||
| Other Cardiac Imaging Modalities | 132 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 132 | ||
| Treatment, Complications, and Outcome | 132 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | 135 | ||
| Prevalence | 135 | ||
| Classification | 135 | ||
| Pathology | 135 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 135 | ||
| Diagnosis | 136 | ||
| Use of Echocardiography | 137 | ||
| Medical Management | 137 | ||
| Surgical Management | 137 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Pericarditis | 138 | ||
| Embryologic Origin of the Pericardium | 139 | ||
| Pathologic Processes Involving the Pericardium | 139 | ||
| Classification | 139 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 139 | ||
| Acute Pericarditis | 139 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 139 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 139 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 140 | ||
| Other Studies and Procedures | 140 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 140 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 140 | ||
| Echocardiography | 140 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 140 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 140 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 140 | ||
| Pericardiocentesis | 140 | ||
| Pericardial Window | 140 | ||
| Pericardiectomy | 141 | ||
| Treatment | 141 | ||
| Prognosis | 141 | ||
| References | 141 | ||
| Peripheral Artery Disease | 141 | ||
| Epidemiology | 142 | ||
| Risk Factors | 142 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 142 | ||
| Prevention | 142 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 142 | ||
| Diagnosis of Peripheral Artery Disease | 142 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 142 | ||
| Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease | 143 | ||
| Treatment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors | 143 | ||
| Improving Functional Capacity | 144 | ||
| Monitoring | 145 | ||
| Complications | 146 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 146 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| Premature Beats | 146 | ||
| Premature Atrial Complexes | 146 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Features | 146 | ||
| Clinical Features | 147 | ||
| Treatment | 147 | ||
| Premature Junctional Complexes | 147 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Features | 147 | ||
| Section 4: The Digestive System | 163 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis | 163 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 163 | ||
| Epidemiology | 163 | ||
| Risk Factors | 163 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 163 | ||
| Prevention | 163 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 163 | ||
| Diagnosis | 164 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 164 | ||
| Treatment | 164 | ||
| Monitoring | 166 | ||
| Complications | 166 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 166 | ||
| Epidemiology | 166 | ||
| Risk factors | 166 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 167 | ||
| Prevention | 167 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 167 | ||
| Diagnosis | 167 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 168 | ||
| Treatment | 168 | ||
| Monitoring | 169 | ||
| Complications | 169 | ||
| References | 170 | ||
| Acute Diarrhea | 170 | ||
| Epidemiology | 171 | ||
| Etiology and Treatment | 171 | ||
| Bacteria | 171 | ||
| Campylobacter | 171 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 171 | ||
| E. coli | 172 | ||
| Salmonella | 172 | ||
| Shigella | 172 | ||
| Vibrio | 172 | ||
| Yersinia | 172 | ||
| Viruses | 172 | ||
| Parasite | 172 | ||
| Travelers Diarrhea | 172 | ||
| Treatment | 172 | ||
| References | 173 | ||
| Bleeding Esophageal Varices | 173 | ||
| Epidemiology | 173 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 173 | ||
| Diagnosis | 173 | ||
| Treatment | 174 | ||
| Primary Prophylaxis | 174 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 174 | ||
| Endoscopic Therapy | 175 | ||
| Management of Acute Variceal Hemorrhage | 175 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 176 | ||
| Vasopressin and Terlipressin | 176 | ||
| Somatostatin, Octreotide, and Vapreotide | 176 | ||
| Endoscopy | 176 | ||
| Balloon Tamponade/SEMS | 176 | ||
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt | 176 | ||
| Surgery | 176 | ||
| Secondary Prophylaxis | 176 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 177 | ||
| Endoscopy | 177 | ||
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt | 177 | ||
| Surgery | 177 | ||
| Cost-Effectiveness of Available Therapies | 178 | ||
| Summary | 178 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| Calculous Biliary Disease | 178 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 179 | ||
| Epidemiology | 179 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 179 | ||
| Risk Factors | 179 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 179 | ||
| Diagnosis | 179 | ||
| Biliary Sludge | 179 | ||
| Treatment | 179 | ||
| Complications | 179 | ||
| Choledocholithiasis | 179 | ||
| Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Treatment | 180 | ||
| Complications | 180 | ||
| Acute Cholecystitis | 181 | ||
| Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Treatment | 181 | ||
| Acute Acalculous Cholesystitis | 182 | ||
| Gangrenous Cholecystitis, Emphysematous Cholecystitis and Gallbladder Perforation | 182 | ||
| Gallbladder Disease in Pregnancy | 182 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| Chronic Diarrhea | 183 | ||
| Epidemiology | 183 | ||
| Classification Based on Pathophysiology | 183 | ||
| Watery Diarrhea | 183 | ||
| Fatty/Malabsorptive Diarrhea | 183 | ||
| Inflammatory Diarrhea | 183 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 183 | ||
| History | 183 | ||
| Physical Examination | 183 | ||
| Testing for Diagnosis | 184 | ||
| Treatment | 184 | ||
| References | 184 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 184 | ||
| Epidemiology | 184 | ||
| Clinical findings | 185 | ||
| Natural history of cirrhosis and prognostic models | 185 | ||
| Major complications of cirrhosis | 186 | ||
| Portal Hypertension | 186 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemorrhage | 186 | ||
| Ascites | 187 | ||
| Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis | 188 | ||
| Hepatorenal Syndrome | 189 | ||
| Hepatic Encephalopathy | 189 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 191 | ||
| Portopulmonary Hypertension | 192 | ||
| Hepatopulmonary Syndrome | 192 | ||
| Hepatic Hydrothorax | 193 | ||
| Liver transplantation | 193 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| Diverticula of the Alimentary Tract | 195 | ||
| Esophagus | 195 | ||
| Zenkers Diverticulum | 195 | ||
| Traction Diverticulum | 196 | ||
| Epiphrenic Diverticulum | 196 | ||
| Stomach | 196 | ||
| Gastric Diverticula | 196 | ||
| Small Intestine | 196 | ||
| Duodenal Diverticula | 196 | ||
| Jejunal and Ileal Diverticula | 196 | ||
| Meckels Diverticulum | 196 | ||
| Colon | 197 | ||
| Diverticulosis | 197 | ||
| Colonic Diverticular Bleeding | 197 | ||
| Diverticulitis | 197 | ||
| References | 199 | ||
| Dysphagia and Esophageal Obstruction | 199 | ||
| Epidemiology | 199 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 199 | ||
| Diagnosis | 199 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 200 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Dysphagia | 200 | ||
| Esophageal Dysphagia | 201 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Dysphagia | 201 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 201 | ||
| Management | 202 | ||
| Esophageal Dysphagia | 202 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis: Mechanical Obstruction (Table 2) | 202 | ||
| Stricture | 202 | ||
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 202 | ||
| Rings/Webs | 202 | ||
| Malignancy | 202 | ||
| Management for Esophageal Obstruction | 202 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis: Motility Disorders (Table 3) | 203 | ||
| Achalasia | 203 | ||
| Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction | 203 | ||
| Absent Peristalsis | 203 | ||
| Distal Esophageal Spasm | 203 | ||
| Jackhammer | 203 | ||
| Borderline Motor Abnormalities | 203 | ||
| Monitoring | 204 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 204 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease | 204 | ||
| Epidemiology | 204 | ||
| Risk Factors | 204 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 204 | ||
| Prevention | 205 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 205 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Noninvasive Testing | 205 | ||
| Treatment | 205 | ||
| Monitoring | 206 | ||
| Section 5: Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 255 | ||
| Acromegaly | 255 | ||
| Physiology, Biochemistry, and Regulation of the GH/IGF-1 Axis | 255 | ||
| Etiopathogenesis of Growth Hormone-Secreting Tumors | 255 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 256 | ||
| Local Tumor Effects | 256 | ||
| Consequences of the GH/IGF-1 Excess | 256 | ||
| Skeletal Growth and Skin Changes | 256 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 256 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 256 | ||
| Respiratory Abnormalities | 257 | ||
| Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism | 257 | ||
| Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism | 257 | ||
| Bone and Calcium Metabolism | 257 | ||
| Neoplasia | 257 | ||
| Associated Endocrine Abnormalities | 257 | ||
| Mortality | 257 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis | 257 | ||
| Imaging | 257 | ||
| Treatment | 257 | ||
| Surgery | 257 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 258 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 258 | ||
| References | 258 | ||
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 258 | ||
| Epidemiology | 259 | ||
| Risk Factors | 259 | ||
| Section 6: Hematology | 363 | ||
| Acute Leukemia in Adults | 363 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 363 | ||
| Epidemiology | 363 | ||
| Risk Factors | 363 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 363 | ||
| Prevention | 364 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 364 | ||
| Diagnosis | 364 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 364 | ||
| Prognosis | 364 | ||
| Treatment | 364 | ||
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | 365 | ||
| Relapse | 365 | ||
| Novel Approaches and Future Directions | 365 | ||
| Monitoring | 365 | ||
| Complications | 365 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 365 | ||
| Epidemiology | 365 | ||
| Risk Factors | 365 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 365 | ||
| Prevention | 365 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 365 | ||
| Diagnosis | 365 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 366 | ||
| Prognosis | 366 | ||
| Treatment | 366 | ||
| Pediatric Regimens for Adolescents and Adults | 366 | ||
| Novel Approaches and Future Directions | 367 | ||
| Monitoring | 367 | ||
| Complications | 367 | ||
| References | 367 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 367 | ||
| Definition | 368 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 368 | ||
| Supportive Care | 368 | ||
| Treatment | 369 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy | 370 | ||
| Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation | 370 | ||
| Long-Term Complications of Treatment | 370 | ||
| Conclusions | 371 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 371 | ||
| References | 371 | ||
| Blood Component Therapy | 371 | ||
| Therapeutic Use of Blood Components | 371 | ||
| Red Cells | 372 | ||
| Section 7: Diseases of the Head and Neck | 453 | ||
| Dry eye syndrome | 453 | ||
| Introduction | 453 | ||
| Epidemiology | 453 | ||
| Risk factors | 453 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 453 | ||
| Prevention | 453 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 453 | ||
| Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Treatment | 453 | ||
| Complications | 454 | ||
| Monitoring | 455 | ||
| Conclusions | 455 | ||
| References | 455 | ||
| Glaucoma | 455 | ||
| Primary Open Angle Glaucoma | 455 | ||
| Treatment | 456 | ||
| Topical Glaucoma Medications | 456 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 456 | ||
| β-Blockers | 456 | ||
| Selective α2 Agonists | 457 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 457 | ||
| Combined Topical Medications | 457 | ||
| Oral Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 457 | ||
| Laser Trabeculoplasty | 457 | ||
| Surgery | 457 | ||
| Visual Impairment and Blindness | 457 | ||
| Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma | 457 | ||
| Mechanism of Acute Angle Closure: Pupillary Block | 457 | ||
| Diagnosis | 458 | ||
| Treatment | 458 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| Ménière's Disease | 458 | ||
| Epidemiology | 458 | ||
| Risk Factors | 459 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 459 | ||
| Prevention | 459 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 459 | ||
| Diagnosis | 459 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 460 | ||
| Treatment | 460 | ||
| Medical Management | 460 | ||
| Bilateral Ménière's Disease | 460 | ||
| Serviceability of Hearing | 460 | ||
| Injections and Surgical Treatments | 461 | ||
| Intratympanic Gentamicin | 461 | ||
| Endolymphatic Sac Surgery | 461 | ||
| Intratympanic Steroids | 461 | ||
| Vestibular Neurectomy | 461 | ||
| Labyrinthectomy | 461 | ||
| Meniett Treatment | 461 | ||
| Monitoring | 462 | ||
| Complications | 462 | ||
| Conclusion | 462 | ||
| References | 462 | ||
| Otitis Externa | 462 | ||
| Epidemiology | 462 | ||
| Risk Factors | 462 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 462 | ||
| Prevention | 462 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 462 | ||
| Diagnosis | 462 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 462 | ||
| Treatment | 462 | ||
| Monitoring | 463 | ||
| Complications | 463 | ||
| References | 464 | ||
| Otitis Media | 464 | ||
| Epidemiology | 464 | ||
| Risk Factors | 464 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 464 | ||
| Prevention | 464 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 465 | ||
| Diagnosis | 465 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 465 | ||
| Treatment | 466 | ||
| Treatment Options: Observation | 466 | ||
| Treatment Options: Antibiotic Therapy | 466 | ||
| Treatment Options: Surgery | 467 | ||
| Treatment Options: Analgesia | 467 | ||
| Conclusion | 467 | ||
| Red Eye | 468 | ||
| Physical Examination | 468 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 468 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 469 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 469 | ||
| Conjunctivitis of the Newborn | 469 | ||
| Conjunctivitis-Otitis Media Syndrome | 470 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Conjunctivitis | 470 | ||
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | 470 | ||
| Subconjunctival Hemorrhage | 470 | ||
| Corneal Abrasion | 470 | ||
| Other Causes of Red Eye | 471 | ||
| Blepharitis | 471 | ||
| Hordeolum (Stye) | 471 | ||
| Episcleritis | 471 | ||
| Scleritis | 471 | ||
| Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma | 471 | ||
| Anterior Uveitis | 472 | ||
| References | 472 | ||
| Rhinosinusitis | 472 | ||
| Epidemiology of Acute Rhinosinusitis and Predisposing Factors | 473 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 473 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology of Rhinosinusitis | 473 | ||
| Diagnosis of Acute Rhinosinusitis | 473 | ||
| Imaging | 473 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 473 | ||
| Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis | 473 | ||
| Symptomatic Treatment | 473 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment | 473 | ||
| Complications and Referral | 474 | ||
| References | 474 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders | 474 | ||
| Epidemiology | 474 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 474 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathophysiology | 475 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Intracapsular TMJ Pain Disorders | 475 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Masticatory Muscle Pain Disorders | 475 | ||
| Etiology | 475 | ||
| History and Examination | 476 | ||
| Treatment | 476 | ||
| Patient Education | 476 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 477 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 477 | ||
| Other Therapeutic Considerations | 477 | ||
| References | 477 | ||
| Uveitis | 477 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 478 | ||
| Section 8: The Infectious Diseases | 491 | ||
| Amebiasis | 491 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Acquisition | 491 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Susceptible Host Factors to Invasive Diseases | 491 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Amebiasis | 491 | ||
| Diagnosis | 492 | ||
| Therapy | 492 | ||
| Monitoring after Treatment and Disease Prevention | 493 | ||
| References | 493 | ||
| Anthrax | 493 | ||
| Background | 494 | ||
| Epidemiology | 494 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 494 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 494 | ||
| Cutaneous Anthrax | 494 | ||
| Inhalation Anthrax | 494 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract Anthrax | 494 | ||
| Injection Anthrax | 494 | ||
| Meningitis | 494 | ||
| Diagnosis | 494 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 494 | ||
| Treatment | 495 | ||
| Supportive Care | 495 | ||
| Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Disease with Possible Meningitis | 495 | ||
| Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Disease when Meningitis is Ruled Out | 495 | ||
| Treatment for Cutaneous Anthrax without Systemic Involvement | 495 | ||
| Antitoxins | 495 | ||
| Pregnancy | 495 | ||
| Prognosis | 495 | ||
| Prevention | 496 | ||
| References | 496 | ||
| Babesiosis | 496 | ||
| Epidemiology | 496 | ||
| Clinical Features | 496 | ||
| Therapy | 497 | ||
| References | 497 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 497 | ||
| Diagnosis | 498 | ||
| Antibiotic Selection | 498 | ||
| Special Considerations for Antibiotic Therapy | 499 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 500 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis for Bacterial Meningitis | 500 | ||
| Vaccines for Bacterial Meningitis | 500 | ||
| References | 501 | ||
| Brucellosis | 501 | ||
| Epidemiology | 501 | ||
| Risk Factors | 502 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 502 | ||
| Diagnosis | 502 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 502 | ||
| Treatment | 503 | ||
| Monitoring | 503 | ||
| Complications | 504 | ||
| Prevention | 504 | ||
| References | 504 | ||
| Campylobacter | 504 | ||
| Epidemiology | 505 | ||
| Risk Factors | 505 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 505 | ||
| Prevention | 505 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 505 | ||
| Diagnosis | 505 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 505 | ||
| Treatment | 505 | ||
| Complications | 505 | ||
| References | 506 | ||
| Cat Scratch Disease | 506 | ||
| Epidemiology | 506 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 506 | ||
| Typical Cat Scratch Disease | 506 | ||
| Atypical Cat Scratch Disease | 507 | ||
| Diagnosis | 507 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 507 | ||
| Treatment | 507 | ||
| Prevention | 507 | ||
| References | 507 | ||
| Chikungunya | 508 | ||
| Epidemiology | 508 | ||
| Risk factors | 508 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 508 | ||
| Prevention | 508 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 508 | ||
| Diagnosis | 508 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 508 | ||
| Treatment | 509 | ||
| Monitoring | 509 | ||
| Complications | 509 | ||
| References | 509 | ||
| Cholera | 509 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 509 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 510 | ||
| Treatment | 511 | ||
| Prevention | 512 | ||
| References | 512 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 512 | ||
| Definition | 512 | ||
| Epidemiology | 512 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 512 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 513 | ||
| Treatment | 513 | ||
| Things the Clinician Should Do | 513 | ||
| Things the Patient Should Do | 514 | ||
| Things that Should Not Be Done | 514 | ||
| Prognosis | 514 | ||
| Monitoring | 514 | ||
| References | 514 | ||
| Ebola Virus Disease | 514 | ||
| Epidemiology | 515 | ||
| Risk Factors/Transmission | 515 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 515 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings | 515 | ||
| Diagnosis | 516 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 516 | ||
| Therapy | 516 | ||
| Prevention | 516 | ||
| Monitoring | 517 | ||
| References | 517 | ||
| Foodborne Illnesses | 517 | ||
| Classification of Foodborne Illnesses | 517 | ||
| Bacteria | 517 | ||
| Aeromonas Species | 517 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 517 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 517 | ||
| Treatment | 518 | ||
| Bacillus cereus | 518 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 518 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 518 | ||
| Section 9: The Nervous System | 653 | ||
| Acute Facial Paralysis | 653 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 653 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 653 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 653 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 654 | ||
| Treatment | 654 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 654 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 654 | ||
| Monitoring and Complications | 654 | ||
| References | 654 | ||
| Alzheimer's Disease | 655 | ||
| Risk Factors | 655 | ||
| Prevention | 655 | ||
| Clinical Features | 655 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 656 | ||
| Screening for Cognitive Impairment | 656 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 657 | ||
| History | 657 | ||
| Cognitive Status Examination | 657 | ||
| Physical Examination | 657 | ||
| Laboratory Testing and Neuroimaging | 657 | ||
| Establishment of a Working Diagnosis | 658 | ||
| Treatment | 658 | ||
| Counseling and Caregiver Support | 658 | ||
| Management of Cognitive Symptoms | 658 | ||
| Management of Behavioral Symptoms | 660 | ||
| Monitoring | 660 | ||
| References | 660 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 660 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 661 | ||
| Meningiomas | 662 | ||
| Gliomas | 662 | ||
| High-Grade Gliomas | 662 | ||
| Low-Grade Gliomas | 663 | ||
| Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | 663 | ||
| References | 664 | ||
| Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome | 664 | ||
| Clinical Course | 664 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 665 | ||
| Treatment | 665 | ||
| α2-Adrenergic Agonists | 666 | ||
| Dopamine Receptor Blocking Agents | 666 | ||
| Other Tic-Suppressing Medications | 666 | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | 666 | ||
| Treatment of Comorbid Conditions | 666 | ||
| Summary | 666 | ||
| References | 666 | ||
| Head Injuries | 667 | ||
| Pathology | 667 | ||
| Intracranial Pressure and the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine | 668 | ||
| Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure | 668 | ||
| Management of Severe Closed Head Injury | 669 | ||
| Treatment of Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury | 670 | ||
| Early and Delayed Neurologic Changes | 670 | ||
| Concussions and Sports-Related Injuries: Return to Play Guidelines | 670 | ||
| Restorative Therapies | 670 | ||
| Future Considerations | 671 | ||
| References | 671 | ||
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 671 | ||
| Epidemiology | 671 | ||
| Risk Factors | 671 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 671 | ||
| Prevention | 672 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 672 | ||
| Diagnosis | 672 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 672 | ||
| Treatment | 672 | ||
| Monitoring | 673 | ||
| Complications | 673 | ||
| References | 673 | ||
| Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease | 673 | ||
| Prevention | 674 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy | 674 | ||
| Management of Carotid Stenosis | 674 | ||
| Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 674 | ||
| Thrombolysis | 675 | ||
| Endovascular Thrombectomy | 675 | ||
| Antithrombotic Drugs | 675 | ||
| Treatment of Stroke Complications | 675 | ||
| References | 675 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 676 | ||
| Definition | 676 | ||
| Epidemiology | 676 | ||
| Risk Factors | 676 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 676 | ||
| Prevention | 676 | ||
| Triggers | 676 | ||
| Prophylactic Medications | 676 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapies | 676 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 678 | ||
| Aura | 678 | ||
| Symptoms | 678 | ||
| Duration and Complications | 678 | ||
| Diagnosis | 678 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 678 | ||
| Treatment | 678 | ||
| Chronic Migraine | 679 | ||
| Monitoring | 679 | ||
| References | 679 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 679 | ||
| Risk Factors | 680 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 680 | ||
| Prevention | 680 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 680 | ||
| Diagnosis | 680 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 680 | ||
| Treatment | 681 | ||
| Monitoring | 684 | ||
| Complications | 684 | ||
| References | 684 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 684 | ||
| Epidemiology | 685 | ||
| Risk Factors | 685 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 685 | ||
| Prevention | 685 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 685 | ||
| Diagnosis | 685 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 686 | ||
| Treatment | 686 | ||
| Pyridostigmine | 686 | ||
| Prednisone | 687 | ||
| Azathioprine | 687 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 687 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 687 | ||
| Plasmapheresis and Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 687 | ||
| Thymectomy | 687 | ||
| Myasthenic Crisis | 687 | ||
| Monitoring | 687 | ||
| Complications | 688 | ||
| References | 688 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 688 | ||
| Epidemiology | 688 | ||
| Risk Factors | 688 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 688 | ||
| Prevention | 688 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 688 | ||
| Diagnosis | 688 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 688 | ||
| Treatment and Monitoring | 689 | ||
| Complications | 689 | ||
| References | 689 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 689 | ||
| Epidemiology | 689 | ||
| Risk Factors | 689 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 689 | ||
| Prevention | 690 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 690 | ||
| Diagnosis | 690 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 690 | ||
| Treatment | 691 | ||
| Early Disease | 691 | ||
| Later Disease | 691 | ||
| Complications | 692 | ||
| References | 692 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathies | 692 | ||
| Anatomy | 692 | ||
| Five-Step Approach to Neuropathies | 693 | ||
| Fiber Type | 693 | ||
| Pattern of Distribution | 693 | ||
| Temporal Course | 694 | ||
| Key Signs | 694 | ||
| Pathology and the Role of Neurophysiology | 695 | ||
| Investigations | 695 | ||
| Treatment | 695 | ||
| Mononeuropathies | 695 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 695 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy | 696 | ||
| Multifocal Motor Neuropathy | 696 | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy | 696 | ||
| Paraproteinemic Neuropathies | 696 | ||
| Hereditary Neuropathies | 696 | ||
| Toxic and Nutritional Neuropathies | 697 | ||
| Metabolic and Infectious Neuropathies | 697 | ||
| Carcinomatous Neuropathy | 698 | ||
| Vasculitic Neuropathy | 698 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 698 | ||
| References | 699 | ||
| Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient | 699 | ||
| Hemiparesis | 700 | ||
| Dysphagia | 700 | ||
| Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain | 700 | ||
| Spasticity | 701 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction | 701 | ||
| Depression and Neuropharmacology | 701 | ||
| Bladder Dysfunction | 701 | ||
| Mobility and Use of Adaptive Equipment | 702 | ||
| Falls | 702 | ||
| Visual Impairment | 702 | ||
| Brain-Based Therapies: Noninvasive Brain Stimulation | 703 | ||
| Robotics | 703 | ||
| Conclusions | 703 | ||
| References | 703 | ||
| Seizures and Epilepsy in Adolescents and Adults | 703 | ||
| Epidemiology | 704 | ||
| Classification | 704 | ||
| Diagnosis | 704 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 705 | ||
| Treatment | 706 | ||
| Characteristics of Specific Antiepileptic Drugs | 708 | ||
| Phenytoin | 708 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 708 | ||
| Valproic Acid | 708 | ||
| Phenobarbital | 708 | ||
| Ethosuximide | 708 | ||
| Felbamate | 708 | ||
| Gabapentin | 708 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 709 | ||
| Levetiracetam | 709 | ||
| Oxcarbazepine | 709 | ||
| Tiagabine | 709 | ||
| Topiramate | 709 | ||
| Zonisamide | 709 | ||
| Pregabalin | 709 | ||
| Vigabatrin | 709 | ||
| Rufinamide | 709 | ||
| Lacosamide | 710 | ||
| Clobazam | 710 | ||
| Ezogabine | 710 | ||
| Perampanel | 710 | ||
| Eslicarbazepine | 710 | ||
| Special Patient Populations | 710 | ||
| Women | 710 | ||
| Elderly Patients | 710 | ||
| Refractory Epilepsy | 710 | ||
| References | 711 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 711 | ||
| The International Classification of Sleep Disorders | 711 | ||
| Clinical Approach to the Sleep Medicine Patient: The Interview and Examination | 711 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools in the Sleep Laboratory | 713 | ||
| Polysomnography | 713 | ||
| Home Sleep Apnea Testing | 713 | ||
| Multiple Sleep Latency and Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing | 714 | ||
| Actigraphy Monitoring | 714 | ||
| Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Common Sleep Disorders | 714 | ||
| Insomnia | 714 | ||
| Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 717 | ||
| Obstructive SDB: Snoring and OSA | 717 | ||
| Weight loss | 717 | ||
| Positional therapy | 717 | ||
| Positive airway pressure | 718 | ||
| Oral appliances | 719 | ||
| Nasal valve appliances | 719 | ||
| Oral pressure therapy | 719 | ||
| Surgery | 719 | ||
| Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 719 | ||
| Treatment-Emergent Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 719 | ||
| Sleep-Related Hypoventilation | 719 | ||
| Narcolepsy and Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence | 720 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep Wake Disorders | 721 | ||
| Parasomnias and Other Nocturnal Events | 722 | ||
| Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 723 | ||
| RLS and PLMS | 723 | ||
| Sleep-Related Leg Cramps | 724 | ||
| Sleep-Related Bruxism | 725 | ||
| Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 725 | ||
| Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants | 725 | ||
| Other Sleep Disorders | 725 | ||
| Sleep-Related Medical and Neurologic Disorders | 725 | ||
| Conclusions | 725 | ||
| References | 725 | ||
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 726 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 726 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 726 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 726 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 726 | ||
| Treatment | 727 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 727 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 727 | ||
| Monitoring | 727 | ||
| References | 727 | ||
| Viral Meningitis | 727 | ||
| Epidemiology | 727 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 727 | ||
| Prevention | 727 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 727 | ||
| Diagnosis | 729 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 729 | ||
| Treatment | 730 | ||
| Complications | 730 | ||
| References | 730 | ||
| Section 10: Psychiatric Disorders | 731 | ||
| Alcoholism | 731 | ||
| Epidemiology | 731 | ||
| Economic and Medical Sequelae | 731 | ||
| Screening | 731 | ||
| Screening Rationale | 731 | ||
| Brief Screening | 731 | ||
| Diagnosis | 733 | ||
| Brief Intervention | 734 | ||
| Intention | 734 | ||
| Procedure | 734 | ||
| Assess | 734 | ||
| Advise | 735 | ||
| Agree | 735 | ||
| Assist | 735 | ||
| Arrange | 735 | ||
| Treatment | 735 | ||
| Detoxification | 735 | ||
| Assessment | 735 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 735 | ||
| Psychosocial Interventions for Alcohol Use Disorder | 735 | ||
| Medication Management of Alcohol Dependence | 737 | ||
| References | 737 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 737 | ||
| Epidemiology | 738 | ||
| Risk Factors | 738 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 738 | ||
| Prevention | 738 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 738 | ||
| Diagnosis | 738 | ||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 738 | ||
| Panic Disorder | 739 | ||
| Social Anxiety Disorder | 739 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 739 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 739 | ||
| Treatment and Monitoring | 739 | ||
| Complications | 740 | ||
| Conclusion | 740 | ||
| References | 740 | ||
| Delirium | 740 | ||
| Epidemiology | 741 | ||
| Risk Factors | 741 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 741 | ||
| Prevention | 741 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 741 | ||
| Diagnosis | 741 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 742 | ||
| Treatment | 742 | ||
| Monitoring | 742 | ||
| Complications | 742 | ||
| References | 743 | ||
| Drug Abuse | 743 | ||
| Epidemiology | 743 | ||
| Diagnosis | 743 | ||
| Tobacco and Nicotine | 744 | ||
| Cannabis | 745 | ||
| Cocaine Methamphetamine, and Other Stimulants | 745 | ||
| Opioids | 746 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics | 747 | ||
| Conclusion | 747 | ||
| References | 748 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 748 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 748 | ||
| Diagnosis | 748 | ||
| Epidemiology | 749 | ||
| Etiology | 749 | ||
| Treatment | 749 | ||
| Binge Eating Disorder | 749 | ||
| Diagnosis | 749 | ||
| Epidemiology | 750 | ||
| Etiology | 750 | ||
| Treatment | 750 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 750 | ||
| Diagnosis | 750 | ||
| Epidemiology | 751 | ||
| Etiology | 751 | ||
| Treatment | 751 | ||
| Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder | 751 | ||
| Diagnosis | 751 | ||
| Section 11: The Respiratory System | 779 | ||
| Acute Bronchitis | 779 | ||
| Diagnosis | 779 | ||
| Treatment | 780 | ||
| Antibiotics, Inhaled Bronchodilators, and Antitussives | 780 | ||
| References | 780 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Failure | 780 | ||
| Definitions and Pathophysiology | 781 | ||
| Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure | 781 | ||
| Acute Hypercapneic Respiratory Failure | 782 | ||
| Treatment | 782 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 782 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 783 | ||
| Noninvasive Ventilation | 783 | ||
| Invasive Ventilation | 783 | ||
| Specific Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure | 783 | ||
| Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 783 | ||
| Etiology and Diagnosis | 784 | ||
| Treatment | 784 | ||
| Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 785 | ||
| Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | 785 | ||
| References | 785 | ||
| Asthma in Adolescents and Adults | 785 | ||
| Diagnosis | 786 | ||
| Assessment | 786 | ||
| Past Severity | 786 | ||
| Aggravating Factors | 786 | ||
| Current Status | 786 | ||
| Long-Term Management | 786 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapy | 786 | ||
| Pharmacologic Step Therapy | 787 | ||
| Follow-up | 788 | ||
| Treatment of Exacerbations | 789 | ||
| Home Management | 789 | ||
| Emergency Department and Hospital Management | 789 | ||
| Summary | 793 | ||
| Atelectasis | 793 | ||
| Etiology | 793 | ||
| Compression Atelectasis | 793 | ||
| Surfactant Impairment | 793 | ||
| Gas Resorption | 793 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 793 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 793 | ||
| Diagnosis | 793 | ||
| Treatment | 794 | ||
| References | 794 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 794 | ||
| Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 794 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 794 | ||
| Admission Criteria | 794 | ||
| Etiology | 795 | ||
| Treatment | 795 | ||
| Prevention | 796 | ||
| Health Care-Acquired Pneumonia | 796 | ||
| Diagnosis | 796 | ||
| Treatment | 796 | ||
| Prevention | 797 | ||
| References | 797 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 797 | ||
| Epidemiology | 798 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 798 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 798 | ||
| Blastomycosis in Special Populations | 798 | ||
| Diagnosis | 798 | ||
| Treatment | 799 | ||
| References | 801 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 801 | ||
| Epidemiology | 802 | ||
| Risk Factors | 802 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 802 | ||
| Diagnosis | 802 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 803 | ||
| Treatment of Stable COPD | 803 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 803 | ||
| Pulmonary Rehabilitation | 804 | ||
| Vaccinations | 804 | ||
| Medications | 804 | ||
| Noninvasive Ventilation | 805 | ||
| Surgical Remedies | 805 | ||
| Supplemental Oxygen | 805 | ||
| Treatment of Exacerbations of COPD | 806 | ||
| References | 806 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 806 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 807 | ||
| Diagnosis | 807 | ||
| Treatment | 807 | ||
| References | 807 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 808 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 808 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 808 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 808 | ||
| Pulmonary | 809 | ||
| Diagnosis | 809 | ||
| Treatment | 810 | ||
| Gene Therapy | 810 | ||
| CFTR Potentiator | 810 | ||
| Hydration of Airway Surface Fluid | 810 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 810 | ||
| Bronchodilators | 810 | ||
| Antibiotics | 811 | ||
| Mucolytic Therapy | 811 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Therapy | 811 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 811 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 811 | ||
| Lung Transplantation | 811 | ||
| References | 811 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 811 | ||
| Mycology and Pathogenesis | 812 | ||
| Epidemiology | 812 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 812 | ||
| Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis | 812 | ||
| Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis | 812 | ||
| Disseminated Histoplasmosis | 812 | ||
| Mediastinal Manifestations of Histoplasmosis | 813 | ||
| Central Nervous System Histoplasmosis | 813 | ||
| Other Manifestations of Histoplasmosis | 813 | ||
| Diagnosis | 813 | ||
| Histopathology | 813 | ||
| Cultures | 813 | ||
| Serology | 813 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 813 | ||
| Treatment | 814 | ||
| References | 814 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 815 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 815 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 815 | ||
| Treatment | 815 | ||
| References | 816 | ||
| Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac Fever) | 816 | ||
| Epidemiology | 816 | ||
| Clinical Features | 816 | ||
| Diagnosis | 816 | ||
| Treatment | 816 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 817 | ||
| Epidemiology | 817 | ||
| Risk Factors | 817 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 818 | ||
| Prevention | 818 | ||
| Diagnosis | 818 | ||
| Treatment | 818 | ||
| Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy | 818 | ||
| Oral Appliances | 819 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 819 | ||
| Monitoring | 819 | ||
| References | 819 | ||
| Pleural Effusions and Empyema Thoracis | 820 | ||
| Etiology | 820 | ||
| Diagnosis | 820 | ||
| Imaging | 820 | ||
| Thoracentesis | 820 | ||
| Pleural Fluid | 820 | ||
| Treatment | 821 | ||
| Infected Pleural Space and Empyema | 821 | ||
| References | 821 | ||
| Pneumoconiosis: Asbestosis and Silicosis | 821 | ||
| Asbestosis | 821 | ||
| Criteria for Diagnosis | 822 | ||
| Asbestos-Related Benign Pleural Disease | 822 | ||
| Lung Cancer and Malignant Mesothelioma | 822 | ||
| Treatment | 822 | ||
| Silicosis | 823 | ||
| Radiographic Patterns of Silicosis | 823 | ||
| Silicosis Syndromes | 823 | ||
| Criteria for Diagnosis | 823 | ||
| Treatment | 823 | ||
| Disclaimer | 824 | ||
| References | 824 | ||
| Primary Lung Abscess | 824 | ||
| Definition and Classification | 824 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 824 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 824 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 825 | ||
| Diagnosis | 825 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 825 | ||
| Treatment | 825 | ||
| Prognosis | 825 | ||
| References | 825 | ||
| Primary Lung Cancer | 826 | ||
| Epidemiology | 826 | ||
| Etiology | 826 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 826 | ||
| Screening | 827 | ||
| Diagnosis and Evaluation | 827 | ||
| Treatment | 828 | ||
| Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | 828 | ||
| Small Cell Lung Cancer | 830 | ||
| References | 831 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 831 | ||
| Epidemiology | 831 | ||
| Immunopathogenesis | 831 | ||
| Clinical Features and Clinical Course | 832 | ||
| Pulmonary Sarcoidosis | 832 | ||
| Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis | 832 | ||
| Diagnosis and Initial Work-up | 833 | ||
| Treatment | 834 | ||
| References | 834 | ||
| Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases | 834 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 835 | ||
| Epidemiology | 835 | ||
| Natural History | 835 | ||
| Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis | 836 | ||
| Principles of Treatment | 836 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 836 | ||
| Definitive Therapy | 837 | ||
| Treatment of Tuberculosis in Resource-Poor Settings | 839 | ||
| Treatment of Tuberculosis in Special Circumstances | 839 | ||
| Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis | 839 | ||
| Extrapulmonary and Sputum-Negative Tuberculosis | 839 | ||
| Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection | 839 | ||
| Mycobacterium leprae | 840 | ||
| Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis | 840 | ||
| References | 840 | ||
| Venous Thromboembolism | 841 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Risk Factors | 841 | ||
| Venous Stasis | 841 | ||
| Vessel Damage | 841 | ||
| Hypercoagulability | 841 | ||
| Combinations of Risk Factors and Risk Stratification | 841 | ||
| Epidemiology and Natural History of Venous Thromboembolism | 841 | ||
| Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis | 842 | ||
| Clinical Features | 842 | ||
| Venography | 843 | ||
| Venous Ultrasonography | 843 | ||
| D-dimer Blood Testing | 843 | ||
| Computed Tomographic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Venography | 844 | ||
| Diagnosis of Recurrent Deep Venous Thrombosis | 844 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism | 844 | ||
| Clinical Features | 844 | ||
| Chest Radiography and Electrocardiography | 845 | ||
| Ventilation/Perfusion Lung Scanning | 845 | ||
| Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography | 845 | ||
| D-Dimer Blood Testing | 846 | ||
| Compression Ultrasonography | 846 | ||
| Pulmonary Angiography | 846 | ||
| Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism | 846 | ||
| General Surgery and Medicine | 846 | ||
| Major Orthopaedic Surgery | 846 | ||
| Endoscopic Genitourinary Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Ocular Surgery | 847 | ||
| Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism | 847 | ||
| Acute Anticoagulant Therapy | 847 | ||
| Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy | 847 | ||
| Thrombolytic Therapy | 848 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Filters | 848 | ||
| Graduated Compression Stockings | 848 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 848 | ||
| References | 849 | ||
| Viral Respiratory Infections | 849 | ||
| Common Colds | 849 | ||
| Influenza-Like Illness | 849 | ||
| Croup | 850 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 850 | ||
| References | 850 | ||
| Viral and Mycoplasmal Pneumonias | 850 | ||
| Influenza (Human, Avian, and Swine) | 851 | ||
| Anti-Influenza Therapy | 852 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 852 | ||
| Therapy | 854 | ||
| References | 855 | ||
| Section 12: Rheumatology and the Musculoskeletal System | 857 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 857 | ||
| Epidemiology | 857 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 857 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 857 | ||
| Diagnosis | 858 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 858 | ||
| Treatment | 858 | ||
| Monitoring | 858 | ||
| Complications | 859 | ||
| References | 859 | ||
| Bursitis and Tendinopathy | 859 | ||
| Tendinopathy | 859 | ||
| Background | 859 | ||
| Evaluation | 860 | ||
| Prevention | 860 | ||
| Treatment | 861 | ||
| Bursitis | 862 | ||
| Background | 862 | ||
| Evaluation | 863 | ||
| Treatment | 863 | ||
| References | 863 | ||
| Common Sports Injuries | 864 | ||
| Ankle Injuries | 864 | ||
| Lateral Ankle Sprain | 864 | ||
| Medial Ankle Sprain | 865 | ||
| High Ankle Sprain | 865 | ||
| Osteochondral Ankle Injuries | 865 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries | 866 | ||
| PCL Injuries | 867 | ||
| MCL Injuries | 867 | ||
| Osteochondral Knee Injuries | 867 | ||
| Hand Injuries | 868 | ||
| Mallet Finger | 868 | ||
| Jersey Finger | 868 | ||
| Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Dorsal Dislocation | 868 | ||
| Scaphoid Fracture | 869 | ||
| Overuse Injuries | 870 | ||
| Tendinosis | 870 | ||
| Stress Fractures | 871 | ||
| Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis | 872 | ||
| References | 874 | ||
| Connective Tissue Disorders | 874 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 875 | ||
| Clinical Features | 875 | ||
| Management | 875 | ||
| Prevention | 875 | ||
| Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus | 875 | ||
| Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 875 | ||
| Treatment of Musculoskeletal Manifestations | 876 | ||
| Treatment of Hematologic Manifestations | 876 | ||
| Treatment of Renal Manifestations | 876 | ||
| Treatment of Nervous System Manifestations | 876 | ||
| Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis | 876 | ||
| Clinical Features | 876 | ||
| Section 13: The Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 905 | ||
| Chlamydia Trachomatis | 905 | ||
| Epidemiology | 905 | ||
| Risk Factors | 905 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 905 | ||
| Prevention | 905 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 906 | ||
| Diagnosis | 906 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 906 | ||
| Treatment | 906 | ||
| Monitoring | 906 | ||
| Complications | 907 | ||
| References | 907 | ||
| Condylomata Acuminata | 907 | ||
| Epidemiology | 908 | ||
| Risk Factors | 908 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 908 | ||
| Prevention | 908 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 908 | ||
| Diagnosis | 908 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 908 | ||
| Treatment | 908 | ||
| Monitoring | 909 | ||
| Complications | 909 | ||
| References | 910 | ||
| Genital Ulcer Disease: Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale, and Lymphogranuloma | 910 | ||
| Chancroid | 910 | ||
| Section 14: Diseases of the Skin | 919 | ||
| Acne Vulgaris | 919 | ||
| Epidemiology | 919 | ||
| Prevention | 919 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 919 | ||
| Diagnosis | 919 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 919 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 920 | ||
| Treatment | 920 | ||
| References | 920 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 920 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 921 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment | 921 | ||
| Management of Atopic Dermatitis and Associated Conditions | 921 | ||
| Daily Maintenance Care | 921 | ||
| Topical and Systemic Medications | 922 | ||
| Food Allergies | 923 | ||
| Infections | 923 | ||
| Inhalant Allergies and Asthma | 923 | ||
| Investigational Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis | 924 | ||
| References | 924 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases of the Skin | 924 | ||
| Common Infections | 924 | ||
| Impetigo | 924 | ||
| Folliculitis | 925 | ||
| Cellulitis | 925 | ||
| Abscess | 925 | ||
| Life-Threatening Infections | 925 | ||
| Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Gangrene | 925 | ||
| Synergistic Necrotizing Cellulitis | 925 | ||
| Clostridial Myonecrosis | 926 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 927 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 927 | ||
| Fournier's Gangrene | 927 | ||
| Ecthyma Gangrenosum | 927 | ||
| Sea and Freshwater Infections | 928 | ||
| Conclusions | 928 | ||
| References | 928 | ||
| Bullous Diseases | 928 | ||
| Epidemiology | 928 | ||
| Risk Factors | 928 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 928 | ||
| Prevention | 928 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 928 | ||
| Complications | 928 | ||
| Diagnosis | 929 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 929 | ||
| Treatment | 929 | ||
| Principles | 929 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 929 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 929 | ||
| Azathioprine | 929 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 929 | ||
| Methotrexate | 929 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide | 929 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 929 | ||
| Dapsone | 929 | ||
| Tetracycline | 929 | ||
| Niacinamide (Nicotinamide) | 930 | ||
| High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 930 | ||
| Rituximab | 930 | ||
| Plasmapheresis and Immunoapheresis | 930 | ||
| Treatment of Individual Disorders | 930 | ||
| Pemphigoid | 930 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 930 | ||
| Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid | 930 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita | 930 | ||
| Dermatitis Herpetiformis | 931 | ||
| Linear Immunoglobulin A Disease | 931 | ||
| Pemphigus | 931 | ||
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | 931 | ||
| Pemphigus Foliaceous | 931 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Pemphigus | 931 | ||
| References | 932 | ||
| Cancer of the Skin | 932 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | 932 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 933 | ||
| Neoplasms of Adnexal Origin | 934 | ||
| Sebaceous Carcinoma | 934 | ||
| Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma | 934 | ||
| Fibrohistiocytic Malignancies | 934 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans | 934 | ||
| Atypical Fibroxanthoma | 934 | ||
| Vascular Malignancies | 934 | ||
| Kaposi's Sarcoma | 934 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 935 | ||
| Other Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers | 935 | ||
| Merkel Cell Carcinoma | 935 | ||
| Paget's Disease | 935 | ||
| Cutaneous Metastases | 935 | ||
| References | 935 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 936 | ||
| Diagnosis | 937 | ||
| Treatment | 937 | ||
| References | 939 | ||
| Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas, Including Mycosis Fungoides and SÉzary Syndrome | 939 | ||
| Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas | 939 | ||
| Classification | 939 | ||
| Standard Diagnosis and Staging Methods | 939 | ||
| Mycosis Fungoides, Sézary Syndrome, and Variants | 940 | ||
| Clinical Features | 940 | ||
| Histopathologic and Cytologic Features | 940 | ||
| Immunophenotyping | 940 | ||
| Molecular Biology | 940 | ||
| TNMB Staging | 940 | ||
| Treatment | 941 | ||
| Phototherapy | 941 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 941 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 942 | ||
| Apheresis-Based Therapy | 942 | ||
| Cytokine Therapy | 942 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Antigen-Directed Therapies | 942 | ||
| Systemic Chemotherapy | 942 | ||
| Retinoids | 943 | ||
| Enzyme Inhibitors | 943 | ||
| Miscellaneous Therapies | 943 | ||
| Selection of Therapy | 943 | ||
| Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated with Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome | 943 | ||
| Types and Clinical Features | 943 | ||
| Treatment | 943 | ||
| References | 943 | ||
| Cutaneous Vasculitis | 944 | ||
| Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis | 944 | ||
| Epidemiology | 944 | ||
| Risk Factors | 944 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 944 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 944 | ||
| Diagnosis | 944 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 944 | ||
| Treatment | 944 | ||
| Monitoring | 945 | ||
| Complications | 945 | ||
| Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Vasculitis | 945 | ||
| References | 946 | ||
| Diseases of the Hair | 946 | ||
| Epidemiology | 946 | ||
| Risk Factors | 946 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 946 | ||
| Prevention | 946 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 946 | ||
| Diagnosis | 946 | ||
| Alopecia | 946 | ||
| Hirsutism | 947 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 947 | ||
| Treatment | 948 | ||
| Alopecia | 948 | ||
| Hirsutism | 949 | ||
| Monitoring | 949 | ||
| Complications | 949 | ||
| References | 949 | ||
| Diseases of the Mouth | 949 | ||
| Odontogenic Infection | 950 | ||
| Suspicion of Oral Cancer | 950 | ||
| Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis | 951 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis | 951 | ||
| Xerostomia | 951 | ||
| Aphthous Stomatitis | 952 | ||
| Orofacial Herpes Simplex Infection | 952 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 953 | ||
| Erosive Lichen Planus and Similar Autoimmune Ulcerative Conditions of the Oral Mucosa | 953 | ||
| Corticosteroid Treatment of Immune-Mediated Oral Ulcers | 954 | ||
| Osteonecrosis of the Jaw | 954 | ||
| References | 954 | ||
| Diseases of the Nails | 954 | ||
| Anatomy | 954 | ||
| Physiology | 955 | ||
| Function | 955 | ||
| Diseases | 955 | ||
| Onychomycosis | 955 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 955 | ||
| Section 15: The Urogenital Tract | 1023 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 1023 | ||
| Epidemiology and Definitions | 1023 | ||
| Classification | 1023 | ||
| Prerenal Azotemia | 1024 | ||
| Glomerular Disease | 1025 | ||
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 1025 | ||
| Interstitial Disease | 1026 | ||
| Obstructive Disease | 1026 | ||
| Treatment | 1026 | ||
| Emerging Issues | 1026 | ||
| References | 1027 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1027 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease | 1028 | ||
| Approach to the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease | 1028 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities in Chronic Kidney Disease | 1029 | ||
| Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia | 1029 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 1029 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 1029 | ||
| Abnormal Divalent in Metabolism | 1029 | ||
| Anemia | 1029 | ||
| Hypertension | 1029 | ||
| Volume Overload | 1030 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure | 1030 | ||
| Management of Chronic Kidney Disease | 1030 | ||
| Staging | 1030 | ||
| Stage 0 (GFR >90mL/min/1.73m2 with Risk Factors for Renal Disease) | 1030 | ||
| Stage 1 (GFR >90mL/min/1.73m2) | 1030 | ||
| Stage 2: Mild CKD (GFR 60 to 90mL/min/1.73m2) | 1030 | ||
| Stage 3: Moderate CKD (GFR 30 to 59mL/min/1.73m2) | 1030 | ||
| Stage 4: Moderate to Severe CKD (GFR 15 to 29mL/min/1.73m2) | 1030 | ||
| Stage 5: Severe CKD (GFR <15mL/min/1.73m2) | 1030 | ||
| General Approach to Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease | 1030 | ||
| Factors Causing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | 1030 | ||
| Intraglomerular Hypertension and Glomerular Hypertrophy | 1031 | ||
| Proteinuria | 1031 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Disease | 1031 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 1031 | ||
| Calcium-Phosphate Deposition | 1031 | ||
| Increased Glomerular Prostaglandin Production | 1031 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 1031 | ||
| Specific Treatment Measures | 1031 | ||
| Measures Designed to Reduce the Rate of Progression of Renal Failure | 1031 | ||
| Control of Systemic and Intraglomerular Hypertension | 1031 | ||
| Protein Restriction | 1031 | ||
| Control of Lipids | 1031 | ||
| Measures Designed to Treat Significant Laboratory Abnormalities | 1031 | ||
| Anemia | 1031 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 1032 | ||
| Divalent Ion Metabolism | 1032 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 1032 | ||
| Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen Concentration | 1032 | ||
| Volume Overload | 1032 | ||
| References | 1032 | ||
| Malignant Tumors of the Urogenital Tract | 1032 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Prostate | 1035 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1035 | ||
| Treatment | 1036 | ||
| Tumors of the Renal Parenchyma | 1036 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | 1036 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1036 | ||
| Treatment | 1037 | ||
| Benign Renal Tumors | 1037 | ||
| Metastatic Renal Lesions | 1037 | ||
| Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter | 1037 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1037 | ||
| Section 16: Men's Health | 1061 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Male Urinary Tract | 1061 | ||
| Distinguishing Complicated from Uncomplicated Infections | 1061 | ||
| Natural History | 1061 | ||
| Diagnosis and Localization | 1062 | ||
| Treatment | 1062 | ||
| Uncomplicated Infections | 1062 | ||
| Complicated Infections | 1062 | ||
| Prostatitis | 1063 | ||
| Long-Term Care Patients | 1063 | ||
| References | 1063 | ||
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | 1064 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1064 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1064 | ||
| Symptoms | 1064 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1064 | ||
| Treatment | 1065 | ||
| Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting | 1065 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 1066 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 1066 | ||
| α-Blocker Medications | 1066 | ||
| 5α-Reductase Inhibitors | 1066 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Procedures | 1066 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 1066 | ||
| References | 1067 | ||
| Epididymitis and Orchitis | 1067 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1067 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1067 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1067 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1067 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1068 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1068 | ||
| Therapy/Treatment | 1068 | ||
| Complications | 1068 | ||
| References | 1068 | ||
| Erectile Dysfunction | 1068 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1068 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1068 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1069 | ||
| Prevention | 1069 | ||
| Clinical Manifestation | 1069 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1069 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1069 | ||
| Therapy | 1069 | ||
| Monitoring | 1070 | ||
| Complications | 1070 | ||
| References | 1070 | ||
| Prostatitis | 1070 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1071 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1071 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1071 | ||
| Prevention | 1071 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1071 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1071 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1071 | ||
| Therapy (or Treatment) | 1071 | ||
| Monitoring | 1072 | ||
| Complications | 1072 | ||
| References | 1072 | ||
| Section 17: Women's Health | 1073 | ||
| Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 1073 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1073 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1073 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1073 | ||
| Treatment | 1073 | ||
| References | 1074 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 1075 | ||
| Definition | 1075 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 1075 | ||
| Etiology | 1075 | ||
| Hypothalamic Compartment | 1075 | ||
| Constitutional Delay | 1076 | ||
| Congenital Causes | 1076 | ||
| Acquired Causes | 1076 | ||
| Pituitary Compartment | 1076 | ||
| Ovarian Compartment | 1076 | ||
| Outflow Tract Compartment | 1076 | ||
| Other Causes | 1076 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1076 | ||
| History | 1076 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1077 | ||
| Investigations | 1077 | ||
| Initial Investigations | 1077 | ||
| Follow-up Investigations | 1077 | ||
| References | 1077 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Urinary Tract in Women | 1077 | ||
| Acute Cystitis (Urinary Tract Infection) | 1078 | ||
| Acute Pyelonephritis | 1079 | ||
| Urethritis | 1079 | ||
| Asymptomatic Bacteruria | 1079 | ||
| Recurrent Cystitis | 1079 | ||
| Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection | 1079 | ||
| References | 1079 | ||
| Benign Breast Disease | 1079 | ||
| Presentation and Workup | 1080 | ||
| Breast Cancer Screening | 1080 | ||
| Palpable Breast Mass | 1080 | ||
| Nipple Discharge | 1081 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 1082 | ||
| Nonproliferative Lesions | 1082 | ||
| Proliferative Lesions Without Atypia | 1082 | ||
| Proliferative Lesions With Atypia | 1082 | ||
| Miscellaneous Benign Breast Conditions | 1083 | ||
| High-Risk Evaluation and Management | 1083 | ||
| Chemoprevention | 1083 | ||
| References | 1083 | ||
| Cancer of the Endometrium | 1084 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1084 | ||
| Classification | 1084 | ||
| Type I Cancer | 1084 | ||
| Type II Cancer | 1084 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1084 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1085 | ||
| Staging | 1085 | ||
| Treatment | 1085 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 1085 | ||
| Adjuvant Therapy | 1085 | ||
| Early-Stage Disease | 1085 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 1085 | ||
| Single-Agent Therapies | 1085 | ||
| Combination Chemotherapy | 1086 | ||
| Progestin Treatment | 1086 | ||
| Other Treatments | 1086 | ||
| Molecular Therapy | 1086 | ||
| Recurrent Disease | 1086 | ||
| References | 1086 | ||
| Cancer of the Uterine Cervix | 1086 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1086 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1086 | ||
| Prevention and Screening | 1087 | ||
| Staging | 1087 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1087 | ||
| Treatment | 1088 | ||
| Conclusion | 1089 | ||
| References | 1089 | ||
| Contraception | 1090 | ||
| Nonhormonal Methods | 1091 | ||
| Combined Hormonal Contraception | 1091 | ||
| Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills | 1091 | ||
| Contraceptive Patch | 1092 | ||
| Vaginal Ring | 1092 | ||
| Progestin-Only Contraceptives | 1092 | ||
| Pill | 1092 | ||
| Injectable | 1092 | ||
| Intrauterine System | 1092 | ||
| Implant | 1093 | ||
| Permanent | 1093 | ||
| Emergency Contraception | 1093 | ||
| Counseling | 1093 | ||
| References | 1093 | ||
| Dysmenorrhea | 1093 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1094 | ||
| Treatment | 1094 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 1094 | ||
| COX-2 Inhibitors | 1094 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 1094 | ||
| Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System | 1094 | ||
| Nifedipine | 1094 | ||
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | 1094 | ||
| Topical Heat and Infrared Light | 1094 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches | 1094 | ||
| Herbal | 1094 | ||
| Acupressure and Acupuncture | 1094 | ||
| Yoga | 1095 | ||
| Spinal Manipulation | 1095 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 1095 | ||
| Treatment of Endometriosis | 1095 | ||
| References | 1095 | ||
| Endometriosis | 1096 | ||
| Definition | 1096 | ||
| Genetics | 1096 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1096 | ||
| Histogenesis | 1096 | ||
| Etiology and Maintenance | 1096 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 1097 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1097 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1097 | ||
| Treatment | 1097 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 1097 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 1098 | ||
| Treatment Results | 1098 | ||
| References | 1099 | ||
| Female Sexual Function | 1099 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1100 | ||
| Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment: Decreased Libido | 1100 | ||
| Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment: Sexual Pain | 1101 | ||
| A Note About Atrophy | 1101 | ||
| References | 1102 | ||
| Infertility | 1102 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1102 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1102 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1102 | ||
| Prevention | 1102 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1102 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1102 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1102 | ||
| Male Factors | 1103 | ||
| Female Factors | 1103 | ||
| Ovulatory Dysfunction | 1103 | ||
| Tubal Factor | 1103 | ||
| Uterine Factor | 1103 | ||
| Combined | 1103 | ||
| Unexplained | 1103 | ||
| Prior Diagnosis | 1103 | ||
| Treatment | 1103 | ||
| Monitoring | 1103 | ||
| References | 1103 | ||
| Menopause | 1103 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1104 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1104 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology | 1104 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1104 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1104 | ||
| Therapy | 1104 | ||
| Monitoring | 1106 | ||
| Side Effects of Systemic Hormone Therapy | 1106 | ||
| Safety of Hormone Therapy | 1106 | ||
| Extended Use/Discontinuation of Systemic Hormone Therapy | 1106 | ||
| Financial Disclosure | 1107 | ||
| References | 1107 | ||
| Ovarian Cancer | 1107 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1107 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1107 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1107 | ||
| Prevention | 1108 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1108 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1108 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1108 | ||
| Therapy or Treatment | 1108 | ||
| Monitoring | 1109 | ||
| References | 1109 | ||
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | 1109 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1110 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1110 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1110 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1110 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1110 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1110 | ||
| Treatment | 1110 | ||
| Patient Monitoring and Counseling | 1111 | ||
| Complications | 1111 | ||
| References | 1111 | ||
| Premenstrual Syndrome | 1111 | ||
| Symptoms | 1112 | ||
| Prevalence | 1112 | ||
| Morbidity | 1112 | ||
| Etiology | 1112 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1112 | ||
| Treatment | 1113 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 1113 | ||
| Luteal Phase Dosing | 1113 | ||
| Insufficient Response to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 1113 | ||
| Other Treatments | 1113 | ||
| Hormonal | 1113 | ||
| Anxiolytics | 1113 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic | 1114 | ||
| Treatment Duration | 1114 | ||
| Conclusions | 1114 | ||
| References | 1114 | ||
| Uterine Leiomyomas | 1114 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1114 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1114 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1114 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1115 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1115 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1115 | ||
| Treatment | 1115 | ||
| Expectant Management | 1115 | ||
| Medical Treatments | 1116 | ||
| Surgical Treatments | 1116 | ||
| References | 1116 | ||
| Vulvar Neoplasia | 1116 | ||
| Benign Cystic Neoplasms | 1117 | ||
| Benign Solid Neoplasms | 1117 | ||
| Condyloma Acuminatum | 1117 | ||
| Intraepithelial Neoplasms of the Vulva | 1117 | ||
| Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia | 1117 | ||
| Paget's Disease | 1118 | ||
| Invasive Vulvar Lesions | 1118 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Adenocarcinomas | 1119 | ||
| Verrucous Carcinoma | 1119 | ||
| Malignant Melanoma | 1119 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | 1119 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1119 | ||
| References | 1119 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis | 1119 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 1120 | ||
| Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) | 1121 | ||
| Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment | 1121 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis Candidiasis (VVC) | 1122 | ||
| Treatment of Vaginal Candidiasis | 1122 | ||
| References | 1122 | ||
| Section 18: Pregnancy and Antepartum Care | 1123 | ||
| Section 19: Children's Health | 1141 | ||
| Acute Leukemia in Children | 1141 | ||
| Classification | 1141 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1141 | ||
| Prognosis | 1141 | ||
| Etiology | 1141 | ||
| Predispositions | 1141 | ||
| Cellular Pathogenesis | 1142 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis | 1142 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1143 | ||
| Medical Emergencies in Childhood Leukemia | 1143 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1144 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 1145 | ||
| Treatment | 1145 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 1146 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 1146 | ||
| Relapse | 1147 | ||
| Late Effects | 1147 | ||
| References | 1147 | ||
| Adolescent Health | 1147 | ||
| Setting the Stage for the Adolescent Visit | 1147 | ||
| Consent and Confidentiality Laws-Consent does not Equal Confidential | 1148 | ||
| The HEADS Interview | 1148 | ||
| Home/Education/Employment/Activities/Accident Prevention | 1149 | ||
| Diet/Disordered Eating | 1149 | ||
| Drugs (Substance Use) | 1149 | ||
| Depression/Suicide/Self-Harm | 1149 | ||
| Sex | 1149 | ||
| Sleep/Social Media | 1150 | ||
| Summary | 1150 | ||
| References | 1150 | ||
| Asthma in Children | 1150 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1151 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1151 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1151 | ||
| Prevention | 1151 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1151 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1151 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1152 | ||
| Treatment | 1152 | ||
| Medications | 1154 | ||
| Rescue Medications | 1154 | ||
| Controller Medications | 1155 | ||
| Acute Asthma Exacerbations | 1156 | ||
| Monitoring | 1157 | ||
| Complications | 1157 | ||
| References | 1157 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 1158 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1158 | ||
| Treatment | 1159 | ||
| Stimulants | 1159 | ||
| Nonstimulants | 1159 | ||
| Psychosocial Treatments | 1161 | ||
| References | 1161 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 1161 | ||
| Epidemiology and Virology | 1162 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1162 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1162 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1162 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1162 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1162 | ||
| Treatment | 1162 | ||
| Outpatient Management | 1162 | ||
| Inpatient Management | 1162 | ||
| Prevention | 1163 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 1163 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 1163 | ||
| Complications | 1163 | ||
| References | 1163 | ||
| Care of the High-Risk Neonate | 1163 | ||
| Prematurity | 1164 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1164 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Treatment | 1164 | ||
| Complications | 1165 | ||
| Abnormal Transition | 1165 | ||
| Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn | 1165 | ||
| Section 20: Physical and Chemical Injuries | 1223 | ||
| Burns | 1223 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1223 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1223 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1223 | ||
| Burning Tissue | 1223 | ||
| Prevention | 1223 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1224 | ||
| Special Situations | 1225 | ||
| Ocular Injuries | 1225 | ||
| Nonaccidental Trauma | 1225 | ||
| Chemical Burns | 1225 | ||
| Electrical Injuries | 1225 | ||
| Therapy (or Treatment) | 1226 | ||
| First Aid and Office Management | 1226 | ||
| Hospital Management | 1226 | ||
| Burn Management | 1227 | ||
| Burn Center Referral Criteria | 1228 | ||
| Monitoring | 1228 | ||
| Transfer | 1228 | ||
| Complications | 1228 | ||
| References | 1229 | ||
| Disturbances Due to Cold | 1229 | ||
| Accidental Hypothermia | 1230 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1230 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1230 | ||
| Skin | 1230 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 1231 | ||
| Renal System | 1232 | ||
| Respiratory System | 1232 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 1232 | ||
| Coagulation | 1232 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1232 | ||
| Emergency Department Evaluation | 1232 | ||
| Rewarming Strategies | 1232 | ||
| Passive External Warming | 1232 | ||
| Active External Rewarming | 1232 | ||
| Active Core Rewarming | 1233 | ||
| Peripheral Cold Injuries | 1233 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1233 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Local Extremity Issues | 1233 | ||
| Frostnip and Frostbite | 1233 | ||
| Chilblain | 1234 | ||
| Trench Foot and Immersion Foot | 1234 | ||
| Treatment | 1234 | ||
| Sequelae | 1234 | ||
| Therapeutic Hypothermia Considerations | 1234 | ||
| References | 1236 | ||
| Heat-Related Illness | 1237 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1238 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1238 | ||
| Heat Edema | 1238 | ||
| Heat Cramps | 1238 | ||
| Exercise-Associated Collapse | 1238 | ||
| Heat Exhaustion | 1239 | ||
| Heat Stroke and Heat Injury | 1239 | ||
| Return to Play | 1239 | ||
| References | 1240 | ||
| High-Altitude Sickness | 1240 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 1241 | ||
| Physiologic Adaptation and Pathophysiology | 1241 | ||
| Prevention | 1241 | ||
| Symptomatic Acclimatization and Disrupted Sleep | 1242 | ||
| High-Altitude Headache | 1242 | ||
| High-Altitude Syndromes | 1242 | ||
| Acute Mountain Sickness | 1242 | ||
| High-Altitude Cerebral Edema | 1242 | ||
| High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema | 1242 | ||
| Special Populations | 1243 | ||
| Children and Pregnant Women | 1243 | ||
| Patients with Cardiopulmonary Disease | 1243 | ||
| References | 1243 | ||
| Marine Poisonings, Envenomations, and Trauma | 1243 | ||
| Ingestions | 1244 | ||
| Ciguatera | 1244 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1244 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1244 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1244 | ||
| Treatment | 1244 | ||
| Prevention | 1244 | ||
| Scombroid | 1245 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1245 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1245 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1245 | ||
| Treatment | 1245 | ||
| Other Ingested Toxins | 1245 | ||
| Envenomations | 1246 | ||
| Jellyfish | 1246 | ||
| Section 21: Preventive Health | 1309 | ||
| Immunization Practices | 1309 | ||
| Definitions and Background | 1309 | ||
| Physiology of Vaccines | 1309 | ||
| Immunization Recommendations | 1309 | ||
| Disease Prevention | 1309 | ||
| Immunization Responsibility | 1309 | ||
| General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling | 1309 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1319 | ||
| Storage | 1319 | ||
| Vaccine Safety | 1319 | ||
| Contraindications and Adverse Events | 1319 | ||
| Barriers | 1319 | ||
| Recording Vaccinations | 1319 | ||
| Special Populations | 1320 | ||
| Children | 1320 | ||
| Breast-feeding | 1320 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1320 | ||
| Altered Immunocompetence | 1320 | ||
| Health Care Personnel | 1320 | ||
| Travel Medicine | 1320 | ||
| Vaccinations | 1321 | ||
| Routine Vaccinations | 1321 | ||
| Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine | 1321 | ||
| Poliovirus Vaccine | 1321 | ||
| Tetanus-Diphtheria-Pertussis Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Varicella Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Influenza Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Pneumococcal Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Routine Travel Vaccination | 1322 | ||
| Hepatitis A Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Typhoid Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 1322 | ||
| Geographically Targeted Vaccines | 1322 | ||
| Yellow Fever Vaccine | 1322 | ||
| Japanese Encephalitis | 1323 | ||
| Rabies | 1323 | ||
| Meningococcal Vaccine | 1323 | ||
| Tick-Borne Encephalitis | 1323 | ||
| Cholera | 1324 | ||
| Malaria Prophylaxis | 1324 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 1324 | ||
| Personal Protection/Bite Avoidance Measures | 1324 | ||
| Seeking Medical Care | 1324 | ||
| Travelers Diarrhea | 1324 | ||
| Prevention | 1324 | ||
| Treatment | 1325 | ||
| Altitude Sickness | 1325 | ||
| Conclusion | 1325 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1325 | ||
| References | 1325 | ||
| Section 22: Appendices | 1327 | ||
| Biologic Agents Reference Chart | 1327 | ||
| Popular Herbs and Nutritional Supplements | 1333 | ||
| References | 1341 | ||
| Toxic Chemical Agents Reference Chart: Symptoms and Treatment | 1342 | ||
| Index | 1347 | ||
| Back End Sheet | ES4 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ES5 |