BOOK
Medications and their Effects on Sleep and Wake, An Issue of Sleep Medicine Clinics, E-Book
Johan Verbraecken | Jan Hedner
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Sleep Medicine Clinics focuses on Medications and their Effects on Sleep and Wake, with topics including: Sleep-wake neurochemistry; Effect of sleep and circadian rhythm on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; Drugs used in insomnia and non restorative sleep; Drug-induced exessive sleepiness; Drug-induced insomnia; Drug-induced sleep disordered breathing and ventilatory impairment; Drug-induced parasomnias and movement disorders; Abuse and dependency on sleep and waking; Sleep-related drug therapy in special conditions: children; Sleep-related drug therapy in special conditions: pregnancy; Sleep-related drug therapy in special conditions: the elderly; Medicolegal and social consequences of sleep disorders; and Tapering sleep-related drug therapy.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Medications and Their\rEffects on Sleep and Wake\r | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iv | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| SLEEP MEDICINE CLINICS | v | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | v | ||
| September 2018 | v | ||
| December 2018 | v | ||
| March 2019 | v | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | v | ||
| March 2018 | v | ||
| December 2017 | v | ||
| September 2017 | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | vii | ||
| EDITORS | vii | ||
| AUTHORS | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Preface: Medications and Their Effects on Sleep and Wake | xi | ||
| Sleep-Wake Neurochemistry | xi | ||
| Drug-Induced Insomnia and Excessive Sleepiness | xi | ||
| Drug-Induced Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Ventilatory Impairment | xi | ||
| Prescription Drugs Used in Insomnia | xi | ||
| Drugs Used in Narcolepsy and Other Hypersomnias | xii | ||
| Drugs Used in Parasomnia | xii | ||
| Drug Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea | xii | ||
| Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome | xii | ||
| Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances | xiii | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy | xiii | ||
| Sleep-Related Drug Therapy in Special Conditions: Children | xiii | ||
| Hypnotic Discontinuation in Chronic Insomnia | xiii | ||
| Effects of Chronic Opioid Use on Sleep and Wake | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rMedications and Their Effects on Sleep and Wake | xv | ||
| Sleep-Wake Neurochemistry | 137 | ||
| Key points | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| THE NEUROCHEMICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF WAKEFULNESS | 138 | ||
| Acetylcholine | 138 | ||
| Monoamines | 139 | ||
| Norepinephrine | 139 | ||
| Serotonin | 140 | ||
| Histamine | 140 | ||
| Dopamine | 140 | ||
| Neuropeptides | 141 | ||
| Hypocretin | 141 | ||
| THE NEUROCHEMICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF SLEEP | 141 | ||
| Neuropeptides: Melanin-Concentrating Hormone | 141 | ||
| Adenosine | 141 | ||
| γ-Amino-butyric Acid | 142 | ||
| Melatonin | 142 | ||
| SYNOPSIS AND PERSPECTIVES | 143 | ||
| REFERENCES | 143 | ||
| Drug-Induced Insomnia and Excessive Sleepiness | 147 | ||
| Key points | 147 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 147 | ||
| ANTIDEPRESSANTS | 149 | ||
| Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors | 149 | ||
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 149 | ||
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 149 | ||
| Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | 150 | ||
| Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | 150 | ||
| Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor | 150 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 150 | ||
| 5-HT2 Antagonists | 150 | ||
| ANTIPSYCHOTICS | 150 | ||
| First-Generation Antipsychotics | 151 | ||
| Second-Generation Antipsychotics | 151 | ||
| ANTIEPILEPTICS | 151 | ||
| Antiepileptic Drugs in the Treatment of Epilepsy | 151 | ||
| Antiepileptic Drugs in the Treatment of Other Disorders | 152 | ||
| ANTIPARKINSON DRUGS | 152 | ||
| ANALGESICS | 153 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs | 153 | ||
| Opioids | 153 | ||
| Triptans | 154 | ||
| H1 ANTIHISTAMINES | 154 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS | 154 | ||
| β-Adrenergic Blocking Agents | 154 | ||
| α1 Antagonists | 154 | ||
| α2-Adrenergic Agonists | 155 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 155 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 155 | ||
| Loop Diuretics | 155 | ||
| Statins | 155 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS | 155 | ||
| THEOPHYLLINE | 155 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 156 | ||
| REFERENCES | 156 | ||
| Drug-Induced Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Ventilatory Impairment | 161 | ||
| Key points | 161 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 161 | ||
| OPIATES | 162 | ||
| BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS | 165 | ||
| ANABOLIC STEROIDS | 165 | ||
| GROWTH HORMONE | 165 | ||
| BACLOFEN | 166 | ||
| PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS | 166 | ||
| SODIUM OXYBATE | 166 | ||
| Management of Drug-Induced Respiratory Impairment During Sleep | 166 | ||
| SUMMARY | 166 | ||
| REFERENCES | 167 | ||
| Prescription Drugs Used in Insomnia | 169 | ||
| Key points | 169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 169 | ||
| BENZODIAZEPINES | 170 | ||
| Neuropharmacology | 170 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties | 170 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 170 | ||
| Medical Prescription | 173 | ||
| NONBENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS | 173 | ||
| Neuropharmacology | 173 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties | 173 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 174 | ||
| Medical Prescription | 174 | ||
| OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | 174 | ||
| Neuropharmacology | 174 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties | 174 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 175 | ||
| Medical Prescription | 175 | ||
| MELATONIN AND MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS | 175 | ||
| Neuropharmacology | 175 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties | 175 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 176 | ||
| Medical Prescription | 176 | ||
| SEDATING ANTIDEPRESSANTS | 176 | ||
| Neuropharmacology | 176 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties | 176 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 177 | ||
| Medical Prescription | 177 | ||
| ANTIPSYCHOTICS | 178 | ||
| Neuropharmacology | 178 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties | 178 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 178 | ||
| Medical Prescription | 178 | ||
| SUMMARY | 178 | ||
| REFERENCES | 179 | ||
| Drugs Used in Narcolepsy and Other Hypersomnias | 183 | ||
| Key points | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| THE COMPLAINTS TO BE TREATED | 183 | ||
| COMORBIDITY | 184 | ||
| BURDEN | 184 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 184 | ||
| CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TREATMENTS | 184 | ||
| TREATMENT GOALS | 184 | ||
| Behavioral Modification | 184 | ||
| Pharmacological Therapy | 185 | ||
| What should be kept in mind when making a choice for a certain drug or combinations of drugs in an individual patient, and ... | 185 | ||
| Treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness | 185 | ||
| Treatment of cataplexy | 186 | ||
| Treatment of disturbed nocturnal sleep | 187 | ||
| Treatment in children | 187 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INITIATION OF PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT | 187 | ||
| FUTURE PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS | 187 | ||
| Idiopathic Hypersomnia | 187 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 187 | ||
| SUMMARY | 188 | ||
| REFERENCES | 188 | ||
| Drugs Used in Parasomnia | 191 | ||
| Key points | 191 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 191 | ||
| NON RAPID EYE MOVEMENT PARASOMNIAS | 191 | ||
| Disorder of Arousal from Non Rapid Eye Movement Sleep | 191 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatment | 192 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment | 192 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 192 | ||
| Antidepressant drugs | 193 | ||
| Other drugs | 193 | ||
| SLEEP-RELATED EATING DISORDER | 194 | ||
| RAPID EYE MOVEMENT PARASOMNIAS | 194 | ||
| Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder | 194 | ||
| Clonazepam | 195 | ||
| Melatonin | 195 | ||
| Melatonergic agents | 195 | ||
| Dopamine agonists | 195 | ||
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | 196 | ||
| Cannabidiol | 196 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 196 | ||
| Nightmare Disorder | 196 | ||
| Prazosin | 196 | ||
| Cannabinoids | 196 | ||
| RECURRENT ISOLATED SLEEP PARALYSIS | 196 | ||
| OTHER PARASOMNIAS | 197 | ||
| Exploding Head Syndrome | 197 | ||
| Sleep-Related Hallucinations | 197 | ||
| Sleep Enuresis | 197 | ||
| REFERENCES | 198 | ||
| Drug Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 203 | ||
| Key points | 203 | ||
| GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRUGS IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA | 203 | ||
| Overview | 203 | ||
| Current Treatment Options | 204 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Target in Clinical Trials | 204 | ||
| The Phenotype Approach | 205 | ||
| SPECIFIC PHARMACOLOGIC STRATEGIES APPLIED IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA | 206 | ||
| Noradrenaline and Dopamine Mechanisms | 206 | ||
| Potassium Channel Blockers | 206 | ||
| Serotonin Modulation | 207 | ||
| Acetylcholine Mechanisms | 208 | ||
| Tetrahydrocannabinols | 208 | ||
| Xanthines | 208 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 209 | ||
| The γ-Aminobutyric Acid–Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex | 209 | ||
| TREATMENTS ADDRESSING ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA | 210 | ||
| Reduction of Daytime Sleepiness in Sleep Disordered Breathing | 210 | ||
| Body Weight Reduction and Sleep Disordered Breathing | 211 | ||
| Antihypertensive Therapy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 211 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux and Sleep Disordered Breathing | 212 | ||
| Other Specific Therapies that May Influence Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 212 | ||
| SUMMARY | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 213 | ||
| Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome | 219 | ||
| Key points | 219 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 219 | ||
| METHODS | 220 | ||
| RESULTS | 220 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment Options | 220 | ||
| Dopamine precursors | 220 | ||
| Levodopa | 220 | ||
| Non–ergot-derived dopamine agonists | 220 | ||
| Pramipexole | 220 | ||
| Ropinirole | 220 | ||
| Rotigotine | 220 | ||
| Piribedil | 223 | ||
| Ergot-derived dopamine agonists | 223 | ||
| α2δ Ligands | 223 | ||
| Gabapentin enacarbil | 223 | ||
| Pregabalin | 223 | ||
| Gabapentin | 223 | ||
| Specific N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists and drugs acting on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... | 223 | ||
| Opioids | 223 | ||
| Iron | 226 | ||
| Other medications | 226 | ||
| Augmentation | 226 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options | 227 | ||
| SUMMARY | 228 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 229 | ||
| REFERENCES | 229 | ||
| Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances | 231 | ||
| Key points | 231 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 231 | ||
| THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS | 231 | ||
| MELATONIN AND OTHER MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS | 232 | ||
| TREATMENT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS | 232 | ||
| USING MELATONIN AND OTHER MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS TO SHIFT CIRCADIAN TIMING | 232 | ||
| USING MELATONIN AND OTHER MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS TO IMPROVE SLEEP | 235 | ||
| PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MELATONIN AND OTHER MELATONIN AGONIST TREATMENTS | 236 | ||
| Melatonin Preparations | 236 | ||
| Melatonin Administration | 237 | ||
| Melatonin and Light Combination Treatment | 237 | ||
| EVALUATION OF OUTCOME | 237 | ||
| SUMMARY | 238 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 238 | ||
| REFERENCES | 238 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy | 243 | ||
| Key points | 243 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 243 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Insomnia | 243 | ||
| Restless Legs Syndrome | 243 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 244 | ||
| SLEEP MEDICATIONS IN PREGNANCY | 244 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Insomnia | 244 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 244 | ||
| Hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonists | 244 | ||
| Antidepressants | 244 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 245 | ||
| Melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists | 245 | ||
| Antihistamines | 246 | ||
| Restless Legs Syndrome | 246 | ||
| Dopamine agonists | 246 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 246 | ||
| Stimulants | 246 | ||
| Wake-promoting agents | 247 | ||
| Sodium oxybate, gamma hydroxybutyrate, and other medications | 247 | ||
| SUMMARY | 247 | ||
| REFERENCES | 247 | ||
| Sleep-Related Drug Therapy in Special Conditions: Children | 251 | ||
| Key points | 251 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 251 | ||
| Management of Insomnia in Children | 252 | ||
| INSOMNIA TREATMENT | 252 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 252 | ||
| Melatonin | 252 | ||
| Antihistaminergic drugs | 253 | ||
| Alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists (α-agonists) | 253 | ||
| Benzodiazepines hypnotics | 253 | ||
| Nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists | 253 | ||
| Antidepressants | 253 | ||
| l-5-Hydroxytryptophan | 253 | ||
| Chloral hydrate | 253 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT | 254 | ||
| Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | 254 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment | 254 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatment | 255 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 255 | ||
| Management of Parasomnias in Children | 255 | ||
| Hypnotic Discontinuation in Chronic Insomnia | 263 | ||
| Key points | 263 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 263 | ||
| HYPNOTIC TAPER STRATEGIES | 263 | ||
| Abrupt Hypnotic Cessation | 263 | ||
| Tapering Hypnotics | 264 | ||
| ADJUNCT THERAPIES | 264 | ||
| Written Patient Education | 264 | ||
| Psychological Therapies | 264 | ||
| Sleep hygiene education | 264 | ||
| Relaxation therapy | 265 | ||
| Stimulus control therapy | 265 | ||
| Sleep restriction therapy | 265 | ||
| Cognitive behavioral therapy | 266 | ||
| Self-efficacy enhancement | 266 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies | 266 | ||
| Zopiclone | 267 | ||
| Melatonin | 267 | ||
| Valerian | 267 | ||
| SUMMARY | 267 | ||
| REFERENCES | 267 | ||
| Effects of Chronic Opioid Use on Sleep and Wake | 271 | ||
| Key points | 271 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 271 | ||
| OPIOIDS AND DAYTIME FUNCTION | 272 | ||
| OPIOIDS AND SLEEP | 274 | ||
| OPIOIDS AND SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING | 274 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Opioid-Induced Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 274 | ||
| MANAGEMENT GOALS | 275 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC STRATEGIES | 275 | ||
| Buprenorphine/Naloxone | 275 | ||
| Acetazolamide | 276 | ||
| Ampakines | 276 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 276 | ||
| POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE THERAPY | 276 | ||
| Continuous Positive Airway Pressure | 276 | ||
| Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure | 278 | ||
| Bilevel Spontaneous Timed | 278 | ||
| Adaptive Servo Ventilator | 278 | ||
| SUMMARY | 279 | ||
| REFERENCES | 280 |