BOOK
Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
Richard J. Auchus | Barry D. Pressman | Adina F. Turcu | Alan D. Waxman
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Richard Auchus, Adina Turcu, Alan D. Waxman, and Barry D. Pressman, is devoted to Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology. Articles in this issue include Mass spectrometry applicability in endocrine testing; Point-of-care endocrine testing; Thyroid, Bone; NET; Predictors of fertility; Thyroid ultrasound imaging and needle biopsy; Pituitary imaging; Adrenal imaging; Pancreatic imaging; Diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders; Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Parathyroid Imaging.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Latest Innovations in Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology | vii | ||
| Preface: The Current Status and Evolution of Hormone Testing in the Digital Age | vii | ||
| Role of Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Endocrinology | vii | ||
| Point-of-Care Endocrine Diagnostics | vii | ||
| Biochemical Testing in Thyroid Disorders | vii | ||
| Biochemical Testing Relevant to Bone | viii | ||
| Biochemical Testing in Neuroendocrine Tumors | viii | ||
| Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology: Predictors of Fertility | viii | ||
| Thyroid Cancer: Ultrasound Imaging and Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy | viii | ||
| Pituitary Imaging | ix | ||
| Adrenal Imaging | ix | ||
| Pancreatic Imaging | ix | ||
| Selected Controversies of Radioiodine Imaging and Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer | ix | ||
| Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Indications, Interpretations, Limits, and Pitfalls | x | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2018 | xi | ||
| June 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| December 2016 | xi | ||
| Foreword:\rLatest Innovations in Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rThe Current Status and Evolution of Hormone Testing in the Digital Age | xvii | ||
| Role of Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Endocrinology | 593 | ||
| Key points | 593 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 593 | ||
| ADVENT OF MASS SPECTROMETRY INTO CLINICAL LABORATORIES—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 594 | ||
| CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA | 595 | ||
| VITAMIN D METABOLITE QUANTITATION | 597 | ||
| PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA | 601 | ||
| TESTOSTERONE AND ESTRADIOL | 603 | ||
| INSULINLIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 | 605 | ||
| PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY | 606 | ||
| SUMMARY | 606 | ||
| REFERENCES | 607 | ||
| Point-of-Care Endocrine Diagnostics | 615 | ||
| Key points | 615 | ||
| INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL REVIEW, AND DEFINITIONS | 615 | ||
| THE REGULATION OF POINT-OF-CARE TESTING | 619 | ||
| THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF POINT-OF-CARE TESTING | 619 | ||
| POINT-OF-CARE TESTING BY DISEASE AND ANALYTE | 621 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 621 | ||
| Lipid Disorders | 622 | ||
| Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary | 622 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary | 623 | ||
| Thyroid | 623 | ||
| Parathyroid or Diseases of Calcium Metabolism | 623 | ||
| Adrenal | 624 | ||
| Testes | 624 | ||
| Ovary | 624 | ||
| POINT-OF-CARE TESTING AS A SOLUTION TO UNMET CLINICAL NEEDS | 625 | ||
| GET READY FOR THE FUTURE: MULTIPLEXED MICROFLUIDICS AND SMARTPHONE POCKET MINILABS | 626 | ||
| SUMMARY | 627 | ||
| REFERENCES | 628 | ||
| Biochemical Testing in Thyroid Disorders | 631 | ||
| Key points | 631 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 631 | ||
| THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE | 632 | ||
| Overview | 632 | ||
| Available Assays and Functional Sensitivity | 632 | ||
| Reference Range | 633 | ||
| Clinical Usefulness and Test Interpretation | 633 | ||
| Challenges in the interpretation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone | 634 | ||
| Nonthyroidal illness | 634 | ||
| Pregnancy | 634 | ||
| Medication interference | 634 | ||
| Other considerations | 635 | ||
| THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE | 635 | ||
| Overview and Available Assays | 635 | ||
| Clinical Usefulness and Test Interpretation | 635 | ||
| THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES | 636 | ||
| Overview | 636 | ||
| Available Assays | 636 | ||
| Clinical Usefulness and Test Interpretation | 636 | ||
| Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and to thyroglobulin | 636 | ||
| Autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor | 636 | ||
| THYROGLOBULIN | 637 | ||
| Overview | 637 | ||
| Available Assays | 637 | ||
| Immunometric assays | 638 | ||
| Radioimmunoassays | 638 | ||
| Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry | 638 | ||
| Functional Sensitivity | 638 | ||
| Clinical Usefulness and Test Interpretation | 638 | ||
| CALCITONIN | 639 | ||
| Overview | 639 | ||
| Available Assays and Functional Sensitivity | 639 | ||
| Clinical Usefulness and Test Interpretation | 640 | ||
| REFERENCES | 641 | ||
| Biochemical Testing Relevant to Bone | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 649 | ||
| MINERALS: CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS | 649 | ||
| Serum Total Calcium | 649 | ||
| Ionized Calcium | 650 | ||
| Twenty-Four–Hour Urine Calcium | 650 | ||
| Phosphorus | 651 | ||
| VITAMIN D | 652 | ||
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D | 652 | ||
| 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D | 653 | ||
| PARATHYROID HORMONE AND PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN | 653 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 653 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein | 655 | ||
| BONE TURNOVER MARKERS | 657 | ||
| Preanalytical Considerations | 657 | ||
| Age, gender, and menopausal status | 657 | ||
| Ethnicity and geography | 657 | ||
| Pregnancy and lactation | 659 | ||
| Drugs | 659 | ||
| Disease | 659 | ||
| Fractures | 659 | ||
| Immobility | 659 | ||
| Circadian rhythm | 659 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | 659 | ||
| Seasonal variation | 660 | ||
| Diet | 660 | ||
| Exercise | 660 | ||
| Postanalytical Considerations | 660 | ||
| Bone formation markers | 660 | ||
| Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase | 660 | ||
| Osteocalcin | 661 | ||
| N-terminal and C-terminal propeptides of type I procollagen | 661 | ||
| Bone resorption markers | 661 | ||
| Amino-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen | 661 | ||
| Carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen | 661 | ||
| SUMMARY | 662 | ||
| REFERENCES | 662 | ||
| Biochemical Testing in Neuroendocrine Tumors | 669 | ||
| Key points | 669 | ||
| BIOMARKERS IN NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 671 | ||
| Novel Neuroendocrine Tumor Biomarkers | 671 | ||
| REFERENCES | 675 | ||
| Biochemical and Imaging Diagnostics in Endocrinology | 679 | ||
| Key points | 679 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 679 | ||
| OVARIAN RESERVE | 680 | ||
| Review of Reproductive Physiology | 680 | ||
| Diminished Ovarian Reserve | 680 | ||
| Primary Ovarian Insufficiency | 681 | ||
| Postchemotherapy | 682 | ||
| OVULATORY STATUS | 682 | ||
| Considerations of Anovulation | 683 | ||
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome | 683 | ||
| Hypothalamic amenorrhea | 684 | ||
| Advanced maternal age | 684 | ||
| GAMETE TRANSPORT | 684 | ||
| MALE FACTOR | 684 | ||
| UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITY | 686 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS/SUMMARY | 686 | ||
| REFERENCES | 688 | ||
| Thyroid Cancer | 691 | ||
| Key points | 691 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 691 | ||
| THYROID NODULES | 692 | ||
| ULTRASOUND FEATURES OF THYROID CANCER | 692 | ||
| Calcifications | 693 | ||
| Margins | 695 | ||
| Halo | 695 | ||
| Shape | 696 | ||
| Composition: Solid Versus Cystic | 696 | ||
| Echotexture | 697 | ||
| Multinodularity | 698 | ||
| Color Doppler Imaging | 698 | ||
| Size | 699 | ||
| FOLLICULAR LESIONS | 700 | ||
| MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER | 700 | ||
| THYROID LYMPHOMA | 701 | ||
| ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER | 701 | ||
| RECURRENT THYROID CANCER | 702 | ||
| LYMPH NODE METASTASES | 703 | ||
| ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION | 704 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATION | 705 | ||
| Thyroid Imaging-Reporting and Data Systems | 705 | ||
| Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinomas | 705 | ||
| Molecular Testing | 705 | ||
| Elastography | 706 | ||
| SUMMARY | 707 | ||
| REFERENCES | 707 | ||
| Pituitary Imaging | 713 | ||
| Key points | 713 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 713 | ||
| IMAGING TECHNIQUE | 714 | ||
| NORMAL ANATOMY/MRI APPEARANCE | 715 | ||
| INTRASELLAR LESIONS | 721 | ||
| Microadenomas | 721 | ||
| Macroadenomas | 724 | ||
| INFUNDIBULAR LESIONS | 729 | ||
| PARASELLAR AND SUPRASELLAR MASSES | 730 | ||
| RATHKE CLEFT CYST | 733 | ||
| PRIMARY CAVERNOUS SINUS DISEASE | 734 | ||
| SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 736 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus Sampling | 736 | ||
| REFERENCES | 739 | ||
| Adrenal Imaging | 741 | ||
| Key points | 741 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 741 | ||
| IMAGING FINDINGS | 742 | ||
| Benign Adrenal Lesions | 742 | ||
| Adrenal adenoma | 742 | ||
| Myelolipoma | 744 | ||
| Adrenal cysts | 744 | ||
| Adrenal infections | 746 | ||
| Adrenal hemorrhage | 746 | ||
| Malignant Adrenal Lesions | 747 | ||
| Adrenocortical carcinoma | 747 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 748 | ||
| Adrenal lymphoma | 749 | ||
| Adrenal metastases | 749 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ADRENAL IMAGING | 750 | ||
| Adrenal Cortex | 750 | ||
| Adrenal Medulla | 751 | ||
| Incidentalomas | 751 | ||
| Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma | 753 | ||
| ADRENAL VENOUS SAMPLING | 753 | ||
| Technique | 753 | ||
| Complications | 754 | ||
| Results | 754 | ||
| SUMMARY | 755 | ||
| REFERENCES | 755 | ||
| Pancreatic Imaging | 761 | ||
| Key points | 761 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 761 | ||
| MODALITIES | 761 | ||
| Ultrasound Imaging | 761 | ||
| Computed Tomography Scans | 762 | ||
| MRI | 763 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 763 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 764 | ||
| Metastasis | 769 | ||
| Syndromes | 771 | ||
| Mimics | 773 | ||
| Endocrine Insufficiency | 776 | ||
| SUMMARY | 778 | ||
| REFERENCES | 778 | ||
| Selected Controversies of Radioiodine Imaging and Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer | 783 | ||
| Key points | 783 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 783 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 784 | ||
| UTILITY OF RADIOIODINE SCANS | 784 | ||
| Postoperative Pretherapy (Iodine-131) Staging Scans | 784 | ||
| Post-Therapy (Iodine-131) Scans | 786 | ||
| Surveillance/Baseline Scans | 786 | ||
| Restaging Scans | 787 | ||
| PRESCRIBED ACTIVITY FOR REMNANT ABLATION, ADJUVANT TREATMENT, AND DISTANT METASTASES | 787 | ||
| THYROID HORMONE WITHDRAWAL VERSUS RECOMBINANT HUMAN THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE | 789 | ||
| RADIOIODINE REFRACTORY DISEASE | 789 | ||
| SUMMARY | 791 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 791 | ||
| REFERENCES | 791 | ||
| Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors | 795 | ||
| Key points | 795 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES ON IMAGING OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 795 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Tumors | 795 | ||
| Roles of Imaging in Neuroendocrine Tumor Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management | 796 | ||
| Incidental Findings and False-Positive Findings | 797 | ||
| Collaborations Between Clinicians and Radiologists | 797 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR IMAGING MODALITIES | 798 | ||
| Anatomic Imaging | 798 | ||
| Comparison of computed tomography and MRI | 799 | ||
| Functional Imaging | 801 | ||
| Other functional imaging modalities | 804 | ||
| COMMON NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS AND STRATEGIES | 804 | ||
| IMAGING OF SPECIFIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 806 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract Neuroendocrine Tumors | 806 | ||
| Other Neuroendocrine Tumors | 808 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 808 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 809 | ||
| REFERENCES | 809 |