BOOK
Mosby's Canadian Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests - E-Book
Kathleen Deska Pagana | Timothy J. Pagana | Sandra A. Pike-MacDonald
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written exclusively for a Canadian market, Mosby’s Canadian Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, Second Edition provides clear, concise coverage of more than 700 of the most commonly performed tests, with Canadian lab values, SI units, Canadian cultural considerations, and unique Canadian content. Its many features include an easy-to-understand writing style, full-colour illustrations, and a logical organization. Each test entry is presented in a consistent format to provide quick access to information on specimen collection, normal findings, indications, test explanation, procedure and patient care, and test results and clinical significance, as well as any applicable contraindications, potential complications, interfering factors, and related tests. The second edition has been updated to reflect the latest procedures, equipment, and techniques, along with 24 of the most current laboratory and diagnostics test. Plus, updated Canadian guidelines are highlighted by a maple leaf icon for easy reference!
- UNIQUE! Cultural Considerations boxes highlight important aspects of working with patients from the diverse cultural and racial backgrounds of the Canadian population, such as Indigenous communities.
- UNIQUE! SI units in the Normal Findings section of appropriate tests offer quick and easy reference (conventional units also included).
- UNIQUE! Related Tests sections list tests that provide similar information or are used to evaluate the same body system, disease process, or symptom.
- Addresses Canadian privacy laws and legislation (including PHIPA and PIPEDA), the Canadian Labour Code, and policies for DNA collection, reporting of infections such as Chlamydia, and much more.
- Follows Canadian standard precautions and procedures such as those set forth by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, as well as Canadian screening protocols such as those set out in the Canadian Cancer Society Screening Guidelines.
- Necessary consideration given to the differences between provinces/territories (and institutions) in regards to privacy legislation, obtaining consent, agency guidelines, procedure protocols and the availability of tests.
- Provides information on Canadian test-tube colouring classifications and guidelines for the correct order and process of collecting blood samples in Canada.
- Up-to-date Canadian statistics are provided for topics such as STDs and C. difficile.
- NEW! Updated Canadian guidelines are highlighted by a maple leaf icon in the text margin for easy identification and reference.
- NEW! 24 of the most current laboratory and diagnostic tests added to this new edition.
- NEW! A description of commonly performed laboratory methods, explains methods used to evaluate blood, urine, spinal fluid, and other specimens.
- UNIQUE! Coverage of the clinical significance of test results explains why a given test result indicates specific diseases.
- NEW! Updated photographs and illustrations clarify key concepts and reflect the latest procedures, equipment, and techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Mosby’s Canadian Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1: Guidelines for Proper Test Preparation and Performance | 1 | ||
| Overview | 1 | ||
| Coding for Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests | 1 | ||
| Laboratory Methods | 2 | ||
| Latex Agglutination | 2 | ||
| Agglutination Inhibition | 2 | ||
| Hemagglutination | 2 | ||
| Electrophoresis | 3 | ||
| Immunoelectrophoresis | 3 | ||
| Immunofixation Electrophoresis | 3 | ||
| Immunoassay | 3 | ||
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | 3 | ||
| Autoimmune Enzyme Immunoassay | 3 | ||
| Chemiluminescent Immunoassays | 4 | ||
| Fluorescent Immunoassays | 4 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 4 | ||
| Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) | 5 | ||
| Routine Practices | 5 | ||
| Proper Sequencing and Scheduling of Tests | 7 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 8 | ||
| Before the Test | 8 | ||
| Patient Identification | 8 | ||
| Patient Education | 8 | ||
| Variables Affecting Test Results | 9 | ||
| Age | 9 | ||
| Gender | 9 | ||
| Race | 9 | ||
| Pregnancy | 9 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 9 | ||
| Food Ingestion | 10 | ||
| Posture | 10 | ||
| During Testing | 10 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 10 | ||
| Transport and Processing of the Specimen | 10 | ||
| A Note About Système Internationale d’Unités | 10 | ||
| After the Test | 10 | ||
| Reporting Test Results | 11 | ||
| Guidelines on Disclosing Laboratory Test Results | 11 | ||
| Conclusion | 12 | ||
| Chapter 2: Blood Studies | 13 | ||
| Overview | 17 | ||
| Reasons for Obtaining Blood Studies | 17 | ||
| Methods of Blood Collection | 17 | ||
| Venous Puncture | 17 | ||
| Background Information | 17 | ||
| Collection Tubes | 17 | ||
| Technique | 20 | ||
| Before | 20 | ||
| During | 20 | ||
| After | 21 | ||
| Potential Complications | 22 | ||
| Bleeding | 22 | ||
| Hematoma | 22 | ||
| Infection | 22 | ||
| Dizziness and Fainting | 22 | ||
| Preventing Interfering Factors | 22 | ||
| Collecting Blood From an Indwelling Venous Catheter | 23 | ||
| Collecting Multiple Blood Studies | 23 | ||
| Arterial Puncture | 23 | ||
| Background Information | 23 | ||
| Technique | 23 | ||
| Before | 23 | ||
| During | 24 | ||
| After | 25 | ||
| Potential Complications | 25 | ||
| Arterial Thrombosis | 25 | ||
| Hematoma Formation | 25 | ||
| Bleeding | 25 | ||
| Arterial Occlusion | 25 | ||
| Capillary Blood Collection | 25 | ||
| Background Information | 25 | ||
| Technique | 26 | ||
| Before | 26 | ||
| During | 26 | ||
| After | 26 | ||
| Potential Complications | 26 | ||
| Infection | 26 | ||
| Hematoma and Bruising | 26 | ||
| Artificially High or Artificially Low Blood Glucose Readings | 26 | ||
| Timing of Blood Collection | 27 | ||
| Transport and Processing of Blood Specimens | 27 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 28 | ||
| Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (AChR Ab, Anti–Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody) | 28 | ||
| Normal Findings | 28 | ||
| Indications | 28 | ||
| Test Explanation | 29 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 29 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 29 | ||
| Before | 29 | ||
| During | 29 | ||
| After | 29 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 30 | ||
| Increased Levels | 30 | ||
| Related Tests | 30 | ||
| Acid Phosphatase (Prostatic Acid Phosphatase [PAP], Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase [TRAP]) | 30 | ||
| Normal Findings | 30 | ||
| Indications | 30 | ||
| Test Explanation | 30 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 31 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 31 | ||
| Before | 31 | ||
| During | 31 | ||
| After | 31 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 32 | ||
| Increased Levels | 32 | ||
| Related Tests | 32 | ||
| Activated Clotting Time (ACT, Activated Coagulation Time) | 32 | ||
| Normal Findings | 32 | ||
| Indications | 32 | ||
| Test Explanation | 32 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 33 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 33 | ||
| Before | 33 | ||
| During | 33 | ||
| After | 34 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 34 | ||
| Increased Levels | 34 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 34 | ||
| Related Tests | 34 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone \n(ACTH, Corticotropin) | 34 | ||
| Normal Findings | 34 | ||
| Indications | 35 | ||
| Test Explanation | 35 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 36 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 36 | ||
| Before | 36 | ||
| During | 36 | ||
| After | 36 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 37 | ||
| Increased Levels | 37 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 37 | ||
| Related Tests | 37 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation \n(ACTH Stimulation With Cosyntropin, Cortisol Stimulation) | 37 | ||
| Normal Findings | 37 | ||
| Indications | 38 | ||
| Test Explanation | 38 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 38 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 38 | ||
| Before | 38 | ||
| During | 38 | ||
| Rapid Test | 38 | ||
| 24-Hour Test | 39 | ||
| 3-Day Test | 39 | ||
| After | 39 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 39 | ||
| Exaggerated Response | 39 | ||
| Normal or Below-Normal Response | 39 | ||
| Related Tests | 39 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation \nWith Metyrapone (Metyrapone, ACTH Stimulation With Metyrapone) | 40 | ||
| Normal Findings | 40 | ||
| Blood | 40 | ||
| 24-Hour Urine | 40 | ||
| Indications | 40 | ||
| Test Explanation | 40 | ||
| Contraindications | 40 | ||
| Potential Complications | 41 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 41 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 41 | ||
| Before | 41 | ||
| During | 41 | ||
| Blood | 41 | ||
| Urine | 41 | ||
| After | 41 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 42 | ||
| Increased Levels | 42 | ||
| Related Tests | 42 | ||
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Analysis (Y402H and A69S) | 42 | ||
| Normal Findings | 42 | ||
| Indications | 42 | ||
| Test Explanation | 42 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 42 | ||
| Before | 42 | ||
| During | 43 | ||
| After | 43 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 43 | ||
| Increased | 43 | ||
| Agglutinin, Febrile/Cold | 43 | ||
| Normal Findings | 43 | ||
| Indications | 43 | ||
| Test Explanation | 43 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 44 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 44 | ||
| Before | 44 | ||
| During | 44 | ||
| After | 44 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 44 | ||
| Increased Cold Agglutinins | 44 | ||
| Increased Febrile Agglutinins | 44 | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT; formerly Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase [SGPT]) | 45 | ||
| Normal Findings | 45 | ||
| Indications | 45 | ||
| Test Explanation | 45 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 45 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 46 | ||
| Before | 46 | ||
| During | 46 | ||
| After | 46 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 46 | ||
| Significantly Increased Levels | 46 | ||
| Moderately Increased Levels | 46 | ||
| Mildly Increased Levels | 46 | ||
| Related Tests | 46 | ||
| Aldolase | 47 | ||
| Normal Findings | 47 | ||
| Indications | 47 | ||
| Test Explanation | 47 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 47 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 47 | ||
| Before | 47 | ||
| During | 48 | ||
| After | 48 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 48 | ||
| Increased Levels | 48 | ||
| Muscular Diseases | 48 | ||
| Muscle Injury | 48 | ||
| Hepatocellular Diseases | 48 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 48 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 48 | ||
| Related Test | 48 | ||
| Aldosterone | 48 | ||
| Normal Findings | 48 | ||
| Blood | 48 | ||
| Urine | 49 | ||
| Indications | 49 | ||
| Test Explanation | 49 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 50 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 51 | ||
| Before | 51 | ||
| During | 51 | ||
| Blood Collection | 51 | ||
| Urine Collection | 51 | ||
| After | 52 | ||
| Blood Collection | 52 | ||
| Urine Collection | 52 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 52 | ||
| Increased Levels | 52 | ||
| Primary Aldosteronism | 52 | ||
| Secondary Aldosteronism | 52 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 52 | ||
| Related Tests | 53 | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 53 | ||
| Normal Findings | 53 | ||
| Indications | 53 | ||
| Test Explanation | 53 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 54 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 54 | ||
| Before | 54 | ||
| During | 54 | ||
| After | 54 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 55 | ||
| Increased Levels | 55 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 55 | ||
| Related Tests | 55 | ||
| Allergy Blood Testing (IgE Antibody Test, Radioallergosorbent Test) | 56 | ||
| Normal Findings | 56 | ||
| Indications | 56 | ||
| Test Explanation | 56 | ||
| Contraindications | 57 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 57 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 57 | ||
| Before | 57 | ||
| During | 57 | ||
| After | 57 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 57 | ||
| Allergy-Related Diseases | 57 | ||
| Related Tests | 58 | ||
| Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT, A1AT, AAT Phenotyping) | 58 | ||
| Normal Findings | 58 | ||
| Indications | 58 | ||
| Test Explanation | 58 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 59 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 59 | ||
| Before | 59 | ||
| During | 59 | ||
| After | 59 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 59 | ||
| Increased Levels | 59 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 59 | ||
| Related Tests | 60 | ||
| Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Alpha1-Fetoprotein) | 60 | ||
| Normal Findings | 60 | ||
| Indications | 60 | ||
| Test Explanation | 60 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 61 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 61 | ||
| Before | 61 | ||
| During | 61 | ||
| After | 61 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 61 | ||
| Increased Maternal Serum Levels | 61 | ||
| Increased Nonmaternal Serum Levels | 62 | ||
| Decreased Maternal Levels | 62 | ||
| Related Tests | 62 | ||
| Aluminum (Chromium and Other Heavy Metals) | 62 | ||
| Normal Findings | 62 | ||
| Indications | 62 | ||
| Test Explanation | 62 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 63 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 63 | ||
| Before | 63 | ||
| During | 63 | ||
| After | 63 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 63 | ||
| Increased Levels | 63 | ||
| Amino Acid Profiles (Amino Acid Screen) | 63 | ||
| Normal Findings | 63 | ||
| Indications | 64 | ||
| Test Explanation | 64 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 64 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 64 | ||
| Before | 64 | ||
| During | 65 | ||
| After | 65 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 65 | ||
| Increased Blood Levels | 65 | ||
| Decreased Blood Levels | 65 | ||
| Increased Urine Levels | 65 | ||
| Related Test | 65 | ||
| Ammonia | 65 | ||
| Normal Findings | 65 | ||
| Indications | 65 | ||
| Test Explanation | 66 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 66 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 66 | ||
| Before | 66 | ||
| During | 66 | ||
| After | 66 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 66 | ||
| Increased Levels | 66 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 67 | ||
| Related Tests | 67 | ||
| Amylase, Blood | 67 | ||
| Normal Findings | 67 | ||
| Critical Values | 67 | ||
| Indications | 67 | ||
| Test Explanation | 67 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 68 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 68 | ||
| Before | 68 | ||
| During | 68 | ||
| After | 68 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 68 | ||
| Increased Levels | 68 | ||
| Related Tests | 69 | ||
| Androstenediones (Androstenedione, \nDehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate [DHEA S]) | 69 | ||
| Normal Findings | 69 | ||
| Indications | 69 | ||
| Test Explanation | 69 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 70 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 70 | ||
| Before | 70 | ||
| During | 70 | ||
| After | 70 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 70 | ||
| Increased Levels | 70 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 71 | ||
| Related Tests | 71 | ||
| Angiotensin | 71 | ||
| Normal Findings | 71 | ||
| Indications | 71 | ||
| Test Explanation | 71 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 71 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 72 | ||
| Before | 72 | ||
| During | 72 | ||
| After | 72 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 72 | ||
| Increased Levels | 72 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 72 | ||
| Related Tests | 72 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE, Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme [SACE]) | 73 | ||
| Normal Findings | 73 | ||
| Indications | 73 | ||
| Test Explanation | 73 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 73 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 73 | ||
| Before | 73 | ||
| During | 73 | ||
| After | 73 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 74 | ||
| Increased Levels | 74 | ||
| Anion Gap (AG, R factor) | 74 | ||
| Normal Findings | 74 | ||
| Indications | 74 | ||
| Test Explanation | 74 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 75 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 75 | ||
| Before | 75 | ||
| During | 75 | ||
| After | 75 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 75 | ||
| Increased Levels | 75 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 76 | ||
| Related Tests | 76 | ||
| Anticardiolipin Antibody (ACA, aCL Antibodies) | 76 | ||
| Normal Findings | 76 | ||
| Indications | 76 | ||
| Test Explanation | 76 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 77 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 77 | ||
| Before | 77 | ||
| During | 77 | ||
| After | 77 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 77 | ||
| Increased Levels | 77 | ||
| Related Tests | 77 | ||
| Anticentromere Antibody (Centromere Antibody) | 78 | ||
| Normal Findings | 78 | ||
| Indications | 78 | ||
| Test Explanation | 78 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 78 | ||
| Before | 78 | ||
| During | 78 | ||
| After | 78 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 78 | ||
| Positive | 78 | ||
| Related Test | 78 | ||
| Antichromatin Antibody (Antinucleosome \nAntibodies [Anti-NCS], Antihistone Antibody [Anti-HST, AHA]) | 79 | ||
| Normal Findings | 79 | ||
| Indications | 79 | ||
| Test Explanation | 79 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 79 | ||
| Before | 79 | ||
| During | 80 | ||
| After | 80 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 80 | ||
| Increased Levels | 80 | ||
| Related Tests | 80 | ||
| Anti–Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide \nAntibody (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody, CCP IgG, Anti-CCP) | 80 | ||
| Normal Findings | 80 | ||
| Indications | 80 | ||
| Test Explanation | 80 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 81 | ||
| Before | 81 | ||
| During | 81 | ||
| After | 81 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 81 | ||
| Increased Levels | 81 | ||
| Related Tests | 81 | ||
| Anti–Deoxyribonuclease-B Titre (Anti–DNase-B [ADB], ADNase-B) | 82 | ||
| Normal Findings | 82 | ||
| Indications | 82 | ||
| Test Explanation | 82 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 82 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 82 | ||
| Before | 82 | ||
| During | 82 | ||
| After | 82 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 83 | ||
| Increased Levels | 83 | ||
| Related Test | 83 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin, Arginine Vasopressin [AVP]) | 83 | ||
| Normal Findings | 83 | ||
| Indications | 83 | ||
| Test Explanation | 83 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 84 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 84 | ||
| Before | 84 | ||
| During | 84 | ||
| After | 84 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 84 | ||
| Increased Levels | 84 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 85 | ||
| Related Tests | 85 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone Suppression (ADH Suppression, Water Load) | 85 | ||
| Normal Findings | 85 | ||
| Indications | 86 | ||
| Test Explanation | 86 | ||
| Contraindications | 86 | ||
| Potential Complications | 86 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 86 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 87 | ||
| Before | 87 | ||
| During | 87 | ||
| After | 87 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 87 | ||
| SIADH | 87 | ||
| Other Hyponatremic or Edematous States (see Box 2-2) | 87 | ||
| Related Tests | 87 | ||
| Anti-DNA Antibody (Anti–Deoxyribonucleic Acid Antibodies, Antibody to Double-Stranded DNA, Anti–Double-Stranded DNA [Anti–d... | 88 | ||
| Normal Findings | 88 | ||
| Indications | 88 | ||
| Test Explanation | 88 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 88 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 89 | ||
| Before | 89 | ||
| During | 89 | ||
| After | 89 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 89 | ||
| Increased Levels | 89 | ||
| Related Test | 89 | ||
| Anti–Extractable Nuclear Antigen (Anti-ENA, Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antigens, Anti–Jo-1 [Antihistidyl Transfer Sy... | 89 | ||
| Normal Findings | 89 | ||
| Indications | 89 | ||
| Test Explanation | 89 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 90 | ||
| Before | 90 | ||
| During | 90 | ||
| After | 90 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 90 | ||
| Increased Anti-Smith Antibodies | 90 | ||
| Increased Antiribonucleoprotein Antibodies | 90 | ||
| Increased Anti-Jo Antibodies | 90 | ||
| Related Tests | 90 | ||
| Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody (Anti-GBM Antibody, AGBM, Glomerular Basement Antibody, Goodpasture’s Antibody) | 91 | ||
| Normal Findings | 91 | ||
| Tissue | 91 | ||
| Blood (by Enzyme Immunoassay) | 91 | ||
| Indications | 91 | ||
| Test Explanation | 91 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 91 | ||
| Before | 91 | ||
| During | 91 | ||
| After | 92 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 92 | ||
| Positive | 92 | ||
| Related Tests | 92 | ||
| Anti-Glycan Antibodies (Crohn’s Disease Prognostic Panel, Multiple Sclerosis Antibody Panel) | 92 | ||
| Normal Findings | 92 | ||
| Indications | 92 | ||
| Test Explanation | 92 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 92 | ||
| Before | 92 | ||
| During | 93 | ||
| After | 93 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 93 | ||
| Increased Levels | 93 | ||
| Anti–Liver/Kidney Microsomal Antibody (Anti-LKM Antibody) | 93 | ||
| Normal Findings | 93 | ||
| Indications | 93 | ||
| Test Explanation | 93 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 93 | ||
| Before | 93 | ||
| During | 94 | ||
| After | 94 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 94 | ||
| Increased Levels | 94 | ||
| Related Tests | 94 | ||
| Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA) | 94 | ||
| Normal Findings | 94 | ||
| Indications | 94 | ||
| Test Explanation | 94 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 95 | ||
| Before | 95 | ||
| During | 95 | ||
| After | 95 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 95 | ||
| Increased Levels | 95 | ||
| Related Tests | 95 | ||
| Antimyocardial Antibody | 95 | ||
| Normal Findings | 95 | ||
| Indications | 95 | ||
| Test Explanation | 96 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 96 | ||
| Before | 96 | ||
| During | 96 | ||
| After | 96 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 96 | ||
| Increased Levels | 96 | ||
| Anti–Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) | 97 | ||
| Normal Findings | 97 | ||
| Indications | 97 | ||
| Test Explanation | 97 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 97 | ||
| Before | 97 | ||
| During | 97 | ||
| After | 97 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 98 | ||
| Increased Levels | 98 | ||
| Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) | 98 | ||
| Normal Findings | 98 | ||
| Indications | 98 | ||
| Test Explanation | 98 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 101 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 101 | ||
| Before | 101 | ||
| During | 101 | ||
| After | 101 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 101 | ||
| Increased Levels | 101 | ||
| Related Tests | 102 | ||
| Anti–Parietal Cell Antibody (APCA) | 102 | ||
| Normal Findings | 102 | ||
| Indications | 102 | ||
| Test Explanation | 102 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 102 | ||
| Before | 102 | ||
| During | 102 | ||
| After | 102 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 103 | ||
| Increased Levels | 103 | ||
| Related Test | 103 | ||
| Antiscleroderma Antibody (Scl-70 Antibody, Scleroderma Antibody) | 103 | ||
| Normal Findings | 103 | ||
| Indications | 103 | ||
| Test Explanation | 103 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 103 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 104 | ||
| Before | 104 | ||
| During | 104 | ||
| After | 104 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 104 | ||
| Positive | 104 | ||
| Related Test | 104 | ||
| Anti–Smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA) | 104 | ||
| Normal Findings | 104 | ||
| Indications | 104 | ||
| Test Explanation | 104 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 105 | ||
| Before | 105 | ||
| During | 105 | ||
| After | 105 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 105 | ||
| Increased Levels | 105 | ||
| Related Tests | 105 | ||
| Antispermatozoal Antibody (Sperm Agglutination and Inhibition, Sperm Antibodies, Antisperm Antibodies, Infertility Screen) | 106 | ||
| Normal Findings | 106 | ||
| Indications | 106 | ||
| Test Explanation | 106 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 106 | ||
| Before | 106 | ||
| Chapter 3: Electrodiagnostic Tests | 559 | ||
| Overview | 559 | ||
| Reasons for Performing Electrodiagnostic Studies | 559 | ||
| Procedural Care for Electrodiagnostic Studies | 560 | ||
| Before | 560 | ||
| During | 560 | ||
| After | 560 | ||
| Potential Complications of Electrodiagnostic Studies | 560 | ||
| Cardiac Stress Testing | 561 | ||
| Contraction Stress Test | 561 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 561 | ||
| Caloric Study (Oculovestibular Reflex Study) | 561 | ||
| Normal Findings | 561 | ||
| Indications | 561 | ||
| Test Explanation | 561 | ||
| Contraindications | 561 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 562 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 562 | ||
| Before | 562 | ||
| During | 562 | ||
| After | 562 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 563 | ||
| Related Test | 563 | ||
| Cardiac Stress Testing (Stress Testing, Exercise Testing, Electrocardiographic Stress Testing, Nuclear Stress Testing, Ech ... | 563 | ||
| Normal Findings | 563 | ||
| Indications | 563 | ||
| Test Explanation | 563 | ||
| Contraindications | 566 | ||
| Potential Complications | 566 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 567 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care (for Exercise Stress Testing and Electrodiagnostic Monitoring) | 567 | ||
| Before | 567 | ||
| During | 567 | ||
| After | 567 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 568 | ||
| Related Tests | 568 | ||
| Electrocardiography (Electrocardiogram [ECG]) | 568 | ||
| Normal Findings | 568 | ||
| Indications | 568 | ||
| Test Explanation | 568 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 571 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 571 | ||
| Before | 571 | ||
| During | 571 | ||
| After | 572 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 572 | ||
| Related Tests | 573 | ||
| Electroencephalography (Electroencephalogram [EEG]) | 574 | ||
| Normal Findings | 574 | ||
| Indications | 574 | ||
| Test Explanation | 574 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 574 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 575 | ||
| Before | 575 | ||
| During | 575 | ||
| After | 577 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 577 | ||
| Related Tests | 579 | ||
| Electromyography (EMG) | 579 | ||
| Normal Findings | 579 | ||
| Indications | 579 | ||
| Test Explanation | 579 | ||
| Contraindications | 579 | ||
| Potential Complication | 580 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 580 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 580 | ||
| Before | 580 | ||
| During | 580 | ||
| After | 581 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 581 | ||
| Related Test | 582 | ||
| Electroneurography (Nerve Conduction Studies) | 582 | ||
| Normal Findings | 582 | ||
| Indications | 582 | ||
| Test Explanation | 582 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 583 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 583 | ||
| Before | 583 | ||
| During | 583 | ||
| After | 584 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 584 | ||
| Related Test | 584 | ||
| Electronystagmography (ENG, Electrooculography) | 584 | ||
| Normal Findings | 584 | ||
| Indications | 584 | ||
| Test Explanation | 584 | ||
| Contraindications | 585 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 585 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 585 | ||
| Before | 585 | ||
| During | 585 | ||
| After | 586 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 586 | ||
| Related Test | 586 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Study (EPS, Cardiac Mapping) | 587 | ||
| Normal Findings | 587 | ||
| Indications | 587 | ||
| Test Explanation | 587 | ||
| Contraindications | 587 | ||
| Potential Complications | 587 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 587 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 588 | ||
| Before | 588 | ||
| During | 588 | ||
| After | 589 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 589 | ||
| Related Test | 589 | ||
| Evoked Potential Studies (EP Studies, Evoked Brain Potentials, Evoked Responses, Visual-Evoked Responses [VERs], Auditory B... | 589 | ||
| Normal Findings | 589 | ||
| Indications | 589 | ||
| Test Explanation | 590 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 592 | ||
| Before | 592 | ||
| During | 593 | ||
| After | 593 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 593 | ||
| Prolonged Latency for Visual-Evoked Responses | 593 | ||
| Prolonged Latency for Auditory Brain Stem–Evoked Potentials | 593 | ||
| Abnormal Latency for Somatosensory-Evoked Responses | 594 | ||
| Related Test | 594 | ||
| Fetal Contraction Stress Test (CST, Oxytocin Challenge Test [OCT]) | 594 | ||
| Normal Findings | 594 | ||
| Indications | 594 | ||
| Test Explanation | 594 | ||
| Contraindications | 595 | ||
| Potential Complications | 596 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 596 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 596 | ||
| Before | 596 | ||
| During | 596 | ||
| After | 597 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 597 | ||
| Related Test | 597 | ||
| Fetal Nonstress Test (NST, Fetal Activity Determination) | 597 | ||
| Normal Findings | 597 | ||
| Indications | 597 | ||
| Test Explanation | 597 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 598 | ||
| Before | 598 | ||
| During | 598 | ||
| After | 598 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 599 | ||
| Related Test | 599 | ||
| Holter Monitoring (Ambulatory Monitoring, Ambulatory Electrocardiography, Event Recorder) | 599 | ||
| Normal Findings | 599 | ||
| Indications | 599 | ||
| Test Explanation | 599 | ||
| Contraindications | 601 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 601 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 601 | ||
| Before | 601 | ||
| During | 601 | ||
| After | 601 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 602 | ||
| Related Test | 602 | ||
| Pelvic Floor Sphincter Electromyography (Pelvic Floor Sphincter EMG, Rectal EMG Procedure) | 602 | ||
| Normal Findings | 602 | ||
| Indications | 602 | ||
| Test Explanation | 602 | ||
| Contraindications | 602 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 603 | ||
| Before | 603 | ||
| During | 603 | ||
| After | 603 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 603 | ||
| Related Tests | 603 | ||
| Chapter 4: Endoscopic Studies | 604 | ||
| Overview | 604 | ||
| Indications for Endoscopy | 604 | ||
| Instrumentation | 606 | ||
| Procedural Care for the Patient Undergoing Endoscopy | 607 | ||
| Pulmonary and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy | 607 | ||
| Before | 607 | ||
| During | 608 | ||
| After | 608 | ||
| Operative Endoscopy and Genitourinary Endoscopy | 608 | ||
| Before | 608 | ||
| During | 609 | ||
| After | 609 | ||
| Potential Complications of Endoscopy | 609 | ||
| Perforation of Organ or Cavity | 609 | ||
| Persistent Bleeding From a Biopsy Site | 609 | ||
| Respiratory Depression as a Result of Oversedation | 609 | ||
| Infections and Transient Bacteremia | 609 | ||
| Aspiration After Evaluation of Upper Airway or Upper Gastrointestinal Tract | 609 | ||
| Cardiovascular Problems | 609 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 610 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 610 | ||
| Normal Findings | 610 | ||
| Indications | 610 | ||
| Test Explanation | 610 | ||
| Contraindications | 611 | ||
| Potential Complications | 611 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 612 | ||
| Before | 612 | ||
| During | 612 | ||
| After | 612 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 613 | ||
| Related Tests | 613 | ||
| Bronchoscopy | 613 | ||
| Normal Findings | 613 | ||
| Indications | 613 | ||
| Test Explanation | 614 | ||
| Contraindications | 615 | ||
| Potential Complications | 615 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 616 | ||
| Before | 616 | ||
| During | 616 | ||
| After | 617 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 618 | ||
| Related Tests | 618 | ||
| Colonoscopy | 619 | ||
| Normal Findings | 619 | ||
| Indications | 619 | ||
| Test Explanation | 619 | ||
| Contraindications | 620 | ||
| Potential Complications | 620 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 621 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 621 | ||
| Before | 621 | ||
| During | 621 | ||
| After | 622 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 622 | ||
| Related Tests | 622 | ||
| Colposcopy | 623 | ||
| Normal Findings | 623 | ||
| Indications | 623 | ||
| Test Explanation | 623 | ||
| Contraindications | 624 | ||
| Potential Complications | 624 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 625 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 625 | ||
| Before | 625 | ||
| During | 625 | ||
| After | 625 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 625 | ||
| Related Tests | 625 | ||
| Cystoscopy (Genitourinary Endoscopy) | 626 | ||
| Normal Findings | 626 | ||
| Indications | 626 | ||
| Test Explanation | 626 | ||
| Potential Complications | 628 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 628 | ||
| Before | 628 | ||
| During | 628 | ||
| After | 629 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 630 | ||
| Related Tests | 630 | ||
| Ductoscopy (Mammary Ductoscopy) | 630 | ||
| Normal Findings | 630 | ||
| Indications | 630 | ||
| Test Explanation | 630 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 631 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 631 | ||
| Before | 631 | ||
| During | 631 | ||
| After | 632 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 632 | ||
| Related Test | 632 | ||
| Endoscopic Retrograde \nCholangiopancreatography (ERCP, ERCP of the Biliary and Pancreatic Ducts) | 632 | ||
| Normal Findings | 632 | ||
| Indications | 632 | ||
| Test Explanation | 632 | ||
| Contraindications | 633 | ||
| Potential Complications | 633 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 633 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 633 | ||
| Before | 633 | ||
| During | 634 | ||
| After | 634 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 635 | ||
| Related Test | 635 | ||
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, Upper Gastrointestinal [UGI] Endoscopy, Gastroscopy) | 636 | ||
| Normal Findings | 636 | ||
| Indications | 636 | ||
| Test Explanation | 636 | ||
| Contraindications | 637 | ||
| Potential Complications | 637 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 638 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 638 | ||
| Before | 638 | ||
| During | 638 | ||
| After | 639 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 639 | ||
| Related Tests | 640 | ||
| Fetoscopy | 640 | ||
| Normal Findings | 640 | ||
| Indications | 640 | ||
| Test Explanation | 640 | ||
| Potential Complications | 640 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 641 | ||
| Before | 641 | ||
| During | 641 | ||
| After | 642 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 642 | ||
| Related Tests | 642 | ||
| Hysteroscopy | 642 | ||
| Normal Findings | 642 | ||
| Indications | 642 | ||
| Test Explanation | 643 | ||
| Contraindications | 643 | ||
| Potential Complications | 644 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 644 | ||
| Before | 644 | ||
| During | 644 | ||
| Aftercare | 644 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 644 | ||
| Related Test | 645 | ||
| Laparoscopy (Pelvic Endoscopy, Gynecologic Video Laparoscopy, Peritoneoscopy) | 645 | ||
| Normal Findings | 645 | ||
| Indications | 645 | ||
| Test Explanation | 645 | ||
| Contraindications | 646 | ||
| Potential Complications | 647 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 647 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 647 | ||
| Before | 647 | ||
| During | 647 | ||
| After | 648 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 648 | ||
| Mediastinoscopy | 649 | ||
| Normal Findings | 649 | ||
| Indications | 649 | ||
| Test Explanation | 649 | ||
| Contraindications | 649 | ||
| Potential Complications | 649 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 649 | ||
| Before | 649 | ||
| During | 650 | ||
| After | 650 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 650 | ||
| Related Test | 650 | ||
| Sigmoidoscopy (Proctoscopy, Anoscopy) | 651 | ||
| Normal Findings | 651 | ||
| Indications | 651 | ||
| Test Explanation | 651 | ||
| Contraindications | 651 | ||
| Potential Complications | 651 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 651 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 652 | ||
| Before | 652 | ||
| During | 652 | ||
| After | 652 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 652 | ||
| Related Tests | 653 | ||
| Sinus Endoscopy | 653 | ||
| Normal Findings | 653 | ||
| Indications | 653 | ||
| Test Explanation | 653 | ||
| Potential Complications | 653 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 653 | ||
| Before | 653 | ||
| During | 654 | ||
| After | 654 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 654 | ||
| Thoracoscopy | 654 | ||
| Normal Findings | 654 | ||
| Indications | 654 | ||
| Test Explanation | 654 | ||
| Contraindications | 655 | ||
| Potential Complications | 655 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 655 | ||
| Before | 655 | ||
| During | 655 | ||
| After | 655 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 656 | ||
| Related Test | 656 | ||
| Chapter 5: Fluid Analysis Studies | 657 | ||
| Overview | 657 | ||
| Reasons for Performing Fluid Analysis | 657 | ||
| Procedural Care for Fluid Analysis | 658 | ||
| Before | 658 | ||
| During | 659 | ||
| After | 659 | ||
| Potential Complications of Fluid Analysis Testing | 659 | ||
| Reporting Results | 659 | ||
| Amniocentesis (Amniotic Fluid Analysis) | 660 | ||
| Normal findings | 660 | ||
| Indications | 660 | ||
| Test Explanation | 660 | ||
| Contraindications | 663 | ||
| Potential Complications | 663 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 663 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 663 | ||
| Before | 663 | ||
| During | 664 | ||
| After | 665 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 665 | ||
| Related Tests | 666 | ||
| Amyloid Beta Protein Precursor, Soluble (SBPP) | 666 | ||
| Normal Findings | 666 | ||
| Indications | 666 | ||
| Test Explanation | 666 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 667 | ||
| Before | 667 | ||
| During | 667 | ||
| After | 667 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 668 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 668 | ||
| Related Test | 668 | ||
| Arthrocentesis With Synovial Fluid Analysis (Synovial Fluid Analysis, Joint Aspiration) | 668 | ||
| Normal Findings | 668 | ||
| Indications | 668 | ||
| Test Explanation | 668 | ||
| Contraindications | 669 | ||
| Potential Complications | 669 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 669 | ||
| Before | 669 | ||
| During | 670 | ||
| After | 670 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 670 | ||
| Related Test | 671 | ||
| Breast Cyst and Nipple Discharge Fluid Analysis | 671 | ||
| Normal Findings | 671 | ||
| Indications | 671 | ||
| Test Explanation | 671 | ||
| Potential Complications | 671 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 671 | ||
| Before | 671 | ||
| During | 672 | ||
| After | 672 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 672 | ||
| Related Tests | 672 | ||
| Breast Ductal Lavage | 673 | ||
| Normal Findings | 673 | ||
| Possible Critical Values | 673 | ||
| Indications | 673 | ||
| Test Explanation | 673 | ||
| Contraindications | 673 | ||
| Potential Complications | 673 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 674 | ||
| Before | 674 | ||
| During | 674 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 674 | ||
| Related Tests | 674 | ||
| Fetal Fibronectin (fFN) | 674 | ||
| Normal Findings | 674 | ||
| Indications | 674 | ||
| Test Explanation | 675 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 675 | ||
| Before | 675 | ||
| During | 675 | ||
| After | 676 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 676 | ||
| Increased Levels | 676 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination (LP and CSF Examination, Spinal Tap, Spinal Puncture, Cerebrospinal Flu... | 676 | ||
| Normal Findings | 676 | ||
| Indications | 677 | ||
| Test Explanation | 677 | ||
| Pressure | 678 | ||
| Colour | 678 | ||
| Blood | 678 | ||
| Cells | 679 | ||
| Culture and Sensitivity | 679 | ||
| Protein | 680 | ||
| Glucose | 680 | ||
| Chloride | 680 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 680 | ||
| Lactic Acid | 680 | ||
| Cytologic Study | 681 | ||
| Tumour Markers | 681 | ||
| Serologic Study for Syphilis | 681 | ||
| Glutamine | 681 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 681 | ||
| Contraindications | 681 | ||
| Potential Complications | 682 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 682 | ||
| Before | 682 | ||
| During | 683 | ||
| After | 683 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 684 | ||
| Related Tests | 684 | ||
| Paracentesis (Peritoneal Fluid Analysis, Abdominal Paracentesis, Ascitic Fluid Cytologic Study, Peritoneal Tap) | 684 | ||
| Normal Findings | 684 | ||
| Indications | 685 | ||
| Test Explanation | 685 | ||
| Gross Appearance | 686 | ||
| Cell Counts | 686 | ||
| Protein Count | 686 | ||
| Glucose | 687 | ||
| Amylase | 687 | ||
| Ammonia | 687 | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase | 687 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 687 | ||
| Cytologic Findings | 687 | ||
| Bacteria | 687 | ||
| Gram Stain and Bacteriologic Culture | 687 | ||
| Fungi | 688 | ||
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 688 | ||
| Contraindications | 688 | ||
| Potential Complications | 688 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 688 | ||
| Before | 688 | ||
| During | 689 | ||
| After | 689 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 689 | ||
| Related Tests | 690 | ||
| Pericardiocentesis | 690 | ||
| Normal Findings | 690 | ||
| Indications | 690 | ||
| Test Explanation | 690 | ||
| Contraindications | 690 | ||
| Potential Complications | 691 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 691 | ||
| Before | 691 | ||
| During | 691 | ||
| After | 692 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 693 | ||
| Related Tests | 693 | ||
| Secretin-Pancreozymin (Pancreatic Enzymes) | 693 | ||
| Normal Findings | 693 | ||
| Indications | 694 | ||
| Test Explanation | 694 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 694 | ||
| Before | 694 | ||
| During | 694 | ||
| After | 694 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 695 | ||
| Related Tests | 695 | ||
| Semen Analysis (Sperm Count, Sperm Examination, Seminal Cytologic Study, Semen Examination) | 695 | ||
| Normal Findings | 695 | ||
| Indications | 695 | ||
| Test Explanation | 695 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 696 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 697 | ||
| Before | 697 | ||
| During | 697 | ||
| After | 697 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 697 | ||
| Related Tests | 698 | ||
| Sexual Assault Testing | 698 | ||
| Normal Findings | 698 | ||
| Indications | 698 | ||
| Test Explanation | 698 | ||
| Contraindications | 700 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 700 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 700 | ||
| Before | 700 | ||
| During | 700 | ||
| After | 700 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 700 | ||
| Sims-Huhner (Postcoital Testing, Postcoital Cervical Mucus, Cervical Mucus Sperm Penetration) | 701 | ||
| Normal Findings | 701 | ||
| Indications | 701 | ||
| Test Explanation | 701 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 701 | ||
| Before | 701 | ||
| During | 702 | ||
| After | 702 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 702 | ||
| Related Tests | 702 | ||
| Sweat Electrolytes (Iontophoretic Sweat) | 702 | ||
| Normal Findings | 702 | ||
| Indications | 703 | ||
| Test Explanation | 703 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 703 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 703 | ||
| Before | 703 | ||
| During | 704 | ||
| After | 704 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 704 | ||
| Related Tests | 705 | ||
| Thoracentesis and Pleural Fluid Analysis | 705 | ||
| Normal Findings | 705 | ||
| Indications | 705 | ||
| Test Explanation | 705 | ||
| Gross Appearance | 706 | ||
| Cell Counts | 706 | ||
| Protein Content | 707 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 707 | ||
| Glucose | 707 | ||
| Amylase | 707 | ||
| Triglyceride | 707 | ||
| Gram Stain and Bacteriologic Culture | 707 | ||
| Cultures for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Fungus | 708 | ||
| Cytologic Study | 708 | ||
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 708 | ||
| Special Tests | 708 | ||
| Contraindications | 708 | ||
| Potential Complications | 708 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 709 | ||
| Before | 709 | ||
| During | 709 | ||
| After | 709 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 710 | ||
| Related Tests | 711 | ||
| Chapter 6: Manometric Studies | 712 | ||
| Overview | 712 | ||
| Procedural Care for Manometric Studies | 712 | ||
| Before | 712 | ||
| During | 713 | ||
| After | 713 | ||
| Potential Complications of Manometric Studies | 713 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 713 | ||
| Cystometry (Cystometrography [CMG]) | 713 | ||
| Normal Findings | 713 | ||
| Maximal Urethral Pressures in Normal Patients (cm H2O) | 714 | ||
| Indications | 714 | ||
| Test Explanation | 714 | ||
| Contraindications | 714 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 715 | ||
| Before | 715 | ||
| During | 715 | ||
| After | 716 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 716 | ||
| Related Tests | 716 | ||
| Esophageal Function Studies (Esophageal Manometry, Esophageal Motility Studies) | 717 | ||
| Normal Findings | 717 | ||
| Indications | 717 | ||
| Test Explanation | 717 | ||
| Manometric Studies | 717 | ||
| Acid Reflux With pH Probe | 717 | ||
| Acid Clearing | 718 | ||
| Bernstein Test (Acid Perfusion) | 718 | ||
| Contraindications | 718 | ||
| Potential Complications | 718 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 718 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 718 | ||
| Before | 718 | ||
| During | 718 | ||
| After | 720 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 720 | ||
| Related Tests | 720 | ||
| Oculoplethysmography (OPG, Ocular Pressures) | 720 | ||
| Normal Findings | 720 | ||
| Indications | 720 | ||
| Test Explanation | 721 | ||
| Contraindications | 721 | ||
| Potential Complications | 721 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 721 | ||
| Before | 721 | ||
| During | 721 | ||
| After | 722 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 722 | ||
| Related Tests | 722 | ||
| Plethysmography, Arterial | 722 | ||
| Normal Findings | 722 | ||
| Indications | 723 | ||
| Test Explanation | 723 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 723 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 724 | ||
| Before | 724 | ||
| During | 724 | ||
| After | 724 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 724 | ||
| Related Tests | 724 | ||
| Tilt-Table Testing | 725 | ||
| Normal Findings | 725 | ||
| Indications | 725 | ||
| Test Explanation | 725 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 725 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 725 | ||
| Before | 725 | ||
| During | 725 | ||
| After | 726 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 726 | ||
| Related Test | 726 | ||
| Tourniquet Test (Capillary Fragility) | 726 | ||
| Normal Findings | 726 | ||
| Indications | 726 | ||
| Test Explanation | 726 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 727 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 727 | ||
| Before | 727 | ||
| During | 727 | ||
| Positive Pressure Test | 727 | ||
| Negative Pressure Test | 727 | ||
| After | 727 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 727 | ||
| Positive: Fewer Than Two Petechiae | 727 | ||
| Related Tests | 728 | ||
| Urethral Pressure Profile (UPP, Urethral Pressure Measurements) | 728 | ||
| Normal Findings | 728 | ||
| Maximal Urethral Pressures in Normal Patients (cm H2O) | 728 | ||
| Indications | 728 | ||
| Test Explanation | 728 | ||
| Contraindications | 728 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 729 | ||
| Before | 729 | ||
| During | 729 | ||
| After | 729 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 729 | ||
| Related Test | 729 | ||
| Urine Flow Studies (Uroflowmetry, Urodynamic Studies) | 729 | ||
| Normal Findings | 729 | ||
| Indications | 729 | ||
| Test Explanation | 730 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 730 | ||
| Before | 730 | ||
| During | 730 | ||
| After | 730 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 730 | ||
| Related Test | 731 | ||
| Chapter 7: Microscopic Examinations | 732 | ||
| Overview | 733 | ||
| Reasons for Performing Microscopic Studies | 733 | ||
| Procedural Care for Microscopic Studies | 734 | ||
| Before | 734 | ||
| During | 734 | ||
| After | 734 | ||
| Laboratory Handling of Specimens | 734 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 734 | ||
| Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear (AFB Smear) | 735 | ||
| Normal Findings | 735 | ||
| Indications | 735 | ||
| Test Explanation | 735 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 735 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 736 | ||
| Before | 736 | ||
| During | 736 | ||
| After | 736 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 736 | ||
| Related Tests | 736 | ||
| Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Blood C&S) | 737 | ||
| Normal Findings | 737 | ||
| Indications | 737 | ||
| Test Explanation | 737 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 737 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 738 | ||
| Before | 738 | ||
| During | 738 | ||
| After | 738 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 738 | ||
| Blood Smear (Peripheral Blood Smear, Red Blood Cell Morphology, RBC Smear) | 738 | ||
| Normal Findings | 738 | ||
| Indications | 738 | ||
| Test Explanation | 739 | ||
| RBC Size Abnormalities | 739 | ||
| RBC Shape Abnormalities | 739 | ||
| RBC Colour Abnormalities | 739 | ||
| RBC Intracellular Structure Abnormalities | 739 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 740 | ||
| Before | 740 | ||
| During | 740 | ||
| After | 740 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 740 | ||
| Related Tests | 740 | ||
| Bone Marrow Biopsy (Bone Marrow Examination, Bone Marrow Aspiration) | 740 | ||
| Normal Findings | 740 | ||
| Critical Values | 741 | ||
| Indications | 741 | ||
| Test Explanation | 741 | ||
| Contraindications | 743 | ||
| Potential Complications | 743 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 743 | ||
| Before | 743 | ||
| During | 744 | ||
| After | 744 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 745 | ||
| Related Test | 745 | ||
| Breast Cancer Tumour Analysis (Breast Cancer Predictors, DNA Ploidy Status, S-Phase Fraction, Cathepsin D, HER2 [c-erbB2, n... | 746 | ||
| Normal Findings | 746 | ||
| DNA Ploidy | 746 | ||
| S-phase Fraction | 746 | ||
| Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Protein | 746 | ||
| Cathepsin D | 746 | ||
| p53 Protein (TP53) | 746 | ||
| Ki67 Protein | 746 | ||
| Indications | 746 | ||
| Test Explanation | 746 | ||
| Ploidy (DNA Index) and S-Phase Fraction | 747 | ||
| Cathepsin D | 747 | ||
| HER2 (c-erbB2, neu) Protein | 747 | ||
| p53 Protein | 748 | ||
| Ki67 Protein | 748 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 748 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 748 | ||
| Before | 748 | ||
| During | 748 | ||
| After | 748 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 748 | ||
| Related Tests | 748 | ||
| Cervical Biopsy (Simple Cervical [Punch] Biopsy, Endocervical Biopsy [Endocervical Curettage], Loop Electrosurgical Excisio... | 749 | ||
| Normal Findings | 749 | ||
| Critical Values | 749 | ||
| Indications | 749 | ||
| Test Explanation | 749 | ||
| Contraindications | 749 | ||
| Potential Complications | 749 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 750 | ||
| Before | 750 | ||
| During | 750 | ||
| After | 750 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 751 | ||
| Related Tests | 751 | ||
| Chlamydia | 751 | ||
| Normal Findings | 751 | ||
| Indications | 751 | ||
| Test Explanation | 751 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 752 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 753 | ||
| Before | 753 | ||
| During | 753 | ||
| After | 753 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 753 | ||
| Related Test | 753 | ||
| Colon Cancer Tumour Analysis (Microsatellite Instability [MSI] Testing, DNA Mismatch Repair [MMR] Genetic Testing, BRAF ... | 754 | ||
| Normal Findings | 754 | ||
| Indications | 754 | ||
| Test Explanation | 754 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 755 | ||
| Before | 755 | ||
| During | 755 | ||
| After | 755 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 755 | ||
| Related Test | 755 | ||
| Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy (Immunofluorescence Skin Biopsy, Skin Biopsy Antibodies, Skin Immunohistopathology) | 755 | ||
| Normal Findings | 755 | ||
| Indications | 755 | ||
| Test Explanation | 755 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 756 | ||
| Before | 756 | ||
| During | 756 | ||
| After | 756 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 756 | ||
| Endometrial Biopsy | 756 | ||
| Normal Findings | 756 | ||
| Indications | 756 | ||
| Test Explanation | 757 | ||
| Contraindications | 757 | ||
| Potential Complications | 757 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 757 | ||
| Before | 757 | ||
| During | 757 | ||
| After | 758 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 759 | ||
| Estrogen Receptor Assay (ER Assay, ERA, Estradiol Receptor) | 759 | ||
| Normal Findings | 759 | ||
| Indications | 759 | ||
| Test Explanation | 759 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 760 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 760 | ||
| Before | 760 | ||
| During | 760 | ||
| After | 760 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 760 | ||
| Related Tests | 760 | ||
| Herpes Simplex (Herpesvirus Type 2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 [HSV 1 and 2], Herpes Genitalis) | 760 | ||
| Normal Findings | 760 | ||
| Indications | 761 | ||
| Test Explanation | 761 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 762 | ||
| Before | 762 | ||
| During | 762 | ||
| Urethral Culture | 762 | ||
| Cervical Culture | 762 | ||
| Blood for Serologic Study | 762 | ||
| Molecular PCR Tissue and Other Fluids | 763 | ||
| After | 763 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 763 | ||
| Related Tests | 763 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus (HPV Test, HPV DNA Testing) | 763 | ||
| Normal Findings | 763 | ||
| Indications | 763 | ||
| Test Explanation | 763 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 765 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 765 | ||
| Before | 765 | ||
| During | 765 | ||
| After | 765 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 765 | ||
| Related Test | 765 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 766 | ||
| Normal Findings | 766 | ||
| Indications | 766 | ||
| Test Explanation | 766 | ||
| Contraindications | 767 | ||
| Potential Complications | 767 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 767 | ||
| Before | 767 | ||
| During | 768 | ||
| After | 768 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 768 | ||
| Related Tests | 769 | ||
| Lung Biopsy | 769 | ||
| Normal Findings | 769 | ||
| Indications | 769 | ||
| Test Explanation | 769 | ||
| Contraindications | 769 | ||
| Potential Complications | 769 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 770 | ||
| Before | 770 | ||
| During | 770 | ||
| Transbronchial Lung Biopsy | 770 | ||
| Transbronchial Needle Aspiration | 770 | ||
| Transcatheter Bronchial Brushing | 770 | ||
| Percutaneous Needle Biopsy | 771 | ||
| Open Lung Biopsy | 771 | ||
| Thoracoscopic Biopsy | 771 | ||
| After | 772 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 772 | ||
| Related Tests | 772 | ||
| Pancreatobiliary FISH Testing | 772 | ||
| Normal Findings | 772 | ||
| Indications | 772 | ||
| Test Explanation | 772 | ||
| Contraindications | 773 | ||
| Potential Complications | 773 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 773 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 773 | ||
| Before | 773 | ||
| During | 773 | ||
| After | 773 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 773 | ||
| Related Tests | 774 | ||
| Papanicolaou Smear (Pap Smear, Pap Test, Cytologic Test for Cancer, Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology [LBCC]) | 774 | ||
| Normal Findings | 774 | ||
| Indications | 774 | ||
| Test Explanation | 774 | ||
| Contraindications | 776 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 777 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 777 | ||
| Before | 777 | ||
| During | 777 | ||
| After | 778 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 778 | ||
| Related Tests | 778 | ||
| Pleural Biopsy | 779 | ||
| Normal Findings | 779 | ||
| Indications | 779 | ||
| Test Explanation | 779 | ||
| Contraindications | 779 | ||
| Potential Complications | 779 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 779 | ||
| Before | 779 | ||
| During | 779 | ||
| After | 780 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 780 | ||
| Related Tests | 780 | ||
| Progesterone Receptor Assay (PR Assay, PRA, PgR) | 781 | ||
| Normal Findings | 781 | ||
| Immunochemistry | 781 | ||
| Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) | 781 | ||
| Indications | 781 | ||
| Test Explanation | 781 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 782 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 782 | ||
| Before | 782 | ||
| During | 782 | ||
| After | 782 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 782 | ||
| Related Tests | 782 | ||
| Renal Biopsy (Kidney Biopsy) | 783 | ||
| Normal Findings | 783 | ||
| Indications | 783 | ||
| Test Explanation | 783 | ||
| Contraindications | 784 | ||
| Potential Complications | 784 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 784 | ||
| Before | 784 | ||
| During | 785 | ||
| After | 785 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 785 | ||
| SARS Viral Testing | 786 | ||
| Normal Findings | 786 | ||
| Indications | 786 | ||
| Test Explanation | 786 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 787 | ||
| Before | 787 | ||
| During | 787 | ||
| After | 787 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 787 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Infection Culture \n(STI Culture, Culture of Cervix, Urethra, and Anus) | 787 | ||
| Normal Findings | 787 | ||
| Indications | 787 | ||
| Test Explanation | 788 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 788 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 789 | ||
| Before | 789 | ||
| During | 789 | ||
| Cervical Culture | 789 | ||
| Anal Canal Culture | 789 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Culture | 789 | ||
| Urethral Culture | 790 | ||
| After | 790 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 790 | ||
| Related Tests | 791 | ||
| Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (Sputum C&S, Sputum Culture, and Gram Stain) | 791 | ||
| Normal Findings | 791 | ||
| Indications | 791 | ||
| Test Explanation | 792 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 792 | ||
| Before | 792 | ||
| During | 793 | ||
| After | 793 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 793 | ||
| Related Test | 793 | ||
| Sputum Cytologic Study | 793 | ||
| Normal Findings | 793 | ||
| Indications | 793 | ||
| Test Explanation | 794 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 794 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 794 | ||
| Before | 794 | ||
| During | 794 | ||
| After | 795 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 795 | ||
| Related Test | 795 | ||
| Throat and Nose Cultures | 795 | ||
| Normal Findings | 795 | ||
| Indications | 795 | ||
| Test Explanation | 795 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 797 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 797 | ||
| Before | 797 | ||
| During | 797 | ||
| After | 798 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 798 | ||
| Related Test | 798 | ||
| Tuberculosis Culture (TB Culture, BACTEC Method, \nPolymerase Chain Reaction) | 798 | ||
| Normal Findings | 798 | ||
| Indications | 798 | ||
| Test Explanation | 799 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 799 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 799 | ||
| Before | 799 | ||
| During | 800 | ||
| After | 800 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 800 | ||
| Related Tests | 800 | ||
| Viral Cultures | 801 | ||
| Normal Findings | 801 | ||
| Indications | 801 | ||
| Test Explanation | 801 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 802 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 802 | ||
| Before | 802 | ||
| During | 802 | ||
| After | 802 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 802 | ||
| Related Tests | 802 | ||
| Wound and Soft Tissue Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) | 803 | ||
| Normal Findings | 803 | ||
| Indications | 803 | ||
| Test Explanation | 803 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 803 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 803 | ||
| Before | 803 | ||
| During | 804 | ||
| After | 804 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 804 | ||
| Chapter 8: Nuclear Scanning | 805 | ||
| Overview | 806 | ||
| Reasons for Performing Nuclear Medicine Studies | 806 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care for Nuclear Scanning | 807 | ||
| Before | 807 | ||
| During | 808 | ||
| After | 808 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 808 | ||
| Antibody Tumour Imaging (Immunoscintigraphy, \nOncoScint Scan, ProstaScint Scan) | 808 | ||
| Normal Findings | 808 | ||
| Indications | 808 | ||
| Test Explanation | 808 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 809 | ||
| Before | 809 | ||
| During | 809 | ||
| After | 809 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 809 | ||
| Related Tests | 809 | ||
| Bone Scan | 810 | ||
| Normal Findings | 810 | ||
| Indications | 810 | ||
| Test Explanation | 810 | ||
| Contraindications | 811 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 812 | ||
| Before | 812 | ||
| During | 812 | ||
| After | 813 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 813 | ||
| Related Tests | 813 | ||
| Brain Scan (Cisternal Scan, Cerebral Blood Flow) | 813 | ||
| Normal Findings | 813 | ||
| Indications | 813 | ||
| Test Explanation | 814 | ||
| Contraindications | 815 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 815 | ||
| Before | 815 | ||
| During | 816 | ||
| After | 816 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 817 | ||
| Related Tests | 817 | ||
| Cardiac Nuclear Scanning (Myocardial Scan, Cardiac Scan, Nuclear Cardiac Scanning, Heart Scan, Thallium Scan, Multigated ... | 817 | ||
| Normal Findings | 817 | ||
| Indications | 817 | ||
| Test Explanation | 818 | ||
| Contraindications | 821 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 821 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 822 | ||
| Before | 822 | ||
| During | 822 | ||
| After | 823 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 823 | ||
| Related Tests | 823 | ||
| Gallbladder Nuclear Scanning (Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy, Hepatobiliary Imaging, Biliary Tract Radionuclide Scan, Choles ... | 824 | ||
| Normal Findings | 824 | ||
| Indications | 824 | ||
| Test Explanation | 824 | ||
| Contraindications | 825 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 825 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 826 | ||
| Before | 826 | ||
| During | 826 | ||
| After | 826 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 826 | ||
| Related Tests | 827 | ||
| Gallium Scan | 827 | ||
| Normal Findings | 827 | ||
| Indications | 827 | ||
| Test Explanation | 827 | ||
| Contraindications | 828 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 828 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 828 | ||
| Before | 828 | ||
| During | 828 | ||
| After | 828 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 829 | ||
| Gastric Emptying Scan | 829 | ||
| Normal Findings | 829 | ||
| Indications | 829 | ||
| Test Explanation | 829 | ||
| Contraindications | 829 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 830 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 830 | ||
| Before | 830 | ||
| During | 830 | ||
| After | 830 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 830 | ||
| Related Test | 830 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan (GE Reflux Scan, \nAspiration Scan) | 831 | ||
| Normal Findings | 831 | ||
| Indications | 831 | ||
| Test Explanation | 831 | ||
| Contraindications | 831 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 831 | ||
| Before | 831 | ||
| During | 831 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan | 831 | ||
| Aspiration Scan | 832 | ||
| After | 832 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 832 | ||
| Related Test | 832 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan (Abdominal Scintigraphy, GI Scintigraphy) | 832 | ||
| Normal Findings | 832 | ||
| Indications | 832 | ||
| Test Explanation | 833 | ||
| Contraindications | 834 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 834 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 834 | ||
| Before | 834 | ||
| During | 834 | ||
| After | 835 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 835 | ||
| Related Tests | 835 | ||
| Liver/Spleen Scan (Liver Scanning) | 835 | ||
| Normal Findings | 835 | ||
| Indications | 835 | ||
| Test Explanation | 836 | ||
| Contraindications | 836 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 836 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 837 | ||
| Before | 837 | ||
| During | 837 | ||
| After | 837 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 837 | ||
| Related Tests | 838 | ||
| Lung Scan (Ventilation/Perfusion Scanning [VPS], Pulmonary Scintiphotography, V/Q Scan) | 838 | ||
| Normal Findings | 838 | ||
| Indications | 838 | ||
| Test Explanation | 838 | ||
| Contraindications | 840 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 840 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 841 | ||
| Before | 841 | ||
| During | 841 | ||
| Perfusion Scan | 841 | ||
| Ventilation Scan | 842 | ||
| After | 842 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 842 | ||
| Related Tests | 842 | ||
| Meckel Diverticulum Nuclear Scanning | 843 | ||
| Normal Findings | 843 | ||
| Indications | 843 | ||
| Test Explanation | 843 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 843 | ||
| Before | 843 | ||
| During | 844 | ||
| After | 844 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 844 | ||
| Octreotide Scan (Carcinoid Nuclear Scanning, Neuroendocrine Nuclear Scanning) | 844 | ||
| Normal Findings | 844 | ||
| Indications | 844 | ||
| Test Explanation | 844 | ||
| Contraindications | 845 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 845 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 845 | ||
| Before | 845 | ||
| During | 846 | ||
| After | 846 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 846 | ||
| Parathyroid Scan (Parathyroid Scintigraphy) | 846 | ||
| Normal Findings | 846 | ||
| Indications | 846 | ||
| Test Explanation | 846 | ||
| Contraindications | 847 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 847 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 848 | ||
| Before | 848 | ||
| During | 848 | ||
| STDP Method | 848 | ||
| DTST Method | 848 | ||
| After | 848 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 848 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 849 | ||
| Normal Findings | 849 | ||
| Indications | 849 | ||
| Test Explanation | 849 | ||
| Neurology | 850 | ||
| Cardiology | 851 | ||
| Oncology | 851 | ||
| Bone | 852 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 853 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 854 | ||
| Before | 854 | ||
| During | 854 | ||
| After | 854 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 855 | ||
| Related Tests | 855 | ||
| Renal Scanning (Kidney Scan, Radiorenography, Renography, Radionuclide Renal Imaging, Nuclear Imaging of the Kidney, Di ... | 855 | ||
| Normal Findings | 855 | ||
| Indications | 855 | ||
| Test Explanation | 856 | ||
| Renal Blood Flow (Perfusion) Scan | 856 | ||
| Renal Structural Scan | 857 | ||
| Renal Function Scan (Renogram) | 857 | ||
| Renal Hypertension Scan | 857 | ||
| Renal Obstruction Scan | 858 | ||
| Contraindications | 858 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 858 | ||
| Before | 858 | ||
| During | 859 | ||
| After | 859 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 859 | ||
| Related Tests | 860 | ||
| Salivary Gland Nuclear Imaging (Parotid Gland Nuclear Imaging) | 860 | ||
| Normal Findings | 860 | ||
| Indications | 860 | ||
| Test Explanation | 860 | ||
| Contraindications | 861 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 861 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 861 | ||
| Before | 861 | ||
| During | 861 | ||
| After | 862 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 862 | ||
| Schilling Test (Vitamin B12 Absorption Test) | 862 | ||
| Normal Findings | 862 | ||
| Indications | 862 | ||
| Test Explanation | 862 | ||
| Contraindications | 863 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 863 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 863 | ||
| Before | 863 | ||
| During | 864 | ||
| First-Stage Schilling Test (Without Intrinsic Factor) | 864 | ||
| Combined One-Stage and Two-Stage Schilling Test | 864 | ||
| After | 864 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 864 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 864 | ||
| Related Tests | 864 | ||
| Scrotal Nuclear Imaging (Scrotal Scanning, \nTesticular Imaging) | 865 | ||
| Normal Findings | 865 | ||
| Indications | 865 | ||
| Test Explanation | 865 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 865 | ||
| Before | 865 | ||
| During | 865 | ||
| After | 866 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 866 | ||
| Increased Testicular Blood Flow | 866 | ||
| Decreased Testicular Blood Flow | 866 | ||
| Related Test | 866 | ||
| Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy) | 866 | ||
| Normal Findings | 866 | ||
| Indications | 866 | ||
| Test Explanation | 866 | ||
| Contraindications | 867 | ||
| Potential Complications | 867 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 867 | ||
| Before | 867 | ||
| During | 867 | ||
| Technetium-99m (99mTc) | 867 | ||
| Isosulfan and Methylene Blue | 868 | ||
| After | 868 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 868 | ||
| Thyroid Scan (Thyroid Scintiscan) | 868 | ||
| Normal Findings | 868 | ||
| Indications | 868 | ||
| Test Explanation | 868 | ||
| Contraindications | 870 | ||
| Potential Complications | 870 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 870 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 870 | ||
| Before | 870 | ||
| During | 871 | ||
| After | 871 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 871 | ||
| Related Tests | 871 | ||
| Total Blood Volume (TBV, Red Blood Cell [RBC] Volume) | 872 | ||
| Normal Findings | 872 | ||
| Indications | 872 | ||
| Test Explanation | 872 | ||
| Before | 872 | ||
| During | 872 | ||
| After | 873 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 873 | ||
| Increased Levels | 873 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 873 | ||
| Related Test | 873 | ||
| WBC Scan (Inflammatory Scan) | 873 | ||
| Normal Findings | 873 | ||
| Indications | 873 | ||
| Test Explanation | 873 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 874 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 874 | ||
| Before | 874 | ||
| During | 874 | ||
| After | 874 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 874 | ||
| Chapter 9: Stool Tests | 875 | ||
| Overview | 875 | ||
| Reasons for Performing Stool Studies | 875 | ||
| Procedural Care for Stool Studies | 875 | ||
| Before | 875 | ||
| During | 876 | ||
| After | 876 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 876 | ||
| Apt Test (Downey Test, Qualitative Fetal Hemoglobin Stool Test, \nStool for Swallowed Blood) | 876 | ||
| Normal Findings | 876 | ||
| Indications | 876 | ||
| Test Explanation | 876 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 877 | ||
| Before | 877 | ||
| During | 877 | ||
| After | 877 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 877 | ||
| Related Test | 877 | ||
| Clostridial Toxin Assay (Clostridium difficile, Antibiotic-Associated Colitis Assay; Pseudomembranous Colitis Toxic Assay, ... | 877 | ||
| Normal Findings | 877 | ||
| Indications | 877 | ||
| Test Explanation | 878 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 878 | ||
| Before | 878 | ||
| During | 878 | ||
| After | 879 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 879 | ||
| Related Tests | 879 | ||
| Fecal Fat (Fat Absorption, Quantitative Stool Fat Determination) | 879 | ||
| Normal Findings | 879 | ||
| Indications | 879 | ||
| Test Explanation | 880 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 880 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 880 | ||
| Before | 880 | ||
| During | 881 | ||
| After | 881 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 881 | ||
| Increased Levels | 881 | ||
| Related Test | 881 | ||
| Lactoferrin | 881 | ||
| Normal Findings | 881 | ||
| Indications | 881 | ||
| Test Explanation | 882 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 882 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 882 | ||
| Before | 882 | ||
| During | 882 | ||
| After | 882 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 883 | ||
| Related Tests | 883 | ||
| Stool Culture (Stool for Culture and Sensitivity [Stool C&S], Stool for Ova and Parasites [O&P]) | 883 | ||
| Normal Findings | 883 | ||
| Indications | 883 | ||
| Test Explanation | 883 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 884 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 884 | ||
| Before | 884 | ||
| During | 884 | ||
| Tape Test | 884 | ||
| After | 884 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 885 | ||
| Related Test | 885 | ||
| Stool for Occult Blood (Stool for OB, Fecal Occult Blood Test [FOBT], Fecal Immunotest [FIT], DNA Stool Sample) | 885 | ||
| Normal Findings | 885 | ||
| Indications | 885 | ||
| Test Explanation | 885 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 886 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 887 | ||
| Before | 887 | ||
| During | 888 | ||
| Hemoccult Slide Test | 888 | ||
| Tablet Test | 888 | ||
| After | 888 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 888 | ||
| Related Tests | 888 | ||
| Chapter 10: Ultrasound Studies | 890 | ||
| Overview | 890 | ||
| Reasons for Performing Ultrasound Studies | 891 | ||
| Principles of Ultrasonography | 891 | ||
| Procedural Care for Ultrasonography | 893 | ||
| Before | 893 | ||
| During | 894 | ||
| After | 894 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 894 | ||
| Potential Complications | 895 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 895 | ||
| Abdominal Ultrasonography (Abdominal Sonography; Echography; Ultrasonography of the Kidney, Liver, Pancreatobiliary Syst ... | 896 | ||
| Normal Findings | 896 | ||
| Indications | 896 | ||
| Test Explanation | 896 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 897 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 898 | ||
| Before | 898 | ||
| During | 898 | ||
| After | 899 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 899 | ||
| Kidney | 899 | ||
| Pancreas | 899 | ||
| Gallbladder | 900 | ||
| Liver | 900 | ||
| Bile Ducts | 900 | ||
| Abdominal Aorta | 900 | ||
| Abdominal Cavity | 900 | ||
| Related Tests | 900 | ||
| Breast Ultrasonography (Ultrasound Mammography) | 901 | ||
| Normal Findings | 901 | ||
| Indications | 901 | ||
| Test Explanation | 901 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 902 | ||
| Before | 902 | ||
| During | 902 | ||
| After | 902 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 902 | ||
| Related Tests | 903 | ||
| Carotid Artery Duplex Scanning (Carotid Ultrasonography) | 903 | ||
| Normal Findings | 903 | ||
| Indications | 903 | ||
| Test Explanation | 903 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 904 | ||
| Before | 904 | ||
| During | 905 | ||
| After | 905 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 905 | ||
| Related Test | 905 | ||
| Contraceptive Device Localization (Intrauterine Device [IUD] Localization) | 905 | ||
| Normal Findings | 905 | ||
| Indications | 905 | ||
| Test Explanation | 905 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 905 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 906 | ||
| Before | 906 | ||
| During | 906 | ||
| After | 906 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 906 | ||
| Echocardiography (Cardiac Echography, Heart Sonography, Transesophageal Echocardiography [TEE], Transthoracic Echocardiogr ... | 906 | ||
| Normal Findings | 906 | ||
| Indications | 906 | ||
| Test Explanation | 907 | ||
| Contraindications | 909 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 909 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 909 | ||
| Before | 909 | ||
| During | 909 | ||
| After | 909 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 911 | ||
| Related Test | 911 | ||
| Fetal Biophysical Profile (BPP) | 911 | ||
| Normal Findings | 911 | ||
| Critical Values | 911 | ||
| Indications | 911 | ||
| Test Explanation | 911 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 913 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 913 | ||
| Before | 913 | ||
| During | 913 | ||
| After | 913 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 913 | ||
| Related Tests | 914 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasonography (IVUS) | 914 | ||
| Normal Findings | 914 | ||
| Indications | 914 | ||
| Test Explanation | 914 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 915 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 915 | ||
| Before | 915 | ||
| During | 915 | ||
| After | 916 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 916 | ||
| Related Test | 916 | ||
| Ocular and Orbit Ultrasonography | 916 | ||
| Normal Findings | 916 | ||
| Indications | 916 | ||
| Test Explanation | 916 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 916 | ||
| Before | 916 | ||
| During | 916 | ||
| After | 917 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 917 | ||
| Pelvic Ultrasonography (Obstetric Echography, Pregnant Uterus Ultrasonography, Pelvic Ultrasonography in Pregnancy, Obstet ... | 917 | ||
| Normal Findings | 917 | ||
| Indications | 917 | ||
| Test Explanation | 917 | ||
| Contraindications | 919 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 919 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 919 | ||
| Before | 919 | ||
| During | 919 | ||
| After | 920 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 920 | ||
| Related Tests | 921 | ||
| Prostate and Rectal Ultrasonography | 921 | ||
| Normal Findings | 921 | ||
| Indications | 921 | ||
| Test Explanation | 921 | ||
| Contraindications | 921 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 921 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 922 | ||
| Before | 922 | ||
| During | 922 | ||
| After | 923 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 923 | ||
| Related Test | 923 | ||
| Scrotal Ultrasonography (Ultrasonography of Testes) | 923 | ||
| Normal Findings | 923 | ||
| Indications | 923 | ||
| Test Explanation | 923 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 924 | ||
| Before | 924 | ||
| During | 924 | ||
| After | 924 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 924 | ||
| Thyroid Ultrasonography (Thyroid Echography, \nThyroid Sonography) | 925 | ||
| Normal Findings | 925 | ||
| Indications | 925 | ||
| Test Explanation | 925 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 926 | ||
| Before | 926 | ||
| During | 926 | ||
| After | 926 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 926 | ||
| Related Test | 927 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) | 927 | ||
| Normal Findings | 927 | ||
| Indications | 927 | ||
| Test Explanation | 927 | ||
| Contraindications | 928 | ||
| Potential Complications | 928 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 929 | ||
| Before | 929 | ||
| During | 929 | ||
| After | 929 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 929 | ||
| Related Test | 930 | ||
| Vascular Ultrasound Studies (Venous/Arterial Doppler Ultrasonography, Venous/Arterial Duplex Scanning) | 930 | ||
| Normal Findings | 930 | ||
| Venous | 930 | ||
| Arterial | 930 | ||
| Critical Values | 930 | ||
| Indications | 930 | ||
| Test Explanation | 930 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 931 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 932 | ||
| Before | 932 | ||
| During | 932 | ||
| Venous Doppler Studies | 932 | ||
| Arterial Doppler Studies: Lower Extremities | 932 | ||
| Arterial Doppler Studies: Ankle/Brachial Index | 932 | ||
| After | 933 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 933 | ||
| Related Tests | 933 | ||
| Chapter 11: Urine Studies | 934 | ||
| Overview | 935 | ||
| Reasons for Obtaining Urine Specimens | 935 | ||
| Types of Urine Specimens | 935 | ||
| First Morning Specimen | 936 | ||
| Random Urine Specimen | 936 | ||
| Timed Urine Collection | 936 | ||
| Double-Voided Specimen | 937 | ||
| Urine Specimen for Culture and Sensitivity | 937 | ||
| Other Body Fluids | 937 | ||
| Collection Methods | 937 | ||
| Common Collection Methods | 937 | ||
| Routine Void Specimen | 937 | ||
| Midstream and Clean-Catch Specimens | 937 | ||
| Twenty-Four-Hour Urine Collection | 938 | ||
| Special Collection Methods | 938 | ||
| Urethral Catheterization | 938 | ||
| Suprapubic Aspiration | 938 | ||
| Pediatric Collections | 939 | ||
| Transport, Storage, and Preservation | 939 | ||
| Urine Reagent Strips | 940 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 940 | ||
| Amylase, Urine | 941 | ||
| Normal Findings | 941 | ||
| Indications | 941 | ||
| Test Explanation | 941 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 941 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 942 | ||
| Before | 942 | ||
| During | 942 | ||
| After | 942 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 942 | ||
| Increased Levels | 942 | ||
| Related Tests | 943 | ||
| Bence-Jones Protein (Free Kappa and Lambda Light Chains) | 943 | ||
| Normal Findings | 943 | ||
| Indications | 943 | ||
| Test Explanation | 943 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 944 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 944 | ||
| Before | 944 | ||
| During | 944 | ||
| After | 944 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 944 | ||
| Increased Levels | 944 | ||
| Related Test | 944 | ||
| 11 Beta-Prostaglandin F(2) Alpha, Urine | 945 | ||
| Normal Findings | 945 | ||
| Indications | 945 | ||
| Test Explanation | 945 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 945 | ||
| Before | 945 | ||
| During | 945 | ||
| After | 945 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 945 | ||
| Increased Levels | 945 | ||
| Bladder Cancer Markers (Bladder Tumour Antigen [BTA], Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 [NMP22]) | 946 | ||
| Normal Findings | 946 | ||
| Indications | 946 | ||
| Test Explanation | 946 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 947 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 947 | ||
| Before | 947 | ||
| During | 947 | ||
| After | 947 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 947 | ||
| Increased Levels | 947 | ||
| Bone Turnover Markers (N-Telopeptide [NTx], Osteocalcin [Bone G1a Protein, BGP, Osteocalc], Pyridinium [PYD] Crosslinks, ... | 947 | ||
| Normal Findings | 947 | ||
| Indications | 948 | ||
| Test Explanation | 948 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 950 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 950 | ||
| Before | 950 | ||
| During | 950 | ||
| Urine | 950 | ||
| Blood | 950 | ||
| After | 950 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 950 | ||
| Increased Levels | 950 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 950 | ||
| Related Tests | 951 | ||
| Chloride, Urine (Cl) | 951 | ||
| Normal Findings | 951 | ||
| Indications | 951 | ||
| Test Explanation | 951 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 951 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 951 | ||
| Before | 951 | ||
| During | 952 | ||
| After | 952 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 952 | ||
| Increased Levels | 952 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 952 | ||
| Related Tests | 952 | ||
| Cortisol, Urine (Hydrocortisone, Urine Cortisol, Free Cortisol) | 953 | ||
| Normal Findings | 953 | ||
| Indications | 953 | ||
| Test Explanation | 953 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 953 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 953 | ||
| Before | 953 | ||
| During | 954 | ||
| After | 954 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 954 | ||
| Increased Levels | 954 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 954 | ||
| Related Tests | 954 | ||
| Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid (Aminolevulinic Acid [ALA], δ-ALA) | 955 | ||
| Normal Findings | 955 | ||
| Critical Values | 955 | ||
| Indications | 955 | ||
| Test Explanation | 955 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 956 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 956 | ||
| Before | 956 | ||
| During | 956 | ||
| After | 956 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 956 | ||
| Increased Levels | 956 | ||
| Related Tests | 956 | ||
| Glucose, Urine (Urine Sugar) | 957 | ||
| Normal Findings | 957 | ||
| Indications | 957 | ||
| Test Explanation | 957 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 957 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 958 | ||
| Before | 958 | ||
| During | 958 | ||
| After | 958 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 958 | ||
| Increased Levels | 958 | ||
| Related Tests | 959 | ||
| 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OCHS) | 959 | ||
| Normal Findings | 959 | ||
| Indications | 959 | ||
| Test Explanation | 959 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 960 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 960 | ||
| Before | 960 | ||
| During | 960 | ||
| After | 960 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 960 | ||
| Increased Levels | 960 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 961 | ||
| Related Test | 961 | ||
| 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) | 961 | ||
| Normal Findings | 961 | ||
| Indications | 961 | ||
| Test Explanation | 961 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 962 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 962 | ||
| Before | 962 | ||
| During | 962 | ||
| After | 962 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 962 | ||
| Increased Levels | 962 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 963 | ||
| 17-Ketosteroid (17-KS) | 963 | ||
| Normal Findings | 963 | ||
| Indications | 963 | ||
| Test Explanation | 963 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 963 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 964 | ||
| Before | 964 | ||
| During | 964 | ||
| After | 964 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 964 | ||
| Increased Levels | 964 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 965 | ||
| Related Test | 965 | ||
| Microalbumin (MA) | 965 | ||
| Normal Findings | 965 | ||
| Indications | 965 | ||
| Test Explanation | 965 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 966 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 966 | ||
| Before | 966 | ||
| During | 966 | ||
| After | 967 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 967 | ||
| Increased Levels | 967 | ||
| Microglobulin (Beta-2 Microglobulin [B2M], Alpha 1 Microglobulin, and Retinol-Binding Protein) | 967 | ||
| Normal Findings | 967 | ||
| Indications | 967 | ||
| Test Explanation | 967 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 968 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 968 | ||
| Before | 968 | ||
| During | 968 | ||
| Blood | 968 | ||
| Urine | 968 | ||
| After | 969 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Implications | 969 | ||
| Increased Urine Levels | 969 | ||
| Increased Serum Levels | 969 | ||
| Related Tests | 969 | ||
| Nicotine and Metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy-Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine) | 969 | ||
| Normal Findings | 969 | ||
| Urine | 969 | ||
| Serum | 970 | ||
| Indications | 970 | ||
| Test Explanation | 970 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 971 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 971 | ||
| Before | 971 | ||
| During | 971 | ||
| Blood | 971 | ||
| Urine | 971 | ||
| Saliva | 971 | ||
| After | 971 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 971 | ||
| Osmolality, Urine | 972 | ||
| Normal Findings | 972 | ||
| Indications | 972 | ||
| Test Explanation | 972 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 973 | ||
| Before | 973 | ||
| During | 973 | ||
| After | 973 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 973 | ||
| Increased Levels | 973 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 973 | ||
| Related Tests | 974 | ||
| Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens | 974 | ||
| Normal Findings | 974 | ||
| Indications | 974 | ||
| Test Explanation | 974 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 975 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 975 | ||
| Before | 975 | ||
| During | 975 | ||
| Porphobilinogens | 975 | ||
| Porphyrins | 975 | ||
| After | 976 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 976 | ||
| Increased Levels | 976 | ||
| Porphyrias | 976 | ||
| Related Tests | 976 | ||
| Potassium, Urine (K) | 976 | ||
| Normal Findings | 976 | ||
| Indications | 976 | ||
| Test Explanation | 976 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 977 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 977 | ||
| Before | 977 | ||
| During | 977 | ||
| After | 977 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 977 | ||
| Increased Levels | 977 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 978 | ||
| Related Tests | 978 | ||
| Pregnanediol | 978 | ||
| Normal Findings | 978 | ||
| Indications | 978 | ||
| Test Explanation | 978 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 979 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 979 | ||
| Before | 979 | ||
| During | 979 | ||
| After | 979 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 980 | ||
| Increased Levels | 980 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 980 | ||
| Related Test | 980 | ||
| Sodium, Urine (Na) | 980 | ||
| Normal Findings | 980 | ||
| Indications | 981 | ||
| Test Explanation | 981 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 981 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 981 | ||
| Before | 981 | ||
| During | 982 | ||
| After | 982 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 982 | ||
| Increased Levels | 982 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 982 | ||
| Related Tests | 983 | ||
| Substance Abuse Testing (Urine Drug Testing, \nDrug Screening, Drug Testing) | 983 | ||
| Normal Findings | 983 | ||
| Indications | 983 | ||
| Test Explanation | 983 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 985 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 985 | ||
| Before | 985 | ||
| During | 985 | ||
| After | 986 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 986 | ||
| Related Test | 986 | ||
| Toxicology | 986 | ||
| Normal Findings | 986 | ||
| Indications | 986 | ||
| Test Explanation | 986 | ||
| Commonly Abused Drugs | 987 | ||
| Marijuana (Cannabis) | 987 | ||
| Cocaine (Including Crack) | 987 | ||
| Phencyclidine | 987 | ||
| Amphetamines (Especially Methamphetamine) | 987 | ||
| Morphine and Other Narcotic Alkaloids | 987 | ||
| Barbiturates | 987 | ||
| Common Toxins | 987 | ||
| Lead | 987 | ||
| Other Heavy Metals | 987 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 988 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 988 | ||
| Before | 988 | ||
| During | 988 | ||
| After | 988 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 988 | ||
| Related Tests | 988 | ||
| Uric Acid, Urine | 989 | ||
| Normal Findings | 989 | ||
| Indications | 989 | ||
| Test Explanation | 989 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 989 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 989 | ||
| Before | 989 | ||
| During | 990 | ||
| After | 990 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 990 | ||
| Increased Levels (Uricosuria) | 990 | ||
| Decreased Levels | 990 | ||
| Related Test | 990 | ||
| Urinalysis (UA) | 991 | ||
| Normal Findings | 991 | ||
| Indications | 991 | ||
| Test Explanation | 991 | ||
| Laboratory Examination | 992 | ||
| Appearance and Colour | 992 | ||
| Odour | 993 | ||
| pH | 993 | ||
| Protein | 993 | ||
| Glucose | 993 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 993 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase | 994 | ||
| Nitrites | 994 | ||
| Ketones | 994 | ||
| Bilirubin and Urobilinogen | 994 | ||
| Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment | 995 | ||
| Crystals | 995 | ||
| Casts | 996 | ||
| Hyaline Casts | 996 | ||
| Cellular Casts | 996 | ||
| Granular casts | 996 | ||
| Fatty casts | 996 | ||
| Waxy casts | 996 | ||
| Epithelial cells and casts (renal tubular casts) | 996 | ||
| White blood cells and casts | 996 | ||
| Red blood cells and casts | 996 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 997 | ||
| Appearance and Colour | 997 | ||
| Odour | 997 | ||
| pH | 997 | ||
| Protein | 997 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 998 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase | 998 | ||
| Ketones | 998 | ||
| Bilirubin and Urobilinogen | 998 | ||
| Crystals | 998 | ||
| WBCs | 998 | ||
| RBCs | 998 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 999 | ||
| Before | 999 | ||
| During | 999 | ||
| After | 999 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 999 | ||
| Appearance and Colour | 999 | ||
| Odour | 1000 | ||
| pH | 1000 | ||
| Chapter 12: X-Ray Studies | 1015 | ||
| Overview | 1016 | ||
| Reasons for Performing X-Ray Studies | 1016 | ||
| Principles of Radiology | 1016 | ||
| Plain Radiography | 1017 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 1017 | ||
| Tomography | 1017 | ||
| Contrast Studies | 1017 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiography | 1019 | ||
| Risks of Radiation Exposure | 1019 | ||
| Contraindications | 1020 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1020 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1021 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1021 | ||
| Before | 1021 | ||
| During | 1022 | ||
| After | 1022 | ||
| Reporting of Results | 1022 | ||
| Adrenal Venography | 1023 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1023 | ||
| Indications | 1023 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1023 | ||
| Contraindications | 1023 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1023 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1024 | ||
| Before | 1024 | ||
| During | 1024 | ||
| After | 1024 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1024 | ||
| Related Tests | 1024 | ||
| Antegrade Pyelography | 1025 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1025 | ||
| Indications | 1025 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1025 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1025 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1025 | ||
| Before | 1025 | ||
| During | 1025 | ||
| After | 1026 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1026 | ||
| Related Tests | 1026 | ||
| Arteriography (Angiography; Renal, Mesenteric, Adrenal, Cerebral, and Lower Extremity Arteriography) | 1026 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1026 | ||
| Indications | 1026 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1026 | ||
| Contraindications | 1029 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1029 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1030 | ||
| Before | 1030 | ||
| During | 1030 | ||
| After | 1030 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1032 | ||
| Adrenal Angiography | 1032 | ||
| Arteriography of Lower Extremity | 1032 | ||
| Brain Arteriography | 1033 | ||
| Kidney Arteriography | 1033 | ||
| Barium Enema (BE, Lower GI Series) | 1033 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1033 | ||
| Indications | 1033 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1033 | ||
| Contraindications | 1034 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1034 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1035 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1036 | ||
| Before | 1036 | ||
| During | 1036 | ||
| After | 1037 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1037 | ||
| Related Tests | 1038 | ||
| Barium Swallow (Esophagogram) | 1038 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1038 | ||
| Indications | 1038 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1039 | ||
| Contraindications | 1039 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1039 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1039 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1039 | ||
| Before | 1039 | ||
| During | 1040 | ||
| After | 1040 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1040 | ||
| Related Test | 1041 | ||
| Bone Densitometry (Bone Mineral Content [Bmc], Bone Absorptiometry, Bone Mineral Density [BMD]) | 1041 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1041 | ||
| Critical Values | 1041 | ||
| Indications | 1041 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1042 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1043 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1043 | ||
| Before | 1043 | ||
| During | 1044 | ||
| After | 1044 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1045 | ||
| Related Tests | 1045 | ||
| Bone (Long) Radiography | 1045 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1045 | ||
| Indications | 1045 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1046 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1046 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1046 | ||
| Before | 1046 | ||
| During | 1046 | ||
| After | 1046 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1047 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization (Coronary Angiography, Angiocardiography, Ventriculography) | 1047 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1047 | ||
| Indications | 1047 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1047 | ||
| Contraindications | 1050 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1050 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1050 | ||
| Before | 1050 | ||
| During | 1051 | ||
| After | 1052 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1052 | ||
| Related Tests | 1053 | ||
| Chest Radiography (Chest X-Ray [CXR]) | 1053 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1053 | ||
| Indications | 1053 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1053 | ||
| Contraindications | 1056 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1056 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1057 | ||
| Before | 1057 | ||
| During | 1057 | ||
| After | 1057 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1057 | ||
| Lung | 1057 | ||
| Heart | 1058 | ||
| Chest Wall | 1058 | ||
| Diaphragm | 1058 | ||
| Mediastinum | 1058 | ||
| Related Test | 1058 | ||
| Computed Tomography, Abdomen (Cat Scan, Abdomen; CT Scan, Abdomen; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Abdomen; CT Angiography; CT Col ... | 1059 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1059 | ||
| Indications | 1059 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1059 | ||
| Contraindications | 1061 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1062 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1062 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1062 | ||
| Before | 1062 | ||
| During | 1062 | ||
| After | 1064 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1064 | ||
| Liver | 1064 | ||
| Pancreas | 1064 | ||
| Spleen | 1064 | ||
| Gallbladder/Biliary System | 1064 | ||
| Kidneys | 1064 | ||
| Adrenal Gland | 1064 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 1064 | ||
| Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries | 1065 | ||
| Prostate | 1065 | ||
| Retroperitoneum | 1065 | ||
| Peritoneum | 1065 | ||
| Related Test | 1065 | ||
| Computed Tomography, Brain (CT Scan, Brain; Computerized Axial Transverse Tomography [Catt]; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Brain) | 1065 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1065 | ||
| Indications | 1065 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1065 | ||
| Contraindications | 1066 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1066 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1066 | ||
| Before | 1066 | ||
| During | 1067 | ||
| After | 1067 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1067 | ||
| Related Test | 1068 | ||
| Computed Tomography, Chest (Chest CT Scan; \nHelical/Spiral CT Scan, Chest) | 1068 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1068 | ||
| Indications | 1068 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1068 | ||
| Contraindications | 1069 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1070 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1070 | ||
| Before | 1070 | ||
| During | 1070 | ||
| After | 1070 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1071 | ||
| Lung | 1071 | ||
| Heart | 1071 | ||
| Chest Wall | 1071 | ||
| Diaphragm | 1071 | ||
| Mediastinum | 1071 | ||
| Related Test | 1072 | ||
| Computed Tomography, Heart (Coronary CT Angiography, Coronary Calcium Score) | 1072 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1072 | ||
| Indications | 1072 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1072 | ||
| Contraindications | 1073 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1074 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1074 | ||
| Before | 1074 | ||
| During | 1074 | ||
| After | 1074 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1075 | ||
| Related Tests | 1075 | ||
| Cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding, Cystography, \nVoiding Cystourethrography) | 1075 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1075 | ||
| Indications | 1075 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1075 | ||
| Contraindications | 1076 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1076 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1076 | ||
| Before | 1076 | ||
| During | 1076 | ||
| After | 1076 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1077 | ||
| Hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography, Hysterogram) | 1077 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1077 | ||
| Indications | 1077 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1078 | ||
| Contraindications | 1078 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1078 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1078 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1079 | ||
| Before | 1079 | ||
| During | 1079 | ||
| After | 1079 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1079 | ||
| Intravenous Pyelography (IVP, Excretory Urography [Eug], Intravenous Urography [Iug, Ivu]) | 1080 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1080 | ||
| Indications | 1080 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1080 | ||
| Contraindications | 1081 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1081 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1082 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1082 | ||
| Before | 1082 | ||
| During | 1082 | ||
| After | 1083 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1083 | ||
| Related Tests | 1084 | ||
| Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Radiography (KUB, Flat Plate of the Abdomen, Plain Film of the Abdomen, Scout Film) | 1084 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1084 | ||
| Indications | 1084 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1084 | ||
| Contraindications | 1084 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1084 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1085 | ||
| Before | 1085 | ||
| During | 1085 | ||
| After | 1085 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1085 | ||
| Related Test | 1086 | ||
| Mammography (Mammogram) | 1086 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1086 | ||
| Indications | 1086 | ||
| Screening Mammography Recommendations | 1087 | ||
| Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation and Canadian Cancer Society Screening Guidelines | 1087 | ||
| When to Stop Screening | 1087 | ||
| Diagnostic Mammography | 1087 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1088 | ||
| Contraindications | 1090 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1090 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1091 | ||
| Before | 1091 | ||
| During | 1091 | ||
| After | 1092 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1092 | ||
| Related Tests | 1092 | ||
| Myelography (Myelogram) | 1092 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1092 | ||
| Indications | 1092 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1092 | ||
| Contraindications | 1093 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1093 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1093 | ||
| Before | 1093 | ||
| During | 1094 | ||
| After | 1094 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1094 | ||
| Related Test | 1094 | ||
| Obstruction Series | 1095 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1095 | ||
| Indications | 1095 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1095 | ||
| Contraindications | 1095 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1096 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1096 | ||
| Before | 1096 | ||
| During | 1096 | ||
| After | 1096 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1096 | ||
| Related Test | 1096 | ||
| Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography \n(Ptc, PTHC) | 1097 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1097 | ||
| Indications | 1097 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1097 | ||
| Contraindications | 1098 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1098 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1098 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1098 | ||
| Before | 1098 | ||
| During | 1098 | ||
| After | 1099 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1099 | ||
| Related Test | 1100 | ||
| Pulmonary Angiography (Pulmonary Arteriography, \nBronchial Angiography) | 1100 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1100 | ||
| Indications | 1100 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1100 | ||
| Contraindications | 1101 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1101 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1101 | ||
| Before | 1101 | ||
| During | 1101 | ||
| After | 1102 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1102 | ||
| Related Tests | 1102 | ||
| Retrograde Pyelography | 1102 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1102 | ||
| Indications | 1102 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1102 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1103 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1104 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1104 | ||
| Before | 1104 | ||
| During | 1104 | ||
| After | 1104 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1105 | ||
| Related Test | 1105 | ||
| Sialography | 1105 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1105 | ||
| Indications | 1105 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1105 | ||
| Contraindications | 1105 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1106 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1106 | ||
| Before | 1106 | ||
| During | 1106 | ||
| After | 1106 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1106 | ||
| Skull Radiography | 1106 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1106 | ||
| Indications | 1106 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1107 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1108 | ||
| Before | 1108 | ||
| During | 1108 | ||
| After | 1108 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1108 | ||
| Related Test | 1109 | ||
| Small Bowel Follow-Through (SBF, Small Bowel Enema) | 1109 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1109 | ||
| Indications | 1109 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1109 | ||
| Contraindications | 1110 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1110 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1110 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1110 | ||
| Before | 1110 | ||
| During | 1111 | ||
| After | 1111 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1111 | ||
| Related Test | 1112 | ||
| Spinal Radiography (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, or Coccygeal X-Ray Studies) | 1112 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1112 | ||
| Indications | 1112 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1112 | ||
| Contraindications | 1112 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1112 | ||
| Before | 1112 | ||
| During | 1113 | ||
| After | 1113 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1113 | ||
| Related Tests | 1113 | ||
| Swallowing Examination (Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Examination) | 1113 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1113 | ||
| Indications | 1113 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1113 | ||
| Contraindications | 1114 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1114 | ||
| Before | 1114 | ||
| During | 1114 | ||
| After | 1114 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1114 | ||
| Related Test | 1114 | ||
| T-Tube and Operative Cholangiography | 1115 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1115 | ||
| Indications | 1115 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1115 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1115 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1115 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1115 | ||
| Before | 1115 | ||
| During | 1116 | ||
| Operative Cholangiography | 1116 | ||
| T-Tube Cholangiography | 1116 | ||
| After | 1116 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1116 | ||
| Related Tests | 1116 | ||
| Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Radiography (Upper GI Series, Ugi) | 1117 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1117 | ||
| Indications | 1117 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1117 | ||
| Contraindications | 1117 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1118 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1118 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1118 | ||
| Before | 1118 | ||
| During | 1118 | ||
| After | 1119 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1119 | ||
| Related Test | 1120 | ||
| Venography, Lower Extremities (Phlebography, Venogram) | 1120 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1120 | ||
| Indications | 1120 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1120 | ||
| Contraindications | 1121 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1121 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1121 | ||
| Before | 1121 | ||
| During | 1122 | ||
| After | 1122 | ||
| Test Results and Clinical Significance | 1122 | ||
| Related Tests | 1122 | ||
| Chapter 13: Additional Studies | 1123 | ||
| Overview | 1123 | ||
| Allergy Skin Testing | 1123 | ||
| Normal Findings | 1123 | ||
| Indications | 1124 | ||
| Test Explanation | 1124 | ||
| Contraindications | 1124 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1125 | ||
| Interfering Factors | 1125 | ||
| Procedure and Patient Care | 1125 | ||
| Before | 1125 | ||
| During | 1125 | ||
| Prick-Puncture Method | 1125 | ||
| Intradermal Method | 1125 | ||
| Appendix A: Alphabetical List of Tests | 1175 | ||
| A | 1175 | ||
| B | 1175 | ||
| C | 1176 | ||
| D | 1176 | ||
| E | 1176 | ||
| F | 1177 | ||
| G | 1177 | ||
| H | 1177 | ||
| I | 1177 | ||
| K | 1177 | ||
| L | 1177 | ||
| M | 1177 | ||
| N | 1178 | ||
| O | 1178 | ||
| P | 1178 | ||
| Q | 1178 | ||
| R | 1178 | ||
| S | 1178 | ||
| T | 1179 | ||
| U | 1179 | ||
| V | 1179 | ||
| W | 1179 | ||
| X | 1179 | ||
| Z | 1179 | ||
| Appendix B: List of Tests by Body System | 1180 | ||
| Cancer Studies | 1180 | ||
| Cardiovascular Studies | 1180 | ||
| Endocrine Studies | 1181 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Studies | 1181 | ||
| Hematologic System | 1181 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Studies | 1182 | ||
| Immunologic Studies | 1182 | ||
| Miscellaneous Studies | 1183 | ||
| Nervous System Studies | 1183 | ||
| Pulmonary Studies | 1183 | ||
| Reproductive System Studies | 1184 | ||
| Skeletal System Studies | 1184 | ||
| Urologic Studies | 1184 | ||
| Appendix C: Common Testing Profiles | 1186 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis | 1186 | ||
| Arthritis | 1186 | ||
| Basic Metabolic Function | 1186 | ||
| Bone/Joint Profile | 1186 | ||
| Cardiac Injury | 1186 | ||
| Coagulation Screening | 1186 | ||
| Coma | 1186 | ||
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | 1186 | ||
| Comprehensive Metabolic Function | 1186 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus Management | 1187 | ||
| Electrolytes | 1187 | ||
| Hemolysis | 1187 | ||
| Hepatic Function | 1187 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Detection | 1187 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monitoring | 1187 | ||
| Hypertension | 1187 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 1187 | ||
| Lipids | 1187 | ||
| Obstetrics | 1187 | ||
| Pancreatic | 1187 | ||
| Parathyroid | 1187 | ||
| Prenatal Testing | 1188 | ||
| Renal Function | 1188 | ||
| Thyroid Screening | 1188 | ||
| TORCH Antibody Testing | 1188 | ||
| Toxicology Screening (Urine) | 1188 | ||
| Appendix D: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms | 1189 | ||
| Appendix E: List of Common Blood Tests and Values | 1194 | ||
| Bibliography | 1195 | ||
| Illustration Credits | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 1205 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 1206 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 1206 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 1206 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 1206 | ||
| Index | 1207 |