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Book Details
Abstract
Bridge the gap between ophthalmology and pathology with the 8th Edition of this comprehensive, easy-to-understand reference from Drs. Myron Yanoff and Joseph W. Sassani. Designed to keep you up to date with every aspect of the field, from current imaging techniques to genetics and molecular biology to clinical pearls, Ocular Pathology provides the concise yet complete information you need for board exams and clinical practice.
- Includes new coverage of genetics and molecular biology, complications in diabetes mellitus, and the role of new drugs and other treatments for macular degeneration.
- Covers the latest imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) and OCT-angiography.
- Contains new images throughout that provide updated correlations between pathological and clinical aspects of each disorder. Clinicopathological correlations are presented with side-by-side image comparisons to make clinical pearl boxes even more useful.
- Features more than 1,900 illustrations from the collections of internationally renowned leaders in ocular pathology.
- Presents information in a quick-reference outline format – ideal for today’s busy physician.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Ocular Pathology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | vi | ||
| Forewords to the First Edition | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Dedication | xii | ||
| 1 Basic Principles of Pathology | 1 | ||
| Inflammation | 1 | ||
| Definition | 1 | ||
| Causes | 1 | ||
| Phases of Inflammation | 1 | ||
| Staining Patterns of Inflammation | 18 | ||
| Immunobiology | 18 | ||
| Background | 18 | ||
| Cellular Immunity (Delayed Hypersensitivity) | 23 | ||
| Humoral Immunoglobulin (Antibody) | 23 | ||
| Autoimmunity and Autoinflammation | 24 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 24 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Diseases | 25 | ||
| Transplantation Terminology | 29 | ||
| Cellular and Tissue Reactions | 29 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 29 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 29 | ||
| Aplasia | 29 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 29 | ||
| Metaplasia | 29 | ||
| Atrophy | 29 | ||
| Dysplasia | 29 | ||
| Neoplasia | 29 | ||
| Degeneration and Dystrophy | 30 | ||
| Necrosis (Table 1.11) | 30 | ||
| Apoptosis | 31 | ||
| Calcification | 32 | ||
| Autolysis and Putrefaction | 32 | ||
| Pigmentation | 32 | ||
| Growth and Aging | 33 | ||
| Epigenetics and Ocular Disease | 33 | ||
| Modern Molecular Pathology Diagnostic Techniques | 34 | ||
| Concluding Comments | 37 | ||
| Bibliography | 37.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 37.e1 | ||
| Immunobiology | 37.e1 | ||
| Cellular and Tissue Reactions | 37.e2 | ||
| Epigenetics and Ocular Disease | 37.e2 | ||
| Modern Molecular Pathology Diagnostic Techniques | 37.e2 | ||
| 2 Congenital Anomalies | 38 | ||
| Phakomatoses (Disseminated Hereditary Hamartomas) | 38 | ||
| General Information | 38 | ||
| Angiomatosis Retinae (von Hippel’s Disease [VHL]) | 38 | ||
| Meningocutaneous Angiomatosis (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis; Sturge–Weber Syndrome [SWS]) | 38 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis (Figs. 2.3–2.5) | 40 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville’s Disease; Pringle’s Disease) | 43 | ||
| Other Phakomatoses | 45 | ||
| Chromosomal Aberrations | 46 | ||
| Trisomy 8 | 47 | ||
| Trisomy 13 (47,13+; Patau’s Syndrome) | 47 | ||
| Trisomy 18 (47,18+; Edwards’ Syndrome) | 48 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (47,21+; Down’s Syndrome) | 48 | ||
| Triploidy | 48 | ||
| Chromosome 4 Deletion Defect | 49 | ||
| Chromosome 5 Deletion Defect (46,5p−; Cri du Chat Syndrome) | 49 | ||
| Chromosome 11 Deletion Defect | 49 | ||
| Chromosome 13 Deletion Defect | 49 | ||
| Chromosome 17 Deletion (17p11.2; Smith–Magenis Syndrome) | 49 | ||
| Chromosome 18 Deletion Defect (46,18p−; 46,18q−; or 46,18r; Partial 18 Monosomy) (Fig. 2.11) | 49 | ||
| Chromosome 47 Deletion Defect | 49 | ||
| Mosaicism | 50 | ||
| Infectious Embryopathy | 51 | ||
| Congenital Rubella Syndrome (Gregg’s Syndrome) | 51 | ||
| Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease | 53 | ||
| Congenital Syphilis | 53 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 53 | ||
| Drug Embryopathy | 53 | ||
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (Fig. 2.15) | 53 | ||
| Thalidomide | 53 | ||
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (Fig. 2.16) | 53 | ||
| Other Congenital Anomalies | 54 | ||
| Cyclopia and Synophthalmos | 54 | ||
| Anencephaly | 56 | ||
| Anophthalmos (Fig. 2.18) | 56 | ||
| Microphthalmos | 57 | ||
| Noonan Syndrome (NS) | 57 | ||
| Walker–Warburg Syndrome | 57 | ||
| Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Miller | 57 | ||
| Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (Leigh’s Disease) | 58 | ||
| Meckel’s Syndrome (Dysencephalia Splanchnocystica; Gruber’s Syndrome) | 59 | ||
| Potter’s Syndrome | 59 | ||
| Menkes’ Kinky-Hair Disease | 59 | ||
| Aicardi’s Syndrome | 60 | ||
| Ectrodactyly–Ectodermal Dysplasia (EEC) | 60 | ||
| Trichothiodystrophy (TD) | 61 | ||
| Dwarfism | 61 | ||
| Other Syndromes | 61 | ||
| Bibliography | 61.e1 | ||
| Angiomatosis Retinae | 61.e1 | ||
| Meningocutaneous Angiomatosis | 61.e1 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 61.e1 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis | 61.e2 | ||
| Other Phakomatoses | 61.e2 | ||
| Chromosomal Trisomy Defects | 61.e2 | ||
| Triploidy and Chromosomal Deletion Abnormalities | 61.e3 | ||
| Mosaicism | 61.e3 | ||
| Infectious Embryopathy | 61.e3 | ||
| Drug Embryopathy | 61.e3 | ||
| Other Congenital Anomalies | 61.e4 | ||
| 3 Nongranulomatous Inflammation | 62 | ||
| Definition | 62 | ||
| 4 Granulomatous Inflammation | 77 | ||
| Introduction | 77 | ||
| Post-Traumatic | 77 | ||
| Sympathetic Uveitis (Sympathetic Ophthalmia [SO], Sympathetic Ophthalmitis) | 77 | ||
| Phacoanaphylactic (Phacoimmune, Phacoantigenic, or Phacogenic) Endophthalmitis | 78 | ||
| Foreign-Body Granulomas | 80 | ||
| Nontraumatic Infections | 80 | ||
| Viral | 80 | ||
| Bacterial | 83 | ||
| Fungal | 88 | ||
| Parasitic | 91 | ||
| Nontraumatic Noninfectious | 97 | ||
| Sarcoidosis (Figs. 4.22–4.27) | 97 | ||
| Granulomatous Scleritis | 99 | ||
| Chalazion | 100 | ||
| Xanthogranulomas (Juvenile Xanthogranuloma and Langerhans’ Granulomatoses; Histiocytosis X) | 100 | ||
| Granulomatous Reaction to Descemet’s Membrane | 100 | ||
| Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome | 100 | ||
| Allergic Granulomatosis and Midline Lethal Granuloma Syndrome | 100 | ||
| Weber–Christian Disease (Relapsing Febrile Nodular Nonsuppurative Panniculitis) | 100 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome (Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome) | 100 | ||
| Familial Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood | 101 | ||
| Bibliography | 101.e1 | ||
| Sympathetic Uveitis | 101.e1 | ||
| Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis | 101.e1 | ||
| Foreign-Body Granulomas | 101.e1 | ||
| Viral | 101.e1 | ||
| Bacterial | 101.e2 | ||
| Fungal | 101.e3 | ||
| Parasitic | 101.e4 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 101.e5 | ||
| Granulomatous Scleritis | 101.e6 | ||
| Granulomatous Reaction to Descemet’s Membrane | 101.e6 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome | 101.e6 | ||
| Familial Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood | 101.e7 | ||
| 5 Surgical and Nonsurgical Trauma | 102 | ||
| Causes of Enucleation | 102 | ||
| Complications of Intraocular Surgery | 102 | ||
| Adult Cataract Surgery | 102 | ||
| Immediate | 102 | ||
| Postoperative | 106 | ||
| Congenital Cataract Surgery | 114 | ||
| Delayed | 114 | ||
| Complications of Neural Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Surgery Including Intravitreal Injections | 123 | ||
| Intravitreal Injections | 123 | ||
| Incisional Vitreoretinal Surgery | 124 | ||
| Neural Retinal Detachment | 124 | ||
| Immediate | 124 | ||
| Postoperative | 125 | ||
| Delayed | 128 | ||
| Vitreous Surgery | 129 | ||
| Complications of Corneal Surgery | 129 | ||
| Endothelial Transplant Procedures | 129 | ||
| Introduction | 129 | ||
| Penetrating Keratoplasty (Graft) | 130 | ||
| Other Refractive Keratoplasties | 132 | ||
| Complications of Glaucoma Surgery | 134 | ||
| Complications of Nonsurgical Trauma | 135 | ||
| Introduction | 135 | ||
| Contusion | 137 | ||
| Penetrating and Perforating Injuries | 150 | ||
| Intraocular Foreign Bodies | 151 | ||
| Chemical Injuries | 154 | ||
| Burns | 156 | ||
| Ocular Effects of Injuries to Other Parts of the Body | 157 | ||
| Radiation Injuries (Electromagnetic) | 159 | ||
| Bibliography | 162.e1 | ||
| Causes of Enucleation | 162.e1 | ||
| Complications of Intraocular Surgery | 162.e1 | ||
| Complications of Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Surgery Including Intraocular Injections | 162.e1 | ||
| Complications of Corneal Surgery | 162.e3 | ||
| Complications of Glaucoma Surgery | 162.e4 | ||
| Complications of Nonsurgical Trauma | 162.e4 | ||
| 6 Skin and Lacrimal Drainage System | 163 | ||
| Skin | 163 | ||
| Normal Anatomy (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2) | 163 | ||
| Epidermis | 163 | ||
| Dermis | 163 | ||
| Subcutaneous Tissue | 163 | ||
| Terminology | 163 | ||
| Orthokeratosis and Parakeratosis | 163 | ||
| Acanthosis | 163 | ||
| Dyskeratosis | 163 | ||
| Acantholysis | 163 | ||
| Bulla | 163 | ||
| Atrophy | 166 | ||
| Atypical Cell | 166 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 166 | ||
| Polarity | 166 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 167 | ||
| Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts | 167 | ||
| Phakomatous Choristoma | 167 | ||
| Miscellaneous Choristomas and Hamartomas | 168 | ||
| Cryptophthalmos (Ablepharon) | 168 | ||
| Microblepharon | 169 | ||
| Coloboma | 169 | ||
| Epicanthus | 169 | ||
| Ectopic Caruncle | 170 | ||
| Lid Margin Anomalies | 170 | ||
| Eyelash Anomalies | 170 | ||
| Ptosis | 172 | ||
| Ichthyosis Congenita | 172 | ||
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum | 173 | ||
| Aging | 174 | ||
| Atrophy | 174 | ||
| Senile Ectropion and Entropion | 174 | ||
| Dermatochalasis and Blepharochalasis | 174 | ||
| Herniation of Orbital Fat | 175 | ||
| Floppy Eyelid Syndrome | 176 | ||
| Inflammation | 176 | ||
| Terminology | 176 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 179 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 181 | ||
| Fungal and Parasitic Diseases | 181 | ||
| Lid Manifestations of Systemic Dermatoses or Disease | 182 | ||
| Ichthyosis Congenita | 182 | ||
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum | 182 | ||
| Pemphigus | 182 | ||
| Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (“India-Rubber Man”) | 182 | ||
| Cutis Laxa | 182 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum | 183 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 184 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa | 186 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 187 | ||
| Collagen Diseases | 188 | ||
| Granulomatous Vasculitis | 194 | ||
| Vasculitis-Like Disorders and Leukemia/Lymphoma | 195 | ||
| Xanthelasma | 197 | ||
| Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma | 198 | ||
| Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG) | 199 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 200 | ||
| Atrophic Papulosis (Köhlmeier–Degos Disease) (Benign and Malignant) | 200 | ||
| Calcinosis Cutis | 200 | ||
| Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease, Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae) | 201 | ||
| Idiopathic Hemochromatosis | 202 | ||
| Relapsing Febrile Nodular Nonsuppurative Panniculitis (Weber–Christian Disease) | 203 | ||
| Pigmentation | 203 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 203 | ||
| Benign Cystic Lesions | 203 | ||
| Benign Tumors of the Surface Epithelium | 207 | ||
| Precancerous Tumors of the Surface Epithelium | 212 | ||
| Cancerous Tumors of the Surface Epithelium | 213 | ||
| Tumors of the Epidermal Appendages (Adnexal Skin Structures) | 217 | ||
| Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Trabecular Carcinoma) (Fig. 6.45) | 228 | ||
| Malacoplakia | 229 | ||
| Pigmented Tumors | 229 | ||
| Mesenchymal Tumors | 229 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 229 | ||
| Lacrimal Drainage System | 229 | ||
| Normal Anatomy (Fig. 6.46) | 229 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 230 | ||
| Atresia of the Nasolacrimal Duct | 230 | ||
| Atresia of the Punctum | 230 | ||
| Congenital Fistula of Lacrimal Sac (Minimal Facial Fissure) | 230 | ||
| Inflammation—Dacryocystitis (Fig. 6.47) | 230 | ||
| Blockage of Tear Flow Into the Nose | 230 | ||
| Tumors | 232 | ||
| Epithelial | 232 | ||
| Melanotic | 233 | ||
| Mesenchymal | 233 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 233 | ||
| Bibliography | 233.e1 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 233.e1 | ||
| Aging | 233.e3 | ||
| Inflammation | 233.e3 | ||
| Lid Manifestations of Systemic Dermatoses or Disease | 233.e4 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 233.e7 | ||
| Lacrimal Drainage System | 233.e10 | ||
| Tumors | 233.e10 | ||
| 7 Conjunctiva | 234 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 234 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 235 | ||
| Cryptophthalmos (Ablepharon) | 235 | ||
| Epitarsus | 235 | ||
| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber Disease) | 235 | ||
| Ataxia–Telangiectasia (Louis–Bar Syndrome) | 236 | ||
| Congenital Conjunctival Lymphedema (Milroy’s Disease, Nonne–Milroy–Meige Disease) | 236 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 236 | ||
| Dermoids, Epidermoids, and Dermolipomas | 236 | ||
| Choristomas | 236 | ||
| Laryngo-Onycho-Cutaneous (LOC or Shabbir) Syndrome | 236 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 237 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Anemia | 237 | ||
| Conjunctival Hemorrhage (Subconjunctival Hemorrhage) | 238 | ||
| Lymphangiectasia | 238 | ||
| Lymphangiectasia Hemorrhagica Conjunctivae | 238 | ||
| Ataxia–Telangiectasia | 238 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 238 | ||
| Hemangioma and Lymphangioma | 238 | ||
| Inflammation | 239 | ||
| Basic Histologic Changes | 239 | ||
| Specific Inflammations | 243 | ||
| Infectious | 243 | ||
| Noninfectious | 245 | ||
| Injuries | 247 | ||
| Conjunctival Manifestations of Systemic Disease | 247 | ||
| Deposition of Metabolic Products | 247 | ||
| Deposition of Drug Derivatives | 248 | ||
| Vitamin A Deficiency: Bitot’s Spot | 248 | ||
| Sjögren’s Syndrome | 248 | ||
| Skin Diseases | 248 | ||
| Degenerations | 249 | ||
| Xerosis | 249 | ||
| Pterygium | 249 | ||
| Pinguecula | 249 | ||
| Lipid Deposits | 250 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 250 | ||
| Conjunctivochalasis | 253 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 254 | ||
| Choristomas | 254 | ||
| Hamartomas | 254 | ||
| Cysts | 254 | ||
| Pseudocancerous Lesions | 255 | ||
| Potentially Precancerous Epithelial Lesions | 263 | ||
| Cancerous Epithelial Lesions | 263 | ||
| Pigmented Lesions of the Conjunctiva | 269 | ||
| Stromal Neoplasms | 269 | ||
| Bibliography | 271.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 271.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 271.e1 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 271.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 271.e1 | ||
| Conjunctival Manifestations of Systemic Diseases | 271.e2 | ||
| Degenerations | 271.e2 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 271.e2 | ||
| 8 Cornea and Sclera | 272 | ||
| Cornea | 272 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 272 | ||
| Congenital Defects | 275 | ||
| Absence of Cornea | 275 | ||
| Abnormalities of Size | 275 | ||
| Aberrations of Curvature | 276 | ||
| Congenital Corneal Opacities | 276 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Types—General | 277 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Types—Specific | 277 | ||
| Inflammations—Nonulcerative | 285 | ||
| Epithelial Erosions and Keratitis | 285 | ||
| Subepithelial Keratitis | 286 | ||
| Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis | 286 | ||
| Stromal (Interstitial) Keratitis | 286 | ||
| Endothelial | 288 | ||
| Inflammations—Ulcerative | 288 | ||
| Peripheral | 288 | ||
| Central | 289 | ||
| Inflammations—Corneal Sequelae | 292 | ||
| Injuries | 293 | ||
| Degenerations | 293 | ||
| Epithelial | 293 | ||
| Stromal | 295 | ||
| Endothelial | 305 | ||
| Dystrophies and Simulating Disorders | 305 | ||
| Introduction | 305 | ||
| Classification of Dystrophies | 305 | ||
| True Corneal Dystrophies (Table 8.5) | 307 | ||
| Primary in the Corneal | 307 | ||
| Pigmentations (Table 8.14) | 343 | ||
| Melanin | 343 | ||
| Blood | 344 | ||
| Iron Lines | 344 | ||
| Kayser–Fleischer Ring | 344 | ||
| Tattoo | 345 | ||
| Drug-Induced | 345 | ||
| Infections | 347 | ||
| Crystals | 347 | ||
| Neoplasm | 348 | ||
| Sclera | 349 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 349 | ||
| Blue Sclera | 349 | ||
| Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) | 349 | ||
| Inflammations | 351 | ||
| Episcleritis | 351 | ||
| Scleritis (Fig. 8.71) | 352 | ||
| Introduction | 352 | ||
| Tumors | 355 | ||
| Fibromas | 355 | ||
| Nodular Fasciitis | 355 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 355 | ||
| Neurofibromas | 355 | ||
| Contiguous Tumors | 355 | ||
| Conjunctival Tumors | 355 | ||
| Episcleral Osseous Choristoma and Episcleral Osseocartilaginous Choristoma | 355 | ||
| Ectopic Lacrimal Gland | 356 | ||
| Bibliography | 356.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 356.e1 | ||
| Congenital Defects | 356.e1 | ||
| Inflammations: Nonulcerative | 356.e2 | ||
| Inflammations: Ulcerative | 356.e2 | ||
| Degenerations: Epithelial | 356.e2 | ||
| Degenerations: Stromal | 356.e2 | ||
| Dystrophies: Introduction and Classification | 356.e3 | ||
| Dystrophies: Epithelial-Stromal Including TGFB1 Corneal Dystrophies | 356.e3 | ||
| Dystrophies: Stromal | 356.e3 | ||
| Dystrophies: Descemet’s Membrane and Endothelial | 356.e4 | ||
| Heredofamilial | 356.e5 | ||
| Nonheredofamial Dystrophy-Like Syndromes | 356.e6 | ||
| Crystals | 356.e6 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 356.e7 | ||
| Inflammations | 356.e7 | ||
| 9 Uvea | 357 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 357 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Defects | 357 | ||
| Persistent Pupillary Membrane (PPM) | 357 | ||
| Persistent Tunica Vasculosa Lentis | 357 | ||
| Heterochromia Iridis and Iridum | 359 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 359 | ||
| Ectopic Intraocular Lacrimal | 359 | ||
| Gland Tissue | 359 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Defects of the Pigment Epithelium | 359 | ||
| Aniridia (Hypoplasia) of the Iris | 359 | ||
| Ectropion Uveae (Hyperplasia of Iris Pigment Border or Seam) | 361 | ||
| Peripheral Dysgenesis of the Cornea and Iris | 361 | ||
| Coloboma | 361 | ||
| Cysts of the Iris and Anterior Ciliary Body (Pars Plicata) | 363 | ||
| Cysts of the Posterior Ciliary Body (Pars Plana) | 364 | ||
| Inflammations | 364 | ||
| Injuries | 364 | ||
| Systemic Diseases | 364 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 364 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 365 | ||
| Cystinosis | 365 | ||
| Homocystinuria | 365 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 365 | ||
| Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (Nevoxanthoendothelioma) | 365 | ||
| Langerhans’ Granulomatoses (Histiocytosis X) | 367 | ||
| Collagen Diseases | 367 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 367 | ||
| Atrophies and Degenerations | 367 | ||
| Iris Neovascularization (Rubeosis Iridis) | 367 | ||
| Choroidal Folds | 368 | ||
| Heterochromia | 369 | ||
| Macular Degeneration | 369 | ||
| Dystrophies | 369 | ||
| Iris Nevus Syndrome | 369 | ||
| Chandler’s Syndrome | 369 | ||
| Essential Iris Atrophy | 369 | ||
| Iridoschisis | 369 | ||
| Choroidal Dystrophies | 369 | ||
| Tumors | 371 | ||
| Epithelial | 371 | ||
| Muscular | 373 | ||
| Vascular | 374 | ||
| Osseous | 375 | ||
| Melanomatous | 375 | ||
| Leukemic and Lymphomatous (See Chapter 14) | 375 | ||
| Other Tumors | 377 | ||
| Secondary Neoplasms | 378 | ||
| Uveal Edema (Uveal Detachment; Uveal Hydrops) | 379 | ||
| Types | 379 | ||
| Bibliography | 379.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 379.e1 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Defects | 379.e1 | ||
| Systemic Diseases | 379.e2 | ||
| Atrophies and Degenerations | 379.e2 | ||
| Dystrophies | 379.e2 | ||
| Tumors | 379.e3 | ||
| Uveal Edema | 379.e5 | ||
| 10 Lens | 380 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 380 | ||
| General Information | 380 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 380 | ||
| Introduction | 380 | ||
| Mittendorf’s Dot | 380 | ||
| Congenital Aphakia | 380 | ||
| Congenital Duplication of Lens | 380 | ||
| Fleck Cataract | 380 | ||
| Anterior Polar Cataract | 381 | ||
| Posterior Polar Cataract | 382 | ||
| Anterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus) | 383 | ||
| Posterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus) | 383 | ||
| Other Congenital Cataracts | 384 | ||
| Capsule (Epithelial Basement Membrane) | 384 | ||
| General Reactions | 384 | ||
| Exfoliation of the Lens Capsule | 386 | ||
| Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (Pseudoexfoliation of Lens Capsule, Exfoliation Syndrome, Basement Membrane Exfoliation Syndrome, Fibrillopathia Epitheliocapsularis) (Figs. 10.8–10.11) | 387 | ||
| Epithelium | 391 | ||
| Proliferation and Migration of Epithelium | 391 | ||
| Anterior Subcapsular Cataract (ASC) (Figs. 10.12–10.15) | 391 | ||
| Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (PSC) (Figs. 10.16 and 10.17; see Fig. 10.15) | 392 | ||
| Elschnig’s Pearls (see Fig. 5.15) | 393 | ||
| Degeneration and Atrophy of the Epithelium | 393 | ||
| Cortex and Nucleus (Lens Cells or “Fibers”) | 393 | ||
| Cortex (“Soft Cataract”) | 393 | ||
| Nucleus (“Hard Cataract”) | 398 | ||
| Age-Related (Senile) Cataracts | 398 | ||
| Secondary Cataracts | 400 | ||
| Intraocular Disease | 400 | ||
| Trauma | 400 | ||
| Toxic | 400 | ||
| Endocrine, Metabolic, and Others | 400 | ||
| Complications of Cataracts | 400 | ||
| Glaucoma | 400 | ||
| Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis | 402 | ||
| Ectopic Lens | 402 | ||
| Congenital | 402 | ||
| Bibliography | 406.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 406.e1 | ||
| General Information | 406.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 406.e1 | ||
| Capsule | 406.e2 | ||
| Epithelium | 406.e3 | ||
| Cortex and Nucleus | 406.e3 | ||
| Secondary Cataracts | 406.e3 | ||
| Complications of Cataracts | 406.e4 | ||
| Ectopic Lens | 406.e4 | ||
| 11 Neural (Sensory) Retina | 407 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 407 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 407 | ||
| Albinism (Fig. 11.4) | 407 | ||
| Grouped Pigmentation (Bear Tracks) | 409 | ||
| Coloboma | 409 | ||
| Retinal Dysplasia | 410 | ||
| Lange’s Fold | 410 | ||
| Congenital Nonattachment of the Retina | 411 | ||
| Neural Retinal Cysts | 411 | ||
| Myelinated (Medullated) Nerve Fibers | 411 | ||
| Oguchi’s Disease | 412 | ||
| Foveomacular Abnormalities | 412 | ||
| Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis | 413 | ||
| Inherited Retinal Arteriolar Tortuosity | 413 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 413 | ||
| Definitions | 413 | ||
| Retinal Ischemia | 413 | ||
| Causes | 413 | ||
| Complications of Retinal Ischemia | 415 | ||
| Histology of Retinal Ischemia | 416 | ||
| Retinal Hemorrhagic Infarction (Fig. 11.12) | 417 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors of Hemorrhagic Infarction | 417 | ||
| Types of Hemorrhagic Infarction | 418 | ||
| Complications of Hemorrhagic Infarction | 420 | ||
| Histology of Retinal Hemorrhagic Infarction (see Fig. 11.12) | 420 | ||
| Hypertensive and Arteriolosclerotic Retinopathy | 422 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Retinopathy | 424 | ||
| Exudative Retinopathy | 424 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 424 | ||
| Coats’ Disease, Leber’s Miliary Aneurysms, and Retinal Telangiectasia | 424 | ||
| Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia (Idiopathic Juxtafoveolar Retinal Telangiectasis) | 424 | ||
| Retinal Arterial and Arteriolar Macroaneurysms | 424 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Disease | 424 | ||
| Eales’ Disease (Primary Perivasculitis of the Retina) | 426 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 427 | ||
| Hemangioma of the Retina | 427 | ||
| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber Disease) | 427 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 427 | ||
| Inflammations | 428 | ||
| Nonspecific Retinal Inflammations | 428 | ||
| Specific Retinal Inflammations (see Chapters 2–4) | 428 | ||
| Injuries | 430 | ||
| Degenerations | 430 | ||
| Definitions | 430 | ||
| Microcystoid Degeneration | 430 | ||
| Degenerative Retinoschisis | 431 | ||
| Secondary Microcystoid Degeneration and Retinoschisis | 434 | ||
| Paving Stone (Cobblestone) Degeneration (Peripheral Chorioretinal Atrophy; Equatorial Choroiditis) | 434 | ||
| Peripheral Retinal Albinotic Spots | 435 | ||
| Myopic Retinopathy | 435 | ||
| Macular Degeneration | 435 | ||
| Idiopathic Serous Detachment of the RPE (Fig. 11.25) | 435 | ||
| Idiopathic Central Serous Choroidopathy (Central Serous Retinopathy; Central Angiospastic Retinopathy) (see Fig. 11.25) | 436 | ||
| Drusen | 437 | ||
| Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry, Atrophic, or Senile Atrophic Macular Degeneration) | 440 | ||
| Age-Related Exudative Macular Degeneration (Exudative, Wet, or Senile Disciform Macular Degeneration; Kuhnt–Junius Macular Degeneration) | 442 | ||
| Congenital Hypotrichosis With Juvenile Macular Degeneration (CHWJMD) | 445 | ||
| Exudative Macular Degeneration Secondary to Focal Choroiditis (Juvenile Disciform Degeneration of the Macula) | 445 | ||
| Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy | 446 | ||
| Cystoid Macular Edema (Irvine–Gass Syndrome) | 446 | ||
| Toxic Retinal Degenerations | 446 | ||
| Postirradiation Retinopathy | 448 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplant Retinopathy | 448 | ||
| Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (Paraneoplastic Syndrome; Paraneoplastic Retinopathy; Paraneoplastic Photoreceptor Retinopathy; Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy) | 448 | ||
| Idiopathic Macular Holes | 449 | ||
| Light Energy Retinopathy | 449 | ||
| Traumatic Retinopathy | 449 | ||
| Hereditary Primary Retinal Dystrophies | 450 | ||
| Definitions | 450 | ||
| X-Linked Retinoschisis (Juvenile Retinoschisis, Vitreous Veils; Congenital Vascular Veils; Cystic Disease of the Retina; Congenital Retinal Detachment) | 450 | ||
| Choroidal Dystrophies | 452 | ||
| Stargardt’s Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus) | 452 | ||
| Dominant Drusen of Bruch’s Membrane (Doyne’s Honeycomb Dystrophy; Malattia Lèventinese; Hutchinson–Tay Choroiditis; Guttate Choroiditis; Holthouse–Batten Superficial Choroiditis; Family Choroiditis; Crystalline Retinal Degeneration; Iridescent Crystals of the Macula; Hyaline Dystrophies) | 454 | ||
| Best Vitelliform Disease (Vitelliform Foveal Dystrophy; Vitelliform Macular Degeneration; Vitelliruptive Macular Degeneration; Exudative Central Detachment of the Retina—Macular Pseudocysts; Cystic Macular Degeneration; Exudative Foveal Dystrophy) | 454 | ||
| Dominant Progressive Foveal Dystrophy | 455 | ||
| Dominant Cystoid Macular Dystrophy (DCMD) | 455 | ||
| Fenestrated Sheen Macular Dystrophy | 456 | ||
| North Carolina Macular Dystrophy | 456 | ||
| Familial Internal Limiting Membrane Dystrophy | 456 | ||
| Central Pigmentary Sheen Dystrophy | 456 | ||
| Cone–Rod Dystrophy | 456 | ||
| Annular Macular Dystrophy (Benign Concentric Annular Macular Dystrophy) | 457 | ||
| Retinitis Punctata Albescens (Albipunctate Dystrophy; Fundus Albipunctatus; Panretinal Degeneration) | 457 | ||
| Central Retinitis Pigmentosa (Central Retinopathia Pigmentosa; Retinopathia Pigmentosa Inversa; Retinitis Pigmentosa Inversa; Pericentral Pigmentary Retinopathy) | 457 | ||
| Retinitis Pigmentosa (Retinopathia Pigmentosa; Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina) | 457 | ||
| Clumped Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy (Clumped Pigmentary Retinal Degeneration) | 459 | ||
| Hereditary Pigmented Paravenous Chorioretinal Atrophy | 459 | ||
| Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy | 459 | ||
| Central Areolar Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy | 460 | ||
| Patterned Dystrophies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (Reticular Dystrophy or Sjögren Dystrophia Reticularis Laminae Pigmentosae Retinae; Butterfly-Shaped Pigment Dystrophy of the Fovea; Macroreticular or Spider Dystrophy) | 460 | ||
| Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy (Bietti’s Tapetoretinal Degeneration With Marginal Corneal Dystrophy, Crystalline Retinopathy) | 461 | ||
| Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy (Sorsby’s Pseudoinflammatory Macular Dystrophy; Hereditary Macular Dystrophy) | 462 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Occult Macular Dystrophy | 462 | ||
| Unilateral Retinal Pigment Epithelial Dysgenesis (URPED) | 462 | ||
| Recessive Retinopathy Consequent on Mutant G-Protein β Subunit 3 (GNB3) | 462 | ||
| Martinique Crinkled Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy (MCRPE) | 462 | ||
| Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies | 462 | ||
| Angioid Streaks | 462 | ||
| Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome (S-LS) | 463 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 463 | ||
| Mucolipidoses | 463 | ||
| Sphingolipidoses | 464 | ||
| Other Lipidoses | 465 | ||
| Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism | 466 | ||
| Primary Hyperoxaluria (Primary Oxalosis; Fig. 11.43) | 467 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 467 | ||
| Homocystinuria | 467 | ||
| Systemic Diseases Involving the Retina | 467 | ||
| Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies | 467 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 467 | ||
| Hypertension and Arteriolosclerosis | 467 | ||
| Collagen Diseases | 467 | ||
| Blood Dyscrasias | 468 | ||
| Demyelinating Diseases | 468 | ||
| Tumors | 468 | ||
| Glia | 468 | ||
| Phakomatoses | 473 | ||
| Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 473 | ||
| Retinoblastoma and Pseudogliomas | 473 | ||
| Neural Retinal Metastases (Fig. 11.49) | 473 | ||
| Neural Retinal Detachment | 473 | ||
| Definitions | 473 | ||
| Major Causes | 474 | ||
| Classification of Neural Retinal Detachment | 474 | ||
| Predisposing Factors to Neural Retinal Detachment | 476 | ||
| Pathologic Changes After Neural Retinal Detachment | 478 | ||
| Pathologic Complications After Neural Retinal Detachment Surgery | 480 | ||
| Bibliography | 480.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 480.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 480.e1 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 480.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 480.e2 | ||
| Degenerations | 480.e3 | ||
| Hereditary Primary Retinal Dystrophies | 480.e7 | ||
| Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies | 480.e10 | ||
| Systemic Diseases Involving the Retina | 480.e11 | ||
| Tumors | 480.e11 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 480.e11 | ||
| 12 Vitreous | 481 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 481 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 481 | ||
| Persistent Primary Vitreous | 481 | ||
| Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV; Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous [PHPV]) | 481 | ||
| Inflammation | 481 | ||
| Acute | 481 | ||
| Chronic | 481 | ||
| Vitreous Adhesions | 481 | ||
| Post Nonsurgical and Surgical Trauma | 481 | ||
| Postinflammation | 484 | ||
| Idiopathic | 484 | ||
| Vitreous Opacities | 484 | ||
| Hyaloid Vessel Remnants | 484 | ||
| Acquired Vitreous Strands and Floaters | 484 | ||
| Inflammatory Cells | 484 | ||
| Red Blood Cells | 484 | ||
| Iridescent Particles | 484 | ||
| Tumor Cells | 486 | ||
| Pigment Dust | 486 | ||
| Cysts | 486 | ||
| Retinal Fragments | 486 | ||
| Traumatic Avulsion of Vitreous Base | 486 | ||
| Vitreous Detachment | 486 | ||
| Proteinaceous Deposits | 487 | ||
| Amyloid | 488 | ||
| Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) | 490 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC; Peripheral Annular Pigmentary Dystrophy of the Retina) | 490 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) | 491 | ||
| Erosive Vitreoretinopathy | 491 | ||
| Knobloch Syndrome | 491 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 491 | ||
| Definitions | 491 | ||
| Causes | 491 | ||
| Complications | 491 | ||
| Bibliography | 493.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 493.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 493.e1 | ||
| Vitreous Adhesions | 493.e1 | ||
| Vitreous Opacities | 493.e1 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 493.e2 | ||
| 13 Optic Nerve | 494 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 494 | ||
| Congenital Defects and Anatomic Variations | 494 | ||
| Aplasia | 494 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 494 | ||
| Dysplasia | 497 | ||
| Anomalous Shape of Optic Disc and Cup | 497 | ||
| Congenital Crescent or Conus | 497 | ||
| Congenital (Familial) Optic Atrophies | 497 | ||
| Coloboma (Table 13.1) | 498 | ||
| Myopia | 501 | ||
| Optic Disc Edema | 501 | ||
| General Information (Fig. 13.7; see Fig. 13.22) | 501 | ||
| Causes | 501 | ||
| Pseudopapilledema | 502 | ||
| Histology of Optic Disc Edema | 502 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 503 | ||
| Causes | 503 | ||
| Histology of Optic Neuritis | 509 | ||
| Optic Atrophy | 509 | ||
| Causes | 509 | ||
| Histology of Optic Atrophy | 510 | ||
| Injuries | 510 | ||
| Tumors | 510 | ||
| Primary | 510 | ||
| Secondary | 518 | ||
| Bibliography | 518.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 518.e1 | ||
| Congenital Defects and Anatomic Variations | 518.e1 | ||
| Optic Disc Edema | 518.e2 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 518.e2 | ||
| Optic Atrophy | 518.e4 | ||
| Tumors | 518.e4 | ||
| 14 Orbit | 519 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 519 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 519 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities | 519 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities of Bony Orbit | 519 | ||
| Microphthalmos With Cyst | 519 | ||
| Cephaloceles | 521 | ||
| Congenital Alacrima | 521 | ||
| Orbital Inflammation | 522 | ||
| Acute | 522 | ||
| Chronic | 522 | ||
| Injuries | 524 | ||
| Penetrating Wounds | 524 | ||
| Nonpenetrating Wounds | 525 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 525 | ||
| Primary | 525 | ||
| Part of Systemic Disease | 525 | ||
| Ocular Muscle Involvement in Systemic Disease | 525 | ||
| Graves’ Disease (Fig. 14.10) | 525 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis (MG) | 527 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy (Myotonia Dystrophica; Steinert’s Disease) | 527 | ||
| Myotonia Congenita (Thomsen’s Disease) | 527 | ||
| Mitochondrial Myopathies | 527 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 528 | ||
| Neoplasms and Other Tumors | 529 | ||
| Primary Orbital Tumors | 529 | ||
| Secondary Orbital Tumors | 581 | ||
| Bibliography | 582.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 582.e1 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 582.e1 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities | 582.e1 | ||
| Orbital Inflammation | 582.e1 | ||
| Injuries | 582.e2 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 582.e2 | ||
| Ocular Muscle Involvement in Systemic Disease | 582.e2 | ||
| Tumors: Choristoma | 582.e3 | ||
| Tumors: Hamartomas | 582.e3 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Vascular | 582.e3 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Fatty | 582.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Fibrous–Histiocytic | 582.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Muscle | 582.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Cartilage | 582.e5 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Bone | 582.e5 | ||
| Tumors: Neural | 582.e5 | ||
| Tumors: Miscellaneous | 582.e6 | ||
| Tumors: Epithelial of Lacrimal Gland | 582.e6 | ||
| Tumors: Reticuloendothelial System | 582.e7 | ||
| Tumors: Inflammatory Pseudotumor | 582.e7 | ||
| Tumors: Malignant Lymphoma | 582.e7 | ||
| Tumors Leukemia | 582.e9 | ||
| Tumors: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Gammopathies | 582.e10 | ||
| Secondary Tumors | 582.e10 | ||
| 15 Diabetes Mellitus | 583 | ||
| Natural History | 583 | ||
| Ocular Surface Disease | 585 | ||
| Intraocular Changes | 589 | ||
| Lens | 589 | ||
| Iris | 591 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Choroid | 592 | ||
| Retinal Vasculature in Normal Subjects and Diabetic Patients | 596 | ||
| Neural Retina | 596 | ||
| Vitreous | 613 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 615 | ||
| Bibliography | 616.e1 | ||
| Natural History | 616.e1 | ||
| Ocular Surface Disease | 616.e1 | ||
| Lens | 616.e3 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Choroid | 616.e4 | ||
| Retina | 616.e4 | ||
| Vitreous | 616.e5 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 616.e6 | ||
| 16 Glaucoma | 617 | ||
| Normal Anatomy (Figs. 16.1–16.3) | 617 | ||
| Introduction | 620 | ||
| Normal Outflow | 624 | ||
| Hypersecretion | 624 | ||
| Impaired Outflow | 624 | ||
| Congenital Glaucoma (Table 16.3) | 624 | ||
| Primary Glaucoma (Closed- and Open-Angle) | 628 | ||
| Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 635 | ||
| Causes | 635 | ||
| Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 642 | ||
| Tissue Changes Caused by Elevated Intraocular Pressure | 651 | ||
| Cornea (Figs. 16.26–16.28; See Also Fig. 8.49A,B) | 651 | ||
| Anterior-Chamber Angle | 652 | ||
| Iris | 652 | ||
| Ciliary Body | 653 | ||
| Lens | 654 | ||
| Sclera | 654 | ||
| Neural Retina (Fig. 16.31) | 654 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 655 | ||
| Bibliography | 657.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 657.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 657.e1 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Congenital Glaucoma | 657.e1 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Primary Closed-Angle | 657.e2 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Primary Open-Angle | 657.e2 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Secondary Closed-Angle | 657.e2 | ||
| Impaired Outflow-Secondary Open-Angle | 657.e2 | ||
| Tissue Changes Caused by Elevated Intraocular Pressure | 657.e3 | ||
| 17 Ocular Melanocytic Tumors | 658 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 658 | ||
| Ocular Melanocytes | 658 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Eyelids | 658 | ||
| Ephelis (Freckle) | 658 | ||
| Lentigo | 658 | ||
| Nevus | 660 | ||
| Malignant Melanoma | 664 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Conjunctiva | 666 | ||
| Ephelis (Freckle) | 666 | ||
| Lentigo | 666 | ||
| Nevus | 667 | ||
| Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM; Figs. 17.15 and 17.16; see also Table 17.2) | 671 | ||
| Primary Malignant Melanoma of Conjunctiva (Fig. 17.17; see also Fig. 17.16) | 674 | ||
| Lesions That May Simulate Primary Conjunctival Nevus or Malignant Melanoma | 678 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Pigment Epithelium of Iris, Ciliary Body, and Retina | 678 | ||
| Reactive Tumors | 678 | ||
| Nonreactive Tumors | 683 | ||
| Acquired Neoplasms | 686 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Uvea | 688 | ||
| Iris | 688 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Choroid | 694 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Optic Disc and Optic Nerve | 721 | ||
| Melanocytoma (Magnocellular Nevus of the Nerve Head) | 721 | ||
| Malignant Melanoma | 722 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Orbit | 723 | ||
| Bibliography | 725.e1 | ||
| Melanocytic Tumors of the Eyelids | 725.e1 | ||
| Melanocytic Tumors of Conjunctiva | 725.e1 | ||
| Melanocytic Tumors of Pigment Epithelium of Iris, Ciliary Body, and Retina | 725.e1 | ||
| Melanocytic Tumors of the Uvea: Iris | 725.e1 | ||
| Melanocytic Tumors of the Uvea: Ciliary Body and Choroid | 725.e1 | ||
| Melanocytic Tumors of the Orbit | 725.e3 | ||
| 18 Retinoblastoma and Simulating Lesions | 726 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 726 | ||
| General Information | 726 | ||
| Heredity | 729 | ||
| Clinical Features | 731 | ||
| Histology | 734 | ||
| Prognosis | 742 | ||
| Overview | 742 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma) | 744 | ||
| General Information | 744 | ||
| Leukokoria (Box 18.1) | 745 | ||
| Discrete Retinal or Chorioretinal Lesions | 759 | ||
| Bibliography | 759.e1 | ||
| Retinoblastoma—General Information | 759.e1 | ||
| Retinoblastoma—Heredity | 759.e1 | ||
| Retinoblastoma—Clinical Features | 759.e2 | ||
| Retinoblastoma—Histology | 759.e2 | ||
| Retinoblastoma—Prognosis | 759.e2 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—General Information | 759.e3 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Introduction | 759.e3 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Persistent Fetal Vasculature | 759.e3 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Retinal Dysplasia | 759.e4 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Retinopathy of Prematurity | 759.e4 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Coats’ Disease | 759.e4 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Incontinentia Pigmenti | 759.e5 | ||
| Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Other Causes | 759.e5 | ||
| Index | 760 | ||
| A | 760 | ||
| B | 761 | ||
| C | 762 | ||
| D | 765 | ||
| E | 766 | ||
| F | 767 | ||
| G | 768 | ||
| H | 769 | ||
| I | 770 | ||
| J | 771 | ||
| K | 771 | ||
| L | 771 | ||
| M | 773 | ||
| N | 774 | ||
| O | 775 | ||
| P | 776 | ||
| R | 778 | ||
| S | 779 | ||
| T | 781 | ||
| U | 782 | ||
| V | 782 | ||
| W | 783 | ||
| X | 783 | ||
| Z | 783 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |