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Abstract

Once little more than a glorified porn filter, China’s ‘Great Firewall’ has evolved into the most sophisticated system of online censorship in the world. As the Chinese internet grows and online businesses thrive, speech is controlled, dissent quashed, and attempts to organise outside the official Communist Party are quickly stamped out. But the effects of the Great Firewall are not confined to China itself.

Through years of investigation James Griffiths gained unprecedented access to the Great Firewall and the politicians, tech leaders, dissidents and hackers whose lives revolve around it. As distortion, post-truth and fake news become old news James Griffiths shows just how far the Great Firewall has spread. Now is the time for a radical new vision of online liberty.



James Griffiths is a reporter and producer for CNN International, currently based in Hong Kong. He has reported from Hong Kong, China, South Korea and Australia for outlets including the Atlantic, Vice and the Daily Beast. He was previously a reporter and assistant editor at the South China Morning Post, where he played a key role in the paper’s award winning coverage of the 2014 Umbrella Movement protests in Hong Kong.


'A timely look at the world’s most sophisticated censorship system. Griffiths explains a technical subject — Beijing’s internet controls — through the lens of Chinese politics and the logic of social movements.'
Financial Times

'A useful but alarming account. James Griffiths traces the development of Chinese cyberauthoritarianism and censorship from the 1990s to the present.'
Wall Street Journal
'The Great Firewall of China is a riveting read, revealing the questionable acts of states and corporations as they vie to shape the internet to their own ends. And Griffiths has an eye for the detail that brings anecdotes to life. Many of his stories show how offline and online lives merge in bizarre ways.'
New Scientist

‘Griffiths has an eye for character and writes with impartial rigour. He effectively details how China built its alternative internet.’
New Statesman

'Engaging storytelling and careful research ... authoritative and compelling. It is a cautionary tale for us all.'
Science Magazine

'A readable, well-documented history of the internet in China ... Griffiths writes in a fluent, storytelling style.'
Asian Review of Books
‘The definitive guide to the development of the internet in China. Griffiths' book is also an urgent and much needed reminder about how China's quest for cyber sovereignty is undermining global Internet freedom.’
Kristie Lu Stout, host of CNN’s News Stream and On China
‘Readers will come away startled at just how fragile the online infrastructure we all depend on is and how much influence China wields – both technically and politically.'
Jason Q. Ng, author of Blocked on Weibo
‘Griffiths has written an important and incisive history of the Chinese internet that introduces us to the government officials, business leaders, and technology activists struggling over access to information within the Great Firewall.’
Adam M. Segal, author of The Hacked World Order
‘A gripping and illuminating account of how the Chinese state fell in and out of love with the internet – and what it means for China and for the rest of the world.’
Jonathan Sullivan, Director of the China Policy Institute
‘Griffiths’ vivid and compelling account untangles the complex evolution of China’s internet controls, providing both valuable context for recent events and a solid foundation for understanding future developments.’
Samuel Wade, Deputy Editor, China Digital Times
‘A savvy journalist with a keen eye for the telling anecdote and an interest in big questions, Griffiths skilfully traces China’s efforts to control the internet. He also makes important moves beyond China's borders to highlight the global implications.’
Jeffrey Wasserstrom, co-author of China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know
‘Exhaustively researched and wonderfully written, the book moves effortlessly between gripping narratives from the frontlines of digital struggle to trenchant analysis of the formation and evolution of China’s Great Firewall.’
Eli Friedman, Cornell University

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover\r Cover
Title Page iii
Copyright iv
Contents vii
Author’s note ix
Acronyms and abbreviations xi
Map\r xiii
Introduction: Early warnings 1
Part 1: Wall 13
1. Protests: Solidarity from Hong Kong to Tiananmen 15
2. Over the wall: China’s first email and the rise of the online censor 23
3. Nailing the jello: Chinese democracy and the Great Firewall 35
4. Enemy at the gates: How fear of Falun Gong boosted the Firewall 45
5. Searching for an opening: Google, Yahoo and Silicon Valley’s moral failing in China 61
Part 2: Shield 69
6. Along came a spider: Lu Wei reins in the Chinese internet 71
7. Peak traffic: Getting the Dalai Lama online 83
8. Filtered: The Firewall catches up with Da Cankao 89
9. Jumping the wall: FreeGate, UltraSurf, and Falun Gong’s fight against the censors 95
10. Called to account: Silicon Valley’s reckoning on Capitol Hill 115
Part 3: Sword 129
11. Uyghurs online: Ilham Tohti and the birth of the Uyghur internet 131
12. Shutdown: How to take 20 million people offline 143
13. Ghosts in the machine: Chinese hackers expand the Firewall’s reach 159
14. NoGuGe: The ignominious end of Google China 165
15. The social network: Weibo and the last free-speech platform 175
16. Gorillas in the mist: Exposing China’s hackers to the world 185
Part 4: War 193
17. Caught: The death of the Uyghur internet 195
18. Key opinion leader: How Chinese trolls go after dissidents overseas 203
19. Root and stem: The internet is more vulnerable than you think 217
20. The censor at the UN: China’s undermining of global internet freedoms 227
21. Sovereignty: When Xi Jinping came for the internet 239
22. Friends in Moscow: The Great Firewall goes west 247
23. Plane crash: China helps Russia bring Telegram to heel 259
24. One app to rule them all: How WeChat opened up new frontiers of surveillance and censorship 275
25. Buttocks: Uganda’s internet blackouts follow Beijing’s lead 285
Epilogue: Silicon Valley won’t save you 307
Acknowledgements 319
Notes 321
Selected bibliography 369
Index 374