Casualty Care for Fire and Rescue

Kris Lethbridge; Simon Todd; Richard Pilbery

BOOK

Casualty Care for Fire and Rescue

Kris Lethbridge | Simon Todd | Richard Pilbery

(2018)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-85959-658-6
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 390
Subjects: Fire services
Accident & emergency medicine
Fire protection & safety

Abstract

Casualty care and first aid is an integral part of the fire and rescue services’ role and firefighters have always worked closely with pre-hospital medical providers in their aim to save lives. As the fire services are now increasingly involved in the delivery of medical care through co-responding schemes, casualty care and first aid training has become crucial for firefighters to provide initial assessment and care of patients when responding to a variety of medical emergencies. This textbook, written by an experienced team of firefighters and paramedics, is an essential guide to life saving care and has been specifically written for firefighters already employed or undertaking training within a fire and rescue service. Casualty Care for Fire and Rescue combines a skills-based practical approach with clinical knowledge and covers a range of urgent care that firefighters deliver and respond to, including trauma injuries, burns, road traffic collisions and cardiac arrest. The book is up to date with the latest policy and research, and addresses legal issues and clinical governance. A multi-disciplinary approach is taken throughout, and is explored in detail in a chapter on working with healthcare professionals. Chapters are also illustrated with photographs and anatomical diagrams to support understanding. Contents include: Working with Other Health Professionals; Communication; Clinical Governance, Legal and Ethical Issues; Safeguarding Adults and Children; Health and Safety; Manual Handling; Drug Administration; Scene Assessment; Patient Assessment; Airway; Breathing; Circulation; Disability; Exposure/Environment; Medical Emergencies; Trauma Emergencies; Cardiac Arrest; Children and Infants; Mental Health; Older People and Frailty

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
CASUALTY CARE for Fire and Rescue	Cover
Title Page\r	i
Copyright	ii
About the Editors	iii
Contents	iv
List of Abbreviations	xii
Acknowledgements	xv
Foreword	xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction	1
Introduction	1
Background	1
The Fire Service Role in Pre-Hospital Care	1
Co-Responding	2
Marauding Terrorist Attack	2
Cardiac Care Response	2
Falls Response	2
Safe and Well Visits	2
The Future of Casualty Care	3
Getting Started	3
Anatomy of an Emergency Call	3
Introduction	3
The Emergency Operations Centre	3
Arriving on Scene	4
Principles of Communication	4
Patient Assessment	4
Patient History	5
Manual Handling	5
On Board the Ambulance	6
Hospital Arrival	6
Clean Up and Prepare for the Next Call	7
Chapter 2: Working with Other Health Professionals	9
Response to a 999 Call	9
Learning Objectives	9
Introduction	9
Call for Help and Triage	9
Ambulance Service Response	10
Roles Within the Ambulance Service	10
Learning Objectives	10
Introduction	10
Clinical Roles	11
Clinical Leadership Roles	12
Command and Control Roles	12
Working Relationships	13
Chapter 3: Communication	15
Principles of Communication	15
Learning Objectives	15
Introduction	15
Who Will You Be Communicating With?	15
Basics of Communication	16
Social Context	17
Barriers to Communication	18
Summary	18
Practical Communication	19
Learning Objectives	19
Introduction	19
Handover	19
Pre-Alert	20
Breaking Bad News	20
Summary	21
Chapter 4: Clinical Governance, Legal and Ethical Issues	23
Being a Healthcare Provider	23
Learning Objectives	23
Introduction	23
Values-Based Healthcare	23
Duty of Care	24
Negligence	25
Scope of Practice and Standards	25
When Things Go Wrong	26
Consent and Capacity	26
Learning Objectives	26
Introduction	27
Consent	27
Mental Capacity	28
Summary	28
Confidentiality and Information Governance	28
Learning Objectives	28
Introduction	29
Maintaining Confidentiality	29
Key Points	30
Equality and Diversity	30
Learning Objectives	30
Introduction	30
Equality in Healthcare	31
Discrimination	31
Clinical Governance	32
Learning Objectives	32
Introduction	32
How to Contribute to Clinical Governance	32
Chapter 5: Safeguarding Adults and Children	35
Learning Objectives	35
Introduction	35
Learning from Previous Cases	35
Vulnerability	36
Abusers of Vulnerable Adults	36
Risk Factors for Child Abuse	36
Forms of Abuse	37
Physical Abuse	37
Psychological/Emotional Abuse	37
Sexual Abuse	37
Neglect	38
Financial Abuse	38
Discriminatory Abuse	38
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)	38
Managing Abuse or Disclosures of Abuse	38
Reporting an Urgent Concern	39
Safeguarding Referrals	39
Summary	40
Chapter 6: Health and Safety	41
Health and Safety Policies and Legislation	41
Learning Objectives	41
Introduction	41
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act	41
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations	42
Manual Handling Operations Regulations	42
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulation	43
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations	43
Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations	44
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations	44
Regulatory Bodies	44
Why Health and Safety Matters	45
Communicating Health and Safety	45
Risk Assessment	45
Learning Objectives	45
Introduction	45
Risk Assessment	46
Infection Prevention and Control	48
Learning Objectives	48
Introduction	48
Regulations and Legislation	49
Microorganisms	50
Infection and Precautions	50
Personal Hygiene	52
Hand Hygiene	52
Personal Protective Equipment	56
Managing Healthcare Waste	58
Decontamination Process	59
Handling Linen and Laundry	63
Sharps Injury	63
Splash Contamination	64
Occupational Health	64
Reporting Incidents	64
Stress	64
Learning Objectives	64
Introduction	64
Signs of Stress	64
Managing Stress	65
Chapter 7: Manual Handling	67
Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Physiology	67
Learning Objective	67
Introduction	67
Anatomical Terms	67
Joints	69
The Skeletal System	69
Skeletal Muscles	73
Principles of Manual Handling	74
Learning Objectives	74
Introduction	74
Consequences of Poor Manual Handling	74
Risk Assessment	76
Biomechanics	78
General Principles	78
Handling Aids	79
Moving and Handling Equipment and Techniques	79
Learning Objectives	79
Introduction	79
Patients on the Floor	80
Seated Patients	87
Patients in Bed	90
Carry Chair	91
Ambulance Trolley	96
Chapter 8: Drug Administration	99
Drug Legislation and Guidelines	99
Learning Objectives	99
Introduction	99
Legislation and Guidelines	99
Routes of Administration	99
Drug Administration	100
Administering Medication to Patients	100
Learning Objectives	100
Administering Oral Medication	100
Administering Sublingual Medication	100
Administering Nebulised Drugs	101
Chapter 9: Scene Assessment	103
Scene Assessment and Safety	103
Learning Objectives	103
Introduction	103
Safety	103
Cause	104
Environment	105
Number of Patients	105
Extra Resources	105
Major Incidents	105
Learning Objectives	105
Introduction	106
Interoperability and JESIP	106
Classification of Incidents	107
Role of the Ambulance Service	107
Incident Command and Control	108
Triage	109
Chapter 10: Patient Assessment	111
Learning Objectives	111
Introduction	111
Primary Survey	111
General Impression	111
Catastrophic Haemorrhage	113
Airway	113
Breathing	113
Circulation	113
Disability	113
Exposure/Environment	114
History Taking	114
Presenting Complaint	114
Allergies and Medication	114
Past Medical History	115
Last Oral Intake and Events Leading to Illness/Injury	115
Secondary Survey	115
Vital Signs	115
National Early Warning Score	116
Reassessment	117
Chapter 11: Airway	119
Airway Anatomy	119
Learning Objective	119
Introduction	119
Nose	119
Mouth	120
Pharynx	120
Larynx	121
Trachea	121
Bronchi	121
Lungs	122
Assessing and Managing the Airway	122
Learning Objectives	122
Introduction	122
Assessing the Airway	122
Step-Wise Approach to the Airway	123
Manual Airway Manoeuvres	123
Suction	127
Airway Adjuncts	129
Supraglottic Airway Device (SAD)	131
Removal of Foreign Bodies in Adults	133
Tracheostomies	134
Learning Objectives	134
Introduction	134
Tracheostomy Tubes	134
Management of the Tracheostomy Patient	135
Management of the Laryngectomy Patient	136
Choking in Adults	137
Learning Objectives	137
Introduction	137
Recognition	138
Management	138
Choking in the Paediatric Patient	138
Learning Objective	138
Introduction	138
The Paediatric Airway	139
Recognition	139
Management	140
Chapter 12: Breathing	141
Respiratory System Physiology	141
Learning Objective	141
Introduction	141
Respiration	141
The Lungs	141
Mechanics of Breathing	143
Gas Exchange	143
Control of Breathing	144
Using Medical Gases Safely	144
Learning Objectives	144
Introduction	144
Safety First	146
Preparing a New Cylinder for Use	147
Oxygen	148
After Use	157
Entonox	158
Assessment of Breathing	161
Learning Objectives	161
Respiratory Rate	161
Oxygen Saturations	161
Peak Flow	163
Auscultation	164
Common Respiratory Conditions	166
Learning Objectives	166
Asthma	166
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	169
Pneumonia	172
Pulmonary Embolism	173
Chapter 13: Circulation	175
Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology	175
Learning Objectives	175
Introduction	175
Heart	175
Blood	178
Blood Vessels	178
Cardiac Cycle	179
Electrocardiograms	180
Assessment of Circulation	181
Learning Objectives	181
Introduction	181
Pulse	181
Capillary Refill Time	184
Blood Pressure	184
Cardiovascular System Disorders	187
Learning Objectives	187
Introduction	187
Coronary Artery Disease	187
Stable Angina	188
Acute Coronary Syndrome	188
Heart Failure	190
Aortic Dissection	191
Shock	192
Chapter 14: Disability	195
Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology	195
Learning Objectives	195
Introduction	195
Anatomy and Physiology	195
Brain	196
Spinal Cord	197
Somatic Nervous System	198
Autonomic Nervous System	198
Assessment of Disability	198
Learning Objectives	198
Introduction	198
Level of Consciousness	198
Painful stimuli	199
Pupillary Response	199
Face, Arm, Speech Test	199
Disorders of the Nervous System	200
Learning Objectives	200
Introduction	200
Epilepsy	200
Stroke	201
Meningococcal Disease	202
Paralysis	203
Coma	203
Chapter 15: Exposure/Environment	205
Extremes of Temperature	205
Learning Objectives	205
Introduction	205
Assessment of Temperature	206
Hypothermia	207
Heat-Related Illness	208
Drowning	209
Learning Objective	209
Introduction	209
Pathophysiology	209
Management	210
Chapter 16: Medical Emergencies	213
Anaphylaxis	213
Learning Objectives	213
Introduction	213
Signs and Symptoms	213
Management	214
Sepsis	216
Chapter 17: Trauma Emergencies	231
Introduction to Trauma	231
Learning Objectives	231
Introduction	231
Kinetics	231
Energy	232
Mechanisms That Cause Injury	233
Wounds and Bleeding	235
Learning Objectives	235
Introduction	235
Bleeding	235
Wounds	239
Assessment and Management of the Trauma Patient	240
Learning Objectives	240
Introduction	240
Scene Assessment	240
Primary Survey	240
Head Injuries	241
Maxillofacial Injuries	242
Spinal Injuries	245
Thoracic Injuries	246
Abdominal Injuries	249
Pelvic Injuries	249
Fractures and Dislocations	250
Sprains and Strains	250
Skeletal Immobilisation	252
Learning Objective	252
Introduction	252
First-Aid Techniques	252
Spinal Immobilisation	252
Splints	260
Burns	266
Learning Objectives	266
Introduction	266
Assessment of Burns	266
Thermal Burns	268
Chemical Burns	269
Radiation Burns	269
The Problem With Burns	270
Chapter 18: Cardiac Arrest	271
Adult Basic Life Support	271
Learning Objectives	271
Introduction	271
Adult BLS	272
Paediatric Basic Life Support	273
Learning Objectives	273
Introduction	273
Infant BLS	274
Child BLS	275
Defibrillation	277
Learning Objectives	277
Introduction	277
Shockable Rhythms	277
Non-Shockable Rhythms	278
Defibrillators	279
Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances	281
Learning Objectives	281
Introduction	282
Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy	282
Cardiac Arrest in Hypothermic Patients	282
Traumatic Cardiac Arrest	282
Post-Resuscitation Care	283
Chapter 19: Children and Infants	285
Why Paediatric Patients are Different	285
Learning Objective	285
Introduction	285
Anatomy and Physiology	285
Cognitive Development	287
Initial Assessment and Management of the Paediatric Patient	288
Learning Objectives	288
Introduction	288
Developmental Approach to the Paediatric Patient	288
Recognising the Sick Infant and Child	289
Primary Survey	290
Febrile Illness in the Paediatric Patient	294
Chapter 20: Mental Health	297
Mental Health Legislation and Codes of Practice	297
Learning Objectives	297
Introduction	297
The Mental Health Act	297
Transporting Patients	299
Mental Disorders	299
Learning Objectives	299
Introduction	299
Organic Disorders	299
Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorders	300
Mood (Affective) Disorders	300
Neurotic, Stress-Related and Somatoform Disorders	300
Personality Disorders	300
Suicide and Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH)	301
Assessment of Patients with Mental Health Problems	301
Management of Patients with Mental Disorders	301
Caring for Yourself and Colleagues	304
Learning Objectives	304
Introduction	304
Mental Well-being	304
Building Resilience	305
Seeking Help	305
Supporting a Colleague	305
Chapter 21: Older People and Frailty	307
Ageing	307
Learning Objective	307
Introduction	307
Anatomy and Physiology of Ageing	307
Caring for Older Patients	310
Learning Objectives	310
Age-Related Conditions	310
Patients with Co-Morbidities	312
Dementia	312
Learning Objectives	312
Introduction	312
Background to Dementia	313
Communication	317
Challenging Behaviour	318
Frailty	318
Learning Objectives	318
Introduction	318
Living with Frailty	318
Recognising Frailty	318
Supporting Patients with Frailty	319
References	321
Glossary	349
Index	355

Casualty Care for Fire and Rescue

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