First Responder Care Essentials

Richard Pilbery; Kris Lethbridge

BOOK

First Responder Care Essentials

Richard Pilbery | Kris Lethbridge

(2023)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-85959-609-8
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 289
Subjects: Accident & emergency medicine
First aid & paramedical services

Abstract

First Responder Care Essentials is the ideal resource for Community First Responders. Grounded in practice and covering the full remit of the CFR role, the book takes you through the skills that you need when working with patients. Topics range from communication skills to manual handling, trauma care and cardiac arrest.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Half title	i
Disclaimer	273
Title	iii
Copyright	iv
Contents	v
Acknowledgements	xiii
List of Abbreviations	xv
Chapter 1: Introduction	1
1 Course guide	1
1.1 Introduction	1
1.2 Getting started	1
2 Anatomy of an emergency call	1
2.1 Introduction	1
2.2 The emergency operations centre	1
2.3 Arriving on scene	2
2.4 Principles of communication	2
2.5 Patient assessment	2
2.6 Patient history	2
2.7 Cardiac arrest	3
2.8 Basic life support and defibrillation	3
2.9 Crew arrival	3
2.10 Clean up and preparefor the next call	4
3 Extended skills	4
3.1 Your scope of practice	4
Chapter 2: The Ambulance Service	5
1 Response to a 999 call	5
1.1 Learning objective	5
1.2 Introduction	5
1.3 Call for help and triage	5
1.4 Ambulance service response	5
1.4.1 Hear and treat	5
1.4.2 Physical response	5
1.5 Onward care	6
2 Roles within the ambulance service	6
2.1 Learning objectives	6
2.2 Introduction	6
2.3 Clinical roles	6
2.3.1 Community responders	6
2.3.2 Co-responders	6
2.3.3 Support worker (SW)	7
2.3.4 Associate ambulance practitioners	7
2.3.5 Paramedic	7
2.3.6 Specialist paramedic – urgent care (SPUC)	7
2.3.7 Specialist paramedic – critical care	7
2.3.8 Hazardous area responseteam (HART)	7
2.4 Command and control roles	7
2.4.1 Operational commanders	8
2.4.2 Tactical commanders	8
2.4.3 Strategic commanders	8
2.5 Support structures	8
2.6 Working relationships	9
Chapter 3: Communication	10
1 Principles of communication	10
1.1 Learning objectives	10
1.2 Introduction	10
1.3 Who you will be communicating with	10
1.4 Basics of communication	10
1.4.1 Verbal skills	11
1.4.2 Non-verbal communication	12
1.4.3 Written communication	12
1.4.4 Social context	12
1.5 Barriers to communication	12
1.5.1 Clarify misunderstandings	13
1.6 Summary	13
2 Practical communication	13
2.1 Learning objectives	13
2.2 Introduction	13
2.3 Handover	14
2.4 Electronic communication devices	14
Chapter 4: Legal and Ethical Issues	15
1 Being a healthcare volunteer	15
1.1 Learning objectives	15
1.2 Introduction	15
1.3 Values-based healthcare	15
1.3.1 Stafford Hospital	15
1.3.2 What influences your values and attitudes?	16
1.4 Duty of care	16
1.5 Negligence	16
1.6 Scope of practice and standards	17
1.7 When things go wrong	17
1.7.1 Failure to achieve standards	17
1.7.2 Complaints	17
1.7.3 Additional sources of support	18
2 Consent and capacity	18
2.1 Learning objectives	18
2.2 Introduction	18
2.3 Consent	18
2.3.1 Valid Consent	18
2.3.2 Communicating consent	18
2.3.3 Best interest decisions	19
2.3.4 Advance decision to refuse treatment (ADRT)	19
2.4 Mental capacity	19
2.4.1 What to do if you suspect a lack of capacity	20
3 Confidentiality andinformation governance	20
3.1 Learning objectives	20
3.2 Introduction	20
3.2.1 What should be considered patient-identifiable information?	20
3.3 Maintaining confidentiality	21
3.4 Key points	22
4 Equality and diversity	22
4.1 Learning objectives	22
4.2 Introduction	22
4.3 Equality in healthcare	22
4.4 Discrimination	22
4.4.1 Discrimination in your role	23
4.4.2 Further support	23
Chapter 5: Health and Safety	24
1 Health and safety policies and legislation	24
1.1 Learning objectives	24
1.2 Introduction	24
1.3 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974	24
1.4 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations	24
1.5 Manual Handling Operations Regulations	25
2 Risk assessment	25
2.1 Learning objectives	25
2.2 Introduction	25
2.3 Structured risk assessments	26
2.4 Dynamic risk assessments	26
2.4.1 SCENE assessment	26
2.4.2 Moving and handling assessment	26
3 Infection prevention and control	26
3.1 Learning objectives	26
3.2 Introduction	26
3.2.1 Own health	27
3.3 Regulations and legislation	27
3.4 Microorganisms	27
3.4.1 Bacteria	27
3.4.2 Viruses	27
3.4.3 Fungi	27
3.4.4 Parasites	27
3.5 Infection	27
3.5.1 Chain of infection	27
3.6 Hand hygiene	29
3.6.1 Alcohol handrub	29
3.6.2 Handwashing	31
3.6.3 Skincare	33
3.7 Personal protective equipment	33
3.7.1 Gloves	33
3.7.2 Aprons	33
3.7.3 Face masks	33
3.7.4 Eye protection	33
3.7.5 Sleeve protectors	33
3.7.6 Wearing and removing PPE	33
3.8 Managing healthcare waste	35
3.8.1 Types of healthcare waste	35
3.8.2 Storing and handling healthcare waste	35
3.9 Cleaning and decontamination	35
3.9.1 Cleaning schedules	37
3.9.2 Cleaning and decontaminating procedures	37
3.9.3 PPE for decontamination	37
3.10 Sharps injury	37
3.11 Splash contamination	37
3.12 Reporting incidents	37
4 Fire safety	37
4.1 Learning objectives	37
4.2 Introduction	37
4.3 Fire prevention	39
4.4 What to do in case of fire	39
4.4.1 Vehicle fires	39
5 Stress	39
5.1 Learning objectives	39
5.2 Introduction	39
5.3 Signs of stress	39
5.4 Managing stress	41
Chapter 6: Safeguarding Adultsand Children	41
1 Identification and management of adult and child abuse	41
1.1 Learning objectives	41
1.2 Introduction	41
1.3 Learning from previous cases	41
1.4 Vulnerability	43
1.4.1 Abusers of vulnerable adults	43
1.4.2 Risk factors for child abuse	43
1.5 Forms of abuse	43
1.5.1 Physical abuse	43
1.5.2 Psychological/emotional abuse	43
1.5.3 Sexual abuse	43
1.5.4 Neglect	43
1.5.5 Financial abuse	45
1.5.6 Discriminatory abuse	45
1.5.7 Female Genital Mutilation(FGM)	45
1.6 Managing abuse ordisclosures of abuse	45
1.6.1 Reporting an urgent concern	45
1.7 Safeguarding referrals	45
1.8 Summary	47
Chapter 7: Manual Handling	47
1 Musculoskeletal anatomyand physiology	47
1.1 Learning objective	47
1.2 Introduction	47
1.3 Anatomical terms	47
1.3.1 Terms of position anddirection	47
1.3.2 Terms of motion	49
1.4 Joints	49
1.4.1 Synovial joints	49
1.5 The skeletal system	49
1.5.1 Types of bones	51
1.5.2 Skull	51
1.5.3 Vertebral column	53
1.5.4 Thoracic cage	53
1.5.5 Upper limbs	53
1.5.6 The hand	53
1.5.7 Pelvic girdle	53
1.5.8 Lower limbs	55
1.5.9 The knee	55
1.5.10 The foot	55
1.6 Skeletal muscles	57
1.6.1 Mechanics of movement	57
2 Principles ofmanual handling	59
2.1 Learning objectives	59
2.2 Introduction	59
2.2.1 Definitions	59
2.3 Consequences of poor manual handling	59
2.3.1 Herniated disc	59
2.3.2 Consequences to others	59
2.4 Risk assessment	59
2.4.1 Reducing risk Legal responsibility	61
2.5 Biomechanics	61
2.6 General principles	61
2.7 Handling aids	63
3 Moving and handlingequipment and techniques	65
3.1 Learning objectives	65
3.2 Introduction	65
3.3 Patients on the floor	65
3.3.1 Instructing a patient to get off the floor – one-chair method	65
3.3.2 Instructing a patient to get off the floor – two-chair method	67
3.3.3 Chair to floor	67
3.3.4 Recovery position	69
Chapter 8: Scene Assessment	69
1 Scene assessment andsafety	69
1.1 Learning objectives	69
1.2 Introduction	69
1.3 Safety	69
1.3.1 Assess the situation	69
1.3.2 Balance resources andoptions	69
1.3.3 Communicate intentions	71
1.3.4 Do and debrief	71
1.4 Cause	71
1.5 Environment	71
1.6 Number of patients	71
1.7 Extra resources	71
2 Major incidents	71
2.1 Learning objectives	71
2.2 Introduction	71
2.3 Classification of incidents	71
2.3.1 Major, mass and catastrophic incidents	71
2.3.2 Types of incident	71
2.4 Role of the ambulance service	73
2.5 METHANE	73
3 Hazardous materials	73
3.1 Learning objectives	73
3.2 Introduction	73
3.3 Labelling of hazardous substances	73
3.3.1 CLP pictograms	73
3.4 Danger labels	73
3.5 CFR actions at scene	77
Chapter 9: Patient Assessment	77
1 Patient assessment process	77
1.1 Learning objectives	77
1.2 Introduction	77
1.3 Primary survey	77
1.3.1 General impression	79
1.3.2 Catastrophic haemorrhage	79
1.3.3 Airway	79
1.3.4 Breathing	79
1.3.5 Circulation	79
1.3.6 Disability	79
1.3.7 Exposure/Environment	79
1.4 History taking	79
1.4.1 Presenting complaint	79
1.4.2 Allergies and medication	81
1.4.3 Past medical history	81
1.4.4 Last oral intake and eventsleading to illness/injury	81
1.5 Secondary survey	81
1.5.1 Vital signs	81
1.5.2 ‘Head-to-toe’ assessment	81
1.6 Reassessment	83
Chapter 10: Airway	83
1 Airway anatomy	83
1.1 Learning objective	83
1.2 Introduction	83
1.3 Nose	83
1.4 Mouth	83
1.5 Pharynx	85
1.5.1 Nasopharynx	85
1.5.2 Oropharynx	85
1.5.3 Laryngopharynx	85
1.6 Larynx	85
1.7 Trachea	85
1.8 Bronchi	85
1.9 Lungs	85
2 Assessing and managingthe airway	85
2.1 Learning objectives	85
2.2 Introduction	85
2.3 Assessing the airway	87
2.4 Step-wise approach tothe airway	87
2.5 Manual airway manoeuvres	87
2.5.1 Head tilt–chin lift	87
2.5.2 Jaw thrust	87
2.5.3 Jaw thrust with head tilt	87
2.5.4 Recovery position	89
2.6 Suction	89
2.7 Airway adjuncts	91
2.7.1 Oropharyngeal airway (OPA)	91
3 Tracheostomies	93
3.1 Learning objectives	93
3.2 Introduction	93
3.3 Tracheostomy tubes	93
3.3.1 Cuffed/uncuffed tubes	93
3.3.2 Inner cannulas	93
3.3.3 Fenestrated tubes	93
3.4 Management of the tracheostomy patient	93
3.4.1 Help and equipment	93
3.4.2 Airway and breathing	93
3.4.3 Tracheostomy patency	93
3.4.4 Next steps	95
3.5 Management of the laryngectomy patient	95
3.5.1 Help and equipment	95
3.5.2 Airway and breathing	95
3.5.3 Laryngectomy stoma patency	95
3.5.4 Next steps	95
4 Choking in adults	95
4.1 Learning objectives	95
4.2 Introduction	95
4.3 Recognition	95
4.4 Management	97
4.4.1 Conscious and choking	97
4.4.2 Unconscious and choking	97
4.4.3 Adult choking management algorithm	97
5 Choking in thepaediatric patient	97
5.1 Learning objective	97
5.2 Introduction	97
5.3 The paediatric airway	97
5.4 Recognition	97
5.5 Management	97
5.5.1 Conscious and choking Infants	97
5.5.2 Unconscious and choking	99
Chapter 11: Breathing	99
1 Respiratory systemphysiology	99
1.1 Learning objective	99
1.2 Introduction	99
1.3 Respiration	99
1.4 The lungs	99
1.4.1 Lobes, lobules and alveoli	101
1.5 Mechanics of breathing	101
1.5.1 Air pressure	101
1.5.2 Inspiration	101
1.5.3 Expiration	101
1.5.4 Forceful breathing	101
1.6 Gas exchange	101
1.6.1 Diffusion	101
1.7 Control of breathing	101
2 Using medical gases safely	103
2.1 Learning objectives	103
2.2 Introduction	103
2.3 Medical gas cylinder storage	103
2.4 Anatomy of a medical gas cylinder	103
2.5 Safety first	105
2.6 Preparing a new cylinderfor use	105
2.7 Oxygen	107
2.7.1 Oxygen delivery devices	107
2.7.2 Assisted ventilation	109
2.7.3 Bag-valve-mask ventilation	109
2.7.4 Mechanical ventilation	111
2.7.5 Oxygen administration	113
2.7.6 After use	117
2.8 Entonox – extended skill	117
2.8.1 Preparing entonox foradministration	119
2.8.2 After use	119
3 Assessment of breathing	121
3.1 Learning objectives	121
3.2 Respiratory rate	121
3.2.1 Measuring respiratory rate	121
3.3 Oxygen saturations	121
3.3.1 Pulse oximetry	121
3.3.2 Indications and limitations	121
3.3.3 Recording oxygen saturations	121
4 Common respiratoryconditions	123
4.1 Learning objectives	123
4.2 Asthma	123
4.2.1 Definition	123
4.2.2 Pathophysiology	123
4.2.3 Medication	123
4.2.4 Signs and symptoms	123
4.2.5 Management	125
4.3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	125
4.3.1 Definition	125
4.3.2 Pathophysiology	125
4.3.3 Oxygen and COPD	125
4.3.4 Signs and symptoms	125
4.3.5 Management	125
4.4 Pneumonia	127
4.4.1 Definition	127
4.4.2 Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP)	127
4.4.3 Pathophysiology	127
4.4.4 Signs and symptoms	127
4.4.5 Management	127
4.5 Pulmonary embolism	127
4.5.1 Definition	127
4.5.2 Risk factors	127
4.5.3 Pathophysiology	127
4.5.4 Signs and symptoms	127
4.5.5 Management	127
Chapter 12: Circulation	129
1 Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology	129
1.1 Learning objectives	129
1.2 Introduction	129
1.3 Heart	129
1.3.1 Pericardium and heart wall	129
1.3.2 Chambers of the heart	129
1.3.3 Electrical conduction pathway	129
1.3.4 Coronary arteries	131
1.4 Blood	131
1.5 Blood vessels	131
1.5.1 Vessel structure	131
1.5.2 Arteries	133
1.5.3 Veins	133
1.6 Cardiac cycle	133
1.6.1 Atrial systole	133
1.6.2 Ventricular systole	133
1.6.3 Relaxation period	133
1.7 Electrocardiograms	133
1.7.1 The ECG complex	135
2 Assessment of circulation	135
2.1 Learning objectives	135
2.2 Introduction	135
2.3 Pulse	135
2.3.1 Pulse locations	135
2.3.2 Assessment	137
2.3.3 Recording a pulse	137
2.4 Capillary refill time	137
2.4.1 Assessment	137
2.4.2 Recording the capillary refill time	137
2.5 Blood pressure – extended skill	137
2.5.1 Assessment	137
2.5.2 Blood pressure measurement	139
3 Cardiovascular systemdisorders	141
3.1 Learning objectives	141
3.2 Introduction	141
3.3 Coronary artery disease	141
3.4 Stable angina	141
3.5 Acute coronary syndrome	141
3.5.1 Pathophysiology	141
3.5.2 Assessment	141
3.5.3 Aspirin – extended skill	141
3.5.4 GTN – extended skill	143
3.5.5 Management	143
3.6 Heart failure	143
3.6.1 Assessment	143
3.6.2 Management	143
3.7 Shock	143
3.7.1 Hypovolaemic shock	143
3.7.2 Distributive shock	145
3.7.3 Cardiogenic shock	145
3.7.4 Obstructive shock	145
3.7.5 Dissociative shock	145
3.7.6 Management	145
Chapter 13: Disability	145
1 Nervous system anatomyand physiology	145
1.1 Learning objectives	145
1.2 Introduction	145
1.3 Anatomy and physiology	145
1.4 Brain	147
1.4.1 Brain stem	147
1.4.2 Cerebellum	147
1.4.3 Diencephalon	147
1.4.4 Cerebrum	147
1.4.5 Meninges	147
1.4.6 Cerebrospinal fluid	147
1.5 Spinal cord	147
1.6 Somatic nervous system	147
1.7 Autonomic nervous system	149
1.7.1 Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions	149
2 Assessment of disability	149
2.1 Learning objectives	149
2.2 Introduction	149
2.3 Pupillary response	149
2.3.1 Pupillary reactions	149
2.4 Face, arm, speech test	149
3 Disorders of the nervous system	149
3.1 Learning objectives	149
3.2 Introduction	149
3.3 Epilepsy	149
3.3.1 Febrile convulsions	151
3.3.2 Status epilepticus	151
3.3.3 Post-ictal phase	151
3.3.4 Management of convulsions	151
3.4 Stroke	151
3.4.1 Anatomy and physiology	151
3.4.2 Risk factors	151
3.4.3 Types of stroke	151
3.4.4 Assessment and management of stroke	151
3.5 Meningococcal disease	151
3.5.1 Pathophysiology	153
3.5.2 Signs and symptoms	153
3.5.3 Sepsis and shock	153
3.5.4 Fever	153
3.5.5 Rash	153
3.5.6 Management	153
3.6 Paralysis	153
3.7 Coma	153
Chapter 14: Exposure/Environment	155
1 Extremes of temperature	155
1.1 Learning objectives	155
1.2 Introduction	155
1.2.1 Heat-promoting mechanisms	155
1.2.2 Heat-loss mechanisms	155
1.3 Assessment of temperature	155
1.4 Hypothermia	155
1.4.1 Management	155
1.5 Heat-related illness	157
1.5.1 Heat stress	157
1.5.2 Heat exhaustion	157
1.5.3 Heat stroke	157
1.5.4 Management	157
2 Drowning	157
2.1 Learning objective	157
2.2 Introduction	157
2.3 Pathophysiology	157
2.4 Management	157
2.4.1 Cardiac arrest management	159
Chapter 15: Medical andSurgical Emergencies	159
1 Anaphylaxis	159
1.1 Learning objectives	159
1.2 Introduction	159
1.3 Signs and symptoms	159
1.4 Management	159
1.4.1 Auto-injectors	161
2 Sepsis	163
2.1 Learning objectives	163
2.2 Introduction	163
2.3 Recognition and management	163
3 Endocrine system disorders	163
3.1 Learning objectives	163
3.2 Introduction	163
3.3 Anatomy and physiology of the pancreas	165
3.3.1 Blood sugar regulation	165
3.4 Diabetes	165
3.4.1 Diabetic emergencies	165
3.4.2 Types and causes of diabetes	165
3.5 Hypoglycaemia	167
3.5.1 Signs and symptoms	167
3.5.2 Management	167
3.6 Severe hyperglycaemia	167
3.6.1 Diabetic ketoacidosis	167
3.6.2 Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state	167
3.6.3 Pathophysiology	167
3.6.4 Signs and symptoms	167
3.6.5 Management	167
3.7 Blood sugar measurement – extended skill	169
3.7.1 Procedure	169
Chapter 16: Trauma	171
1 Major trauma services	171
1.1 Learning objectives	171
1.2 Introduction	171
1.2.1 Types of trauma	171
1.3 Mechanisms that cause injury	171
1.3.1 Head	171
1.3.2 Spine	171
1.3.3 Thorax	171
1.3.4 Abdomen	171
1.3.5 Pelvis	171
2 Integumentary system anatomy and physiology	171
2.1 Learning objective	171
2.2 Introduction	171
2.3 Epidermis	173
2.4 Dermis	173
2.5 Hypodermis	173
2.6 Physiology	173
3 Wounds and bleeding	173
3.1 Learning objectives	173
3.2 Introduction	173
3.3 Bleeding	173
3.3.1 Assessment Sources of bleeding	173
3.3.2 Management	173
3.3.3 Tourniquets	175
3.4 Wounds	175
3.4.1 Management	177
4 Assessment and management of the trauma patient	177
4.1 Learning objectives	177
4.2 Introduction	177
4.3 Scene assessment	177
4.4 Primary survey	177
4.4.1 Procedure	177
4.5 Head injuries	179
4.5.1 Recognition	179
4.6 Spinal injuries	179
4.6.1 Management	179
4.7 Thoracic injuries	179
4.7.1 Pneumothorax	179
4.7.2 Haemothorax	181
4.7.3 Flail chest	181
4.8 Abdominal injuries	181
4.9 Pelvic injuries	181
4.10 Fractures and dislocations	181
4.11 Sprains and strains	183
5 Spinal immobilisation	183
5.1 Learning objective	183
5.2 Introduction	183
5.3 Manual in-line stabilisation	183
5.3.1 Procedure	183
6 Burns	183
6.1 Learning objectives	183
6.2 Introduction	183
6.3 Assessment of burns	185
6.3.1 History	185
6.3.2 Assessment	185
6.3.3 Classification	185
6.3.4 Burns requiring transport to hospital	185
6.4 Thermal burns	185
6.4.1 Acute smoke inhalation injury	185
6.4.2 Friction burns	187
6.4.3 Management	187
6.5 Chemical burns	187
6.5.1 Management	187
6.6 Radiation burns	187
6.6.1 Management	187
6.7 Electrical injuries	187
6.7.1 Management	187
6.8 The problem with burns	189
Chapter 17: Children and Infants	189
1 Why paediatric patients are different	189
1.1 Learning objective	189
1.2 Introduction	189
1.3 Anatomy and physiology	189
1.3.1 Airway	189
1.3.2 Breathing	189
1.3.3 Circulation	191
1.4 Cognitive development	191
1.4.1 Infants	191
1.4.2 Toddlers	191
1.4.3 Pre-school	191
1.4.4 School-age	191
1.4.5 Teenagers	191
2 Initial assessment and management of the paediatric patient	191
2.1 Learning objectives	191
2.2 Introduction	193
2.3 Developmental approach to the paediatric patient	193
2.3.1 Infants	193
2.3.2 Toddlers	193
2.3.3 Pre-school	193
2.3.4 School-age	193
2.4 Recognising the sick infant and child	193
2.4.1 Respiratory failure	193
2.4.2 Cardiac failure	195
2.5 Primary survey	195
2.5.1 General impression	195
2.5.2 Airway	195
2.5.3 Breathing	195
2.5.4 Circulation	197
2.5.5 Disability	199
2.5.6 Exposure/Environment	199
Chapter 18: Learning Disabilities	199
1 Supporting the care of people with learning disabilities	199
1.1 Learning objectives	199
1.2 Introduction	199
1.3 Learning disabilities legislation and rights	199
1.3.1 Legislation	199
1.3.2 Rights	199
1.4 Causes of learning disabilities	201
1.4.1 Genetics	201
1.4.2 Events before birth	201
1.4.3 Events during birth	201
1.4.4 Events after birth	201
1.5 Categories of learning disabilities	201
2 Disabilities and healthcare	201
2.1 Introduction	201
2.2 Inequality in healthcare	201
2.2.1 Tackling inequality	201
2.3 Communication	201
2.4 Learning difficulties and vulnerability	203
2.5 Further support	203
Chapter 19: Older People	203
1 Ageing	203
1.1 Learning objective	203
1.2 Introduction	203
1.3 Anatomy and physiology of ageing	203
1.3.1 Musculoskeletal system	203
1.3.2 Respiratory system	205
1.3.3 Cardiovascular system Blood vessels	205
1.3.4 Nervous system Brain and senses	205
1.3.5 Immune system	205
1.3.6 Integumentary system	205
1.3.7 Digestive system	205
2 Caring for older patients	205
2.1 Learning objectives	205
2.2 Age-related conditions	205
2.2.1 Parkinson’s	205
2.2.2 Arthritis	207
2.2.3 Osteoporosis	207
2.2.4 Elderly mental illness	207
2.3 Attitudes to ageing	207
2.4 Patients with co-morbidities	207
3 Dementia	207
3.1 Learning objectives	207
3.2 Introduction	207
3.2.1 Dementia in context	209
3.3 Dementia	209
3.3.1 Different types of dementia	209
3.3.2 Causes of dementia	209
3.3.3 Disease progression	209
3.3.4 Dementia and other diseases	209
3.3.5 Treating patients with dementia	209
3.3.6 Dementia and pain management	211
3.3.7 Dementia and discrimination	211
3.3.8 Dementia vs delirium	211
3.4 Communication	211
3.5 Challenging behaviour	213
3.5.1 Managing challenging behaviour	213
Chapter 20: Cardiac Arrest	215
1 Adult basic life support	215
1.1 Learning objectives	215
1.2 Introduction	215
1.2.1 Chain of survival	215
1.3 Adult BLS	215
1.3.1 Procedure	215
2 Paediatric basic life support	217
2.1 Learning objectives	217
2.2 Introduction	217
2.3 Infant BLS	217
2.3.1 Procedure	217
2.4 Child BLS	219
2.4.1 Procedure	219
3 Defibrillation	221
3.1 Learning objectives	221
3.2 Introduction	221
3.3 Shockable rhythms	221
3.4 Non-shockable rhythms	221
3.4.1 Asystole	221
3.4.2 Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)	221
3.5 Defibrillators	221
3.5.1 Automated external defibrillators (AEDs)	221
3.5.2 Difficult environment and defibrillation	221
3.5.3 Safety	223
3.5.4 Adult defibrillation	223
3.5.5 Paediatric defibrillation	223
4 Cardiac arrest in special circumstances	225
4.1 Learning objectives	225
4.2 Introduction	225
4.3 Cardiac arrest in pregnancy	225
4.4 Cardiac arrest in hypothermic patients	225
5 Post-resuscitation care	225
5.1 Learning objectives	225
5.2 Introduction	225
5.3 Management	225
6 Cardiac arrest decisions	225
6.1 Learning objective	225
6.2 When to start and stop resuscitation	225
6.2.1 Conditions when resuscitation can be discontinued	225
6.3 End of life decisions	227
6.3.1 Advance care plan	227
6.3.2 Advance decision to refuse treatment (ADRT)	227
6.3.3 Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) decision	227
Glossary	227
References	231
Index	249

First Responder Care Essentials

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